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ZusammenfassungIn Kap. 4 wird untersucht, wie sich Megatrends und Big Data auf den Mobilitätsmarkt auswirken. Dazu werden die wichtigsten Megatrends skizziert und es wird dargestellt, welche Folgen sich für Geschäftsmodelle und die wesentlichen Akteure auf dem Mobilitätsmarkt ergeben. Eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung neuer Angebote (Nutzenpotenziale für die Bürger) spielt der Zugang zu (Mobilitäts-)Daten. In diesem Zusammenhang gewinnt das Konzept der gemeinsamen Datennutzung an Bedeutung. Dieses Konzept wird vorgestellt; Voraussetzungen, Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten, Hürden, ebenso wie Chancen und Nutzenpotenziale werden dargelegt. Im letzten Teil des Kapitels wird die Entstehung von Ökosystemen als Konsequenz aus den dargestellten Entwicklungen aufgezeigt. Nach einer theoretischen Einführung in das Ökosystem-Konzept werden die veränderten Rollen der verschiedenen Akteure auf dem Mobilitätsmarkt herausgearbeitet.

ZusammenfassungKap. 7 fasst die zentralen Erkenntnisse zusammen, diskutiert Nutzenpotenziale von Big Data in der Mobilität für die Welt von morgen und stellt mögliche Lösungsansätze für aktuelle Herausforderungen vor.

ZusammenfassungDas vorliegende Buch behandelt das Thema „Big Data in der Mobilität“. Trotz weitreichender Entwicklungen im Bereich der Digitalisierung stehen Big Data und damit verbunden Data Analytics im Mobilitätsbereich noch am Anfang. Weitreichende gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Potenziale sind noch ungenutzt. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht das vorliegende Buch auf Basis mehrerer, auch eigens durchgeführter empirischer Studien mit unterschiedlicher Methodik sowie einer Auswertung bereits vorliegender Quellen Positionen von Akteuren zu den Chancen und Risiken und präsentiert zukunftsweisende Geschäftsmodelle. Daraus werden Nutzenpotenziale „für die Welt von morgen“ abgeleitet und die dafür notwendigen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Voraussetzungen skizziert.

ZusammenfassungEs hängt vom Verhalten der Stakeholder und den daraus entstehenden Beziehungen untereinander ab, ob sich diese positiven, öffentlich geteilten Narrationen durchsetzen, ob sich Anwendungen mit markt- und gesellschaftsrelevantem Nutzen entwickeln und damit letztlich zugleich die Potenziale von Big Data für die Lösung so vieler gesellschaftlicher Probleme genutzt werden können. Der Stakeholder-Ansatz fragt danach, was interessenübergreifend mit Big Data in der Mobilität erreicht werden kann, sodass alle Stakeholder-Ansprüche ausgewogen berücksichtigt werden. Der Stakeholder-Kapitalismus bietet auch für den Umgang mit Big Data eine normative Selbstverpflichtung, deren Lenkungswirkung der rechtlichen kaum nachsteht. Geht man grundsätzlich davon aus, dass nicht nur der Autofahrer oder Mobilitätsteilnehmer, der die Mobilitätsdaten mit seinem Verhalten erzeugt, sondern auch Hersteller, Versicherer oder öffentliche Verkehrsunternehmen genauso wie Politik und Wissenschaft dieselben legitimen Ansprüche auf den Nutzen von Big Data in der Mobilität haben, dann relativieren sich einseitige Machtansprüche und der Schritt zur gemeinsamen Nutzung bzw. zum Gebot des Datenteilens ist nicht mehr weit. Die folgende mehrstufige Stakeholderanalyse führt dabei letztlich zu drei Szenarien für den Weg in die datenbasierte, vernetzte Mobilität.

ZusammenfassungRisiken sind in unserem Leben omnipräsent. Unsere subjektive Einschätzung von Risiken weicht aber erheblich und in systematischer Weise von den objektiv gegebenen Gefahrenlagen ab. Dies führt einerseits zu übertriebenen Ängsten und Sorgen, andererseits aber auch zu unterbliebener Absicherung und Risikovorsorge. In diesem Kapitel werden auf theoretischer und empirischer Basis typische Abweichungen dargestellt und erklärt − sei es im Verkehr, rund um das Eigentum, bei Elementarrisiken oder auch in Bezug auf Kriminalität, Krankheit oder Altern. Auf dieser Basis werden Empfehlungen für einen rationaleren Umgang − ob im privaten oder im beruflichen Kontext − mit dem Thema Risiko, Vorsorge und Versichern abgeleitet.

We investigated the feasibility of a web-based cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce cancer-related fatigue (CRF) among survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma. In this before-and-after trial, patients were primarily recruited via the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG). We assessed feasibility (response and drop-out rate) and preliminary efficacy including CRF, quality of life (QoL), and depressive symptomatology. T tests compared baseline levels with t1 (post treatment) and t2 (3 months of follow-up). Among 79 patients contacted via the GHSG, 33 provided interest (42%). Among the seventeen participants, four were treated face-to-face (pilot patients), 13 underwent the web-based version. Ten patients completed the treatment (41%). Among all participants, CRF, depressive symptomatology, and QoL improved at t1 (p ≤ .03). The effect in one of the CRF measures remained at t2 (p = .03). Except for QoL, post-treatment effects were replicated among the completers of the web-based version (p ≤ .04). The potential for this program has been demonstrated, but needs to be re-assessed after identified issues on feasibility have been resolved.Trial registration: The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Number: NCT03968250).

ZusammenfassungIn Kap. 6 werden die Auswirkungen der Erkenntnisse aus den vorangegangenen Kapiteln auf die Versicherungswirtschaft betrachtet, und es werden Implikationen für Kfz-Versicherer abgeleitet. Nach einer Darstellung der Ausgangslage der Versicherungswirtschaft mit Blick auf Big Data (Abschn. 6.1) werden Einsatzmöglichkeiten entlang der Wertschöpfungslette von Versicherungsunternehmen aufgezeigt (Abschn. 6.2). Dabei wird auch untersucht, welcher Nutzen entsteht bzw. welche Mehrwerte den Kunden auf Basis von Big Data angeboten werden können. Anschließend wird die Rolle der Kfz-Versicherung in der Lebenswelt Mobilität und in entstehenden Ökosystemen analysiert (Abschn. 6.3): Optionen der Positionierung von Kfz-Versicherern werden untersucht und es werden Voraussetzungen sowie Chancen und Hürden aufgezeigt.

ZusammenfassungAnlässlich des fünfzigjährigen Jubiläums des Institutes für Versicherungswesen der Technischen Hochschule Köln in 2021 haben die in Forschung und Lehre wirkenden Personen des Institutes mit Beiträgen zu den Themenbereichen Risiko (im Allgemeinen) und Versicherung (im Speziellen) zu einem Jubiläumsband „Risiko im Wandel. Herausforderung für die Versicherungswirtschaft“ beigetragen. Aufbau, Struktur und Themenbereiche dieses Bandes sind in dieser Übersicht dargestellt.

ZusammenfassungIn Kap. 2 werden zunächst die Grundlagen des Mobilitätsmarkts dargelegt. Anschließend werden die im Zusammenhang mit Mobilität stehenden Daten und deren Verwendung betrachtet (Big Data in der Mobilität). Nach einer Begriffsdefinition von Mobilitätsdaten wird untersucht, wo Mobilitätsdaten aktuell entstehen, gesammelt und gespeichert werden können. Diese werden zu einer „Mobilitätskarte“ verdichtet, die den „digitalen Fußabdruck“ der Verkehrsteilnehmer visualisiert. Um solche Datenspuren am Beispiel konkreter Individuen zu erfassen, wurde über einen Zeitraum von drei Wochen eine Online-Community mit Verkehrsteilnehmern durchgeführt (Abschn. 2.3). Damit wurden nicht nur die Datenspuren, sondern auch Einstellungen, Motive und Verhaltensweisen der Teilnehmer rund um Daten und Mobilität exploriert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen u. a., dass sich digitale Services in der Mobilität vor allem an Autonomiemotiven bedienen, daneben auch an Entlastungs- und Kontrollmotiven. Gleichzeitig entstehen neue Abhängigkeiten, die Nutzer geraten in ein Autonomie-Dilemma. Einigkeit besteht bezüglich eines großen Handlungsbedarfs, den die Nutzer nicht nur bei Autoherstellern, Verkehrsbetrieben und in der Politik, sondern auch bei sich selbst sehen.

Reinduction chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (HDCT + ASCT) is second-line standard of care for transplant-eligible patients with relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (r/r cHL) but has a high failure rate. Because response to reinduction is predictive of the outcome after HDCT + ASCT, we aimed to improve the standard dexamethasone, high-dose cytarabine and cisplatinum (DHAP) reinduction regimen by addition of the oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus (everDHAP). Transplant-eligible patients aged 18–60 years with histologically confirmed r/r cHL were included in this experimental phase I/II trial. Everolimus (10 mg/day, determined in phase-I-part) was administered on day 0–13 of each DHAP cycle. From July 2014 to March 2018, 50 patients were recruited to the phase II everDHAP group; two were not evaluable, three discontinued due to toxicity. Randomization to a placebo group stopped in October 2015 due to poor recruitment after nine patients. The primary end-point of computed tomography (CT)-based complete remission (CR) after two cycles of everDHAP was expected to be ≥40%. With a CT-based CR rate of 27% (n = 12/45) after two cycles of everDHAP the trial did not meet the primary end-point. Adding everolimus to DHAP is thus feasible; however, the everDHAP regimen failed to show an improved efficacy.

Purpose: A primary analysis of the ongoing NIVAHL trial demonstrated unexpectedly high interim complete response rates to nivolumab-based first-line treatment in early-stage unfavorable Hodgkin lymphoma. However, biomarkers such as metabolic tumor volume (MTV) or total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and their change under treatment (ΔMTV and ΔTLG), measured on PET, might provide additional relevant information for response assessment in this setting. Hence, the current analysis aimed to investigate early response to checkpoint inhibitor therapy beyond conventional criteria. Patients and Methods: NIVAHL is a prospective, randomized phase II trial that recruited between April 2017 and October 2018. Patients in arms A and B were assessed for early treatment response after two courses of doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine with two concomitant nivolumab infusions per cycle (2 × N-AVD) and 4 × nivolumab, respectively. In the current analysis, we included all 59 individuals with PET images available to the central review panel for quantitative analysis before April 30, 2019. Results: At interim restaging, we determined a mean ΔMTV and ΔTLG of −99.8% each in arm A after 2 × N-AVD, compared with −91.4% and −91.9%, respectively, for treatment group B undergoing 4 × nivolumab. This high decrease in MTV and TLG was observed regardless of the initial lymphoma burden. Conclusions: Our study showed that nivolumab-based first-line treatment leads to rapid, near-complete reduction of tumor metabolism in early-stage unfavorable Hodgkin lymphoma. Thus, PET-derived biomarkers might allow reduction or even omission of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Furthermore, MTV and TLG could be also used to optimize immune checkpoint-targeting treatments in other cancers.

To evaluate patterns of rrHL after contemporary first-line treatment we studied 409 patients with first rrHL (HD13: n = 87, HD14: n = 118, HD15: n = 188, HDR3i: n = 51) at a median age of 37.4 years (18.4–76.8) from the GHSG database. Time to first relapse was ≤12 months in 49% and stage III/IV rrHL present in 52% of patients. In total, 291 patients received high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) and intended ASCT failed in 38 patients. ASCT was primarily not intended in 80 patients largely due to low risk disease or age/comorbidities. Overall, 10-year progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates after first relapse were 48.2% (95% CI 41.9–54.2%) and 59.4% (95% CI 53.0–65.2%), respectively, with significant differences between subgroups. Inferior survival was observed with no ASCT due to advanced age/comorbidities (five-year PFS 36.2%, 95% CI 17.7–55.0%) or failure of salvage therapy (five-year PFS 36.3%, 95% CI 19.7–53.2%). Similarly, presence of primary refractory disease or stage IV at rrHL conferred inferior survival. In patients with low-risk disease, however, survival appeared favorable even without ASCT (10 y PFS 72.6%, 95% CI 53.7–84.8%). We herein confirm the curative potential of current rrHL treatments providing a robust benchmark to evaluate novel therapeutic strategies in rrHL. Approximately 50% of rrHL patients experienced a consecutive relapse.

Background 18F -fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) plays an important role in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma patients. Our aim was to explore the predictive relevance of metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) in patients with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma treated within the German Hodgkin Study Group HD16 trial. Methods 18F-FDG PET/CT images were available for MTV and TLG analysis in 107 cases from the HD16 trial. We calculated MTV and TLG using three different threshold methods (SUV4.0, SUV41% and SUV140%L), and then performed receiver-operating-characteristic analysis to assess the predictive impact of these parameters in predicting an adequate therapy response with PET negativity after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Results All three threshold methods analyzed for MTV and TLG calculation showed a positive correlation with the PET response after 2 cycles chemotherapy. The largest area under the curve (AUC) was observed using the fixed threshold of SUV4.0 for MTV- calculation (AUC 0.69 [95% CI 0.55–0.83]) and for TLG-calculation (AUC 0.69 [0.55–0.82]). The calculations for MTV and TLG with a relative threshold showed a lower AUC: using SUV140%L AUCs of 0.66 [0.53–0.80] for MTV and 0.67 for TLG [0.54–0.81]) were observed, while with SUV41% an AUC of 0.61 [0.45–0.76] for MTV, and an AUC 0.64 [0.49–0.80]) for TLG were seen. Conclusions MTV and TLG do have a predictive value after two cycles ABVD in early stage Hodgkin lymphoma, particularly when using the fixed threshold of SUV4.0 for MTV and TLG calculation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00736320.

To evaluate patterns of rrHL after contemporary first-line treatment we studied 409 patients with first rrHL (HD13: n = 87, HD14: n = 118, HD15: n = 188, HDR3i: n = 51) at a median age of 37.4 years (18.4-76.8) from the GHSG database. Time to first relapse was ≤12 months in 49% and stage III/IV rrHL present in 52% of patients. In total, 291 patients received high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) and intended ASCT failed in 38 patients. ASCT was primarily not intended in 80 patients largely due to low risk disease or age/comorbidities. Overall, 10-year progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates after first relapse were 48.2% (95% CI 41.9-54.2%) and 59.4% (95% CI 53.0-65.2%), respectively, with significant differences between subgroups. Inferior survival was observed with no ASCT due to advanced age/comorbidities (five-year PFS 36.2%, 95% CI 17.7-55.0%) or failure of salvage therapy (five-year PFS 36.3%, 95% CI 19.7-53.2%). Similarly, presence of primary refractory disease or stage IV at rrHL conferred inferior survival. In patients with low-risk disease, however, survival appeared favorable even without ASCT (10 y PFS 72.6%, 95% CI 53.7-84.8%). We herein confirm the curative potential of current rrHL treatments providing a robust benchmark to evaluate novel therapeutic strategies in rrHL. Approximately 50% of rrHL patients experienced a consecutive relapse.

The present paper provides an overview on the design of a new Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) system, the Satellite Observing System Wettzell (SOS-W). It pays special attention on the local survey, the determination and monitoring of the ties between the established Wettzell Laser Ranging System (WLRS) and the SOS-W. We also introduce an alternative normal point algorithm, which demonstrated fewer systematics in the resulting normal point statistics compared to the standard approach of iterative data editing. Having two highly productive SLR stations on site allows for a rigorous comparison between local survey derived ties and space segment derived ties. One-year observations to the Laser Geodynamic Satellite (LAGEOS) have been processed, and a multitude of different solutions has been calculated. The results show agreement in the sub-millimeter range with respect to the local survey.

We performed a survey in Hodgkin lymphoma survivors to learn more about their perspectives on treatment risks and benefits. We sent questions to 1149 survivors from the GHSG’s HD13-15 trials with (...

Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) is a B cell-derived lymphoid malignancy, affecting 2.5–3/100,000 people per year. To date, in patients diagnosed with advanced cHL no reliable tool is able to—a priori—distinguish the subset of patients at high risk for relapse or refractory disease. Clinical risk indices for cHL, such as the International Prognostic Score (IPS), have not been successfully applied as a treatment decision tool in advanced stage cHL [1]. In this study we show, that a previously published gene expression-based predictor in advanced stage cHL patients treated with ABVD [2] does not prove prognostic in 401 BEACOPP-treated advanced stage cHL patients. Using transcriptome profiling, we identified however that three individual genes, PDGFRA, TNFRSF8 (encoding CD30) and CCL17 (encoding TARC), were significantly associated with progression-free survival (PFS) after multiple test correction in the BEACOPP-treated cohort, highlighting the potential of a modified gene expression profiling approach for pre-treatment risk assessment., Letter

A lay movement known as the Poor of Christ, incorrectly referred to as the Waldensians, started in the Roman Church in 1176 and rapidly spread through Europe despite severe persecution by the church. Through their values and methods, they impacted on the communities where they were present. This article aims to show their role and contributions indicating its impact on the 16th century Reformation and relevance for the church today. It does this by examining selected themes from the Poor of Christ: their life-transforming faith, the strengthening of laity, the equal role of women in ministry, the importance of teaching and living the faith, a focused rather than fenced theology and loyalty to the one Church of Christ. The article also draws reference to the COVID-19 pandemic and explores what we can learn from the Poor of Christ in addressing this situation. Contribution: This article puts the spotlight on an overlooked lay movement that contributed significantly in preparing the climate for the 16th Century Reformation. Their example shows that the real strength of church is through members empowered to holistically live their faith. The article shows the current relevance of their values and methods.

Data on non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) after classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) are scarce. We therefore performed a retrospective analysis comprising 11·841 cHL patients who had first-line treatment within the randomized German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) HD7-HD15 studies. After a median follow-up of 106 months, 175 patients (1·5%) had developed NHL. The median time to NHL was 44 months, the median age at NHL diagnosis was 54 years. The five-year event-free survival and overall survival estimates from the diagnosis of NHL were 36·9% and 44·2%, respectively. Thus, NHL after cHL is a rare event primarily affecting older individuals and often resulting in the patient´s death.

PURPOSE We evaluated disease and treatment characteristics of patients with relapse after risk-adapted first-line treatment of early-stage, favorable, classic Hodgkin lymphoma (ES-HL). We compared second-line therapy with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) or conventional chemotherapy (CTx). METHODS We analyzed patients with relapse after ES-HL treated within the German Hodgkin Study Group HD10+HD13 trials. We compared, by Cox proportional hazards regression, progression-free survival (PFS) after relapse (second PFS) treated with either ASCT or CTx and performed sensitivity analyses with overall survival (OS) from relapse and Kaplan-Meier statistics. RESULTS A total of 174 patients’ disease relapsed after treatment in the HD10 (n = 53) and HD13 (n = 121) trials. Relapse mostly occurred > 12 months after first diagnosis, predominantly with stage I-II disease. Of 172 patients with known second-line therapy, 85 received CTx (49%); 70, ASCT (41%); 11, radiotherapy only (6%); and 4, palliative single agent therapies (2%). CTx was predominantly bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (BEACOPP [68%]), followed by the combination regimen of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (19%), or other regimens (13%). Patients aged > 60 years at relapse had shorter second PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 3.0; P = .0029) and were mostly treated with CTx (n = 33 of 49; 67%) and rarely with ASCT (n = 8; 16%). After adjustment for age and a disadvantage of ASCT after the more historic HD10 trial, we did not observe a significant difference in the efficacy of CTx versus ASCT for second PFS (HR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.6; P = .39). In patients in the HD13 trial who were aged ≤ 60 years, the 2-year, second PFS rate was 94.0% with CTx (95% CI, 85.7% to 100%) versus 83.3% with ASCT (95% CI, 71.8% to 94.8%). Additional sensitivity analyses including OS confirmed these observations. CONCLUSION After contemporary treatment of ES-HL, relapse mostly occurred > 12 months after first diagnosis. Polychemotherapy regimens such as BEACOPP are frequently administered and may constitute a reasonable treatment option for selected patients with relapse after ES-HL.

PURPOSE Many important details of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are still unknown because large longitudinal studies of HRQoL are rare. Therefore, we analyzed a systematically assessed, comprehensive range of HRQoL domains in patients with HL of all stages from diagnosis up to 5 years of survivorship. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included patients with HL age 18-60 years at diagnosis from the German Hodgkin Study Group trials HD13, HD14, and HD15. We analyzed HRQoL using all functional and symptom scales of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 including deviations from reference values. We estimated the effect of different disease, patient, and treatment characteristics using multiple regression and repeated measures analysis and computed correlations of HRQoL scores. RESULTS We analyzed 4,215 patients with any HRQoL assessment within 5 years after treatment. Higher tumor burden at diagnosis was associated with impaired baseline scores in many HRQoL domains. During survivorship, cognitive, emotional, role, and social functioning and fatigue, dyspnea, sleep, and financial problems were severely and persistently affected. From year 2 on, mean deviations from reference values ranged between 12 and 29 points, with 10 points being a commonly used margin of clinical relevance. In all 3 trials, HRQoL domains 2 and 5 years after therapy were significantly influenced by baseline scores and age but not by randomized treatments. Fatigue was most closely correlated with other symptoms and scales. CONCLUSION Our results show a high and persistent amount of different HRQoL deficits in survivors of HL that are largely independent of the applied chemotherapies. Our analysis underscores the high, unmet medical need of these rather young survivors of HL regarding the psychosocial adverse effects of the cancer experience.

In diesem Beitrag wird zuerst die enorme methodische und technische Entwicklung der Marktforschung uber die letzten 30 Jahre skizziert. Sie ging einher mit einem erheblichen Bedeutungsgewinn der Marktforschung im Speziellen und datenbasierter Unternehmensfuhrung insgesamt. Daran anschliesend werden aktuelle Herausforderungen analysiert, die derzeit nicht nur die Zukunftserwartung vieler Akteure truben, sondern auch zu einem regelrechten Umbruch in der Branche fuhren. Als Resultat der Betrachtungen zeigt sich aber, dass Marktforschung zwar bei institutioneller Betrachtung an Profil verliert, als Funktion jedoch einen weiteren Bedeutungsgewinn erfahrt und dabei – sowohl in Bezug auf Methoden als auch auf Einsatzfelder – weiter an Vielfalt gewinnt.

In dieser Open-Access-Publikation analysieren die Autoren die offentliche Debatte um Chancen und Risiken von Big Data und diskutieren die konkreten Implikationen in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen. In einer reprasentativen Befragung vermessen sie das Wissen und die Einstellung der Bevolkerung zu Big Data. Im Ergebnis verhalten sich die Nutzer paradox, sorglos und besorgt zugleich. Gezeigt wird aber auch, an welchen Punkten die Burger aufgeschlossen fur einen neuen Umgang mit Big Data sind. Daten-Sharing, Open Data finden durchaus Akzeptanz, ebenso auch neue Muster fur bestehende Branchen, jenseits der tradierten Vorstellungen.; Chancen und Risiken der digital vernetzten Gesellschaft Open Access

In this paper, we consistently estimate geodetic parameters such as weekly 3-D station coordinates, Earth orientation parameters (EOP) including daily x/y-pole coordinates and the excess length of day $$\Delta \hbox {LOD}$$ , and selected weekly Earth’s gravitational field (Stokes) coefficients up to degree and order 6 from Satellite Laser Ranging measurements to up to 11 geodetic satellites. The SLR constellation consists of LAGEOS-1/2, Etalon-1/2, Stella, Starlette, Ajisai, Larets, LARES, BLITS and WESTPAC, and its observations cover a time span of 38 years ranging from February 16, 1979, to April 30, 2017. If multiple satellites with various altitudes and orbit inclinations are combined, correlations between estimated parameters are significantly reduced. This allows us (i) to investigate the ability of satellite constellations to reduce existing correlations and (ii) to estimate reliable parameters with higher precision compared to the standard 4-satellite constellation (LAGEOS-1/2, Etalon-1/2) which is currently used by the International Laser Ranging Service for the determination of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) and EOP products. In particular, the Stokes coefficients, EOP and TRF datum parameters (three translations, three rotations, one scale factor), which are highly correlated with satellite-specific orbit parameters, are improved. From our investigations, we found for an 11-satellite solution compared to the above-mentioned 4-satellite solution a decrease in the scatter of the TRF datum parameters of up to 37%, the transformation residuals are decreased by up to 22%, the scatter of the EOP is decreased by up to 22%, and their mean values are decreased by up to 84% w.r.t. the reference solutions. The largest improvement is obtained for the Stokes coefficients which significantly benefit from a combination of multiple satellites (inclinations and orbit altitudes). In total, single coefficients are improved by up to 93% and the overall improvement is up to 74%. Moreover, it could be clearly identified that Ajisai significantly disturbs the TRF solution due to an erroneous center-of-mass correction. We further quantify the impact of specific satellites on the determination of different geodetic parameters and finally evaluate the potential of the existing SLR-tracked spherical satellite constellation to support the goals of GGOS.

The present contribution investigates the possibility to obtain thermospheric neutral density estimates using satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations of low Earth orbiters (LEOs). This approach is based on the analysis of the satellite atmospheric drag, driven by the fact that the drag force is the largest non-gravitational perturbation acting on LEOs. Due to the uncertainty of current thermospheric models, it is the main error source in the LEO orbit determination process. Moreover, the drag is physically related to the thermospheric density distribution, the interaction of the satellite surface with the surrounding thermosphere and thermospheric winds. For this investigation, a spherical satellite called “Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment-Pollux” (ANDE-P) developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (USA) is adopted as a case study. The satellite flew at the very low altitude of about 350 km. The most important perturbing acceleration at this altitude, the atmospheric drag, is easier to model for a spherical satellite like ANDE-P than for a satellite of complex geometry. A precise orbit determination of ANDE-P was performed with the DGFI Orbit and Geodetic parameter estimation Software (DOGS) over a period of 49 days (16 August 2009 until 3 October 2009) using SLR observations to this satellite and different thermospheric models. In total, we tested four thermospheric models, namely CIRA86, NRLMSISE00, JB2008 and DTM2013. Correspondingly, scale factors of these reference models are estimated with a 6-h resolution. The results confirm that the estimation of force model parameters from SLR measurements of the ANDE-P satellite is sensitive to differences in the density distributions provided by different models. As a consequence, information on the discrepancies between the various models and the true density can be derived from SLR measurements. Moreover, it is found that SLR observations to LEO satellites at very low altitudes are capable to estimate corrections to (scale factors of) the integrated thermospheric density if all other perturbing accelerations are modelled with sufficient accuracy. We derived time series of estimated scale factors of the thermospheric densities provided by the models and obtained the following mean values during the processed period of time at the ANDE-P altitude: $$0.65\pm 0.26$$ for CIRA86, $$0.65\pm 0.25$$ for NRLMSISE00, $$0.79\pm 0.24$$ for DTM2013, and $$0.89\pm 0.27$$ for JB2008. This suggests that all models overestimate the true thermospheric density along the ANDE-P trajectory during the processed period to a certain extent. The thermospheric densities need to be scaled downwards to fit ANDE-P SLR observations with JB2008 requiring the least amount of scaling.

Rationale: (18F)fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) for staging Hodgkin lymphoma may allow for accurate and reliable assessment of the metabolic tumour volume (MTV) as baseline risk factor. Our aim was to analyse the prognostic impact of MTV measurements, obtained by different means in advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma patients treated within the German Hodgkin Study Group HD18 trial. Methods: Within the German Hodgkin Study Group trial HD18, 310 patients underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning for staging which was available to the central review panel for quantitative analysis. We calculated the MTV by four different thresholding methods and performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate the potential for prediction of early response determined by PET after two cycles (PET-2) dose-escalated bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (eBEACOPP). Logistic regression was used to evaluate its prognostic value concerning progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: All different MTV calculations used predicted PET-2 response to a moderate and comparable degree (area under the curve = 0.62-0.63, P = 0.01-0.06). With none of the measuring methods did the ROC curves point to any unique cut-off values, but indicated a wide range of possible cut-offs. However, none of the MTV measurements was prognostic for PFS (Hazard ratio 1.2-1.5, P = 0.15-0.52) or OS (Hazard ratio 1.0-1.5, P = 0.95 - 0.27). Conclusion: Baseline MTV as determined by different means, is a predictive factor for early response to eBEACOPP after two cycles. However, value as a prognostic factor after highly effective PET-2 adapted treatment strategy could not be observed.

In 2016, three new realizations of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), namely DTRF2014, ITRF2014, and JTRF2014, have been released. In this paper, we evaluate these ITRS realizations for precise orbit determination of ten high and low Earth orbiting geodetic satellites using satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations. We show the reduction of observation residuals and estimated range biases, when using these new ITRS realizations, as compared to the previous ITRS realization for SLR stations -- SLRF2008. Thus, the mean SLR root-mean-square (RMS) fits reduce (improve), on average over all satellites tested, by 3.0, 3.6, 8.1, and 7.7 % at 1993.0 - 2015.0, when using ITRF2014, DTRF2014, DTRF2014 with non-tidal loading, and JTRF2014 realizations, respectively. The improvement of the RMS fits is even larger at 2015.0 - 2017.0: 14.0 and 15.5 % using ITRF2014 and DTRF2014, respectively. For the altimetry satellite Jason-2, we found improvements in the RMS and mean of the sea surface height crossover differences with the new ITRS realizations, as compared to SLRF2008. We show that JTRF2014, after an editing done for SLR stations Conception and Zimmerwald, and DTRF2014 with non-tidal loading corrections result in the smallest RMS and absolute mean fits of SLR observations indicating the best performance among the ITRS realizations tested, while using SLRF2008 and ITRF2014 causes a 0.2-0.3 mm/y trend in the mean of SLR fits at 2001.0-2017.0.

Purpose Combined-modality treatment is widely considered the standard of care in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), and treatment intensity has been reduced over the last years. Long-term follow-up is important to judge both efficacy and safety of the different therapies used. Patients and Methods We analyzed updated follow-up data on 4,276 patients treated within the German Hodgkin Study Group trials HD7 and HD10 for early-stage favorable HL and HD8 and HD11 for early-stage unfavorable HL between 1993 and 2003. Results In HD7 (N = 627; median follow-up, 120 months), combined-modality treatment was superior to extended-field radiotherapy (RT), with 15-year progression-free survival (PFS) of 73% versus 52% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.6; P < .001), without differences in overall survival (OS). In HD10 (N = 1,190; median follow-up, 98 months), noninferiority of two cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (ABVD) plus 20 Gy involved-field (IF)–RT to more intensive four cycles of ABVD plus 30 Gy IF-RT was confirmed with 10-year PFS of 87% each (HR, 1.0; 95%, 0.6 to 1.5) and OS of 94% each (HR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.6), respectively. In both trials, no differences in second neoplasias were observed. In HD8 (N = 1,064; median follow-up, 153 months), noninferiority of involved-field RT to extended-field RT regarding PFS was confirmed (HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.2). In HD11 (N = 1,395; median follow-up, 106 months), superiority of bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone at baseline over ABVD was not observed. After BEACOPPbaseline, 20 Gy IF-RT was noninferior to 30 Gy (10-year PFS, 84% v 84%; HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.5). In contrast, PFS was inferior in ABVD-treated patients receiving 20 Gy instead of 30 Gy IF-RT (10-year PFS, 76% v 84%; HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.1). No differences in OS or second neoplasias were observed in in both trials. Conclusion Long-term follow-up data of the four randomized trials largely support the current risk-adapted therapeutic strategies in early-stage HL. Nevertheless, continued follow-up is necessary to assess the long-term safety of currently applied therapeutic strategies.

IF 11.855; International audience; Background:Novel agents are changing the treatment of relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Nevertheless, high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) are considered standard of care in eligible patients. To identify patients who could benefit most from novel therapeutic approaches, we investigated a comprehensive set of risk factors (RFs) for survival after ASCT.Methods:In this multinational prognostic multivariable modeling study, 23 potential RFs were retrospectively evaluated in HL patients from nine prospective trials with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses (part I). The resulting prognostic score was then validated in an independent clinical sample (part II).Results:In part I, we identified 656 patients treated for relapsed/refractory HL between 1993 and 2013 with a median follow-up of 60 months after ASCT. The majority of potential RFs had significant impact on progression-free survival (PFS) with hazard ratios (HR) ranging from 1.39 to 2.22. The multivariable analysis identified stage IV disease, time to relapse ≤3 months, ECOG performance status ≥1, bulk ≥5 cm and inadequate response to salvage chemotherapy [

Ausgehend von den vorangegangenen Teilen beschreibt dieses Kapitel auf einer Basis von 1000 Befragten das Verhaltnis der deutschen Bevolkerung zu digitaler Vernetzung, Big Data und Kunstlicher Intelligenz. Aufbauend darauf wird das Potenzial fur einen moglichen Paradigmenwandel eruiert – in der Datenpolitik, in den medialen und gesellschaftlichen Narrativen und schlieslich – beispielhaft fur eine Branche – in der Versicherungswirtschaft.

Was Big Data betrifft, so ist die offentliche und politische Debatte in Deutschland uber Sinn und Unsinn, uber Nutzen- und Schadenspotenziale noch ohne erkennbares Ergebnis im Sinne eines gesellschaftspolitischen Mehrheitskonsenses. Zu den Protagonisten von Big Data gehoren nicht nur die grosen Internetkonzerne, sondern auch die deutschen Industrieunternehmen, deren Manager angesichts von kritischen Stimmen schon mal vor einer „kleingeistig gefuhrten Angstdebatte“ warnen. Diese ‚Angstdebatte‘ wiederum lasst sich an einer regelrechten Veroffentlichungswelle festmachen, die kritische Positionen einnimmt und deren Beginn ziemlich genau zu datieren ist. Im Sommer 2013 enthullte der ehemalige CIA-Mitarbeiter Edward Snowden das ganze Ausmas der Uberwachungs- und Spionagepraxis von Geheimdiensten und loste damit die sogenannte NSA-Affare aus. Einen zusatzlichen.