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Most studies of children's attitudes to mathematics have dealt with children in second grade or later, and have suggested that attitudes deteriorate, and anxiety increases with age. The present study investigated attitudes to mathematics in 67 English and 49 Chinese children at the end of their first year of school. The participants were given Thomas and Dowker's (2000) Mathematics Attitude Questionnaire, which uses pictorial rating scales to assess primary school children's mathematics anxiety, liking for mathematics, unhappiness at poor performance in mathematics, and self-rating in mathematics. They were also given the British Abilities Scales Basic Number Skills test. Attitudes were generally positive, though not more so than previously found for older primary school children. The Chinese children performed better in the arithmetic test and also rated themselves higher than the English children, but did not differ in other attitudes. Self-rating in mathematics and lack of unhappiness at poor performance were associated with better performance in the English group. There were no significant relationships between attitudes and performance in the Chinese group. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Background The terms ancestry, race and ethnicity are used variably within the medical literature and within society and clinical care. Biological lineage can provide an important context for the interpretation of genomic data, but the language used, and practices around when to ascertain this, vary. Methods Using a fictional case scenario we explore the relevance of questions around ancestry, race and ethnicity in clinical genetic practice. Results In the UK, data on 'ethnicity' are routinely collected by those using genomic medicine, as well as within the wider UK National Health Service, although the reasons for this are not always clear to practitioners and patients. Sometimes it is requested as a proxy for biological lineage to aid variant interpretation, refine estimations of carrier frequency and guide decisions around the need for pharmacogenetic testing. Conclusion There are many challenges around the use and utility of these terms. Currently, genomic databases are populated primarily with data from people of European descent, and this can lead to health disparities and poorer service for minoritised or underserved populations. Sensitivity and consideration are needed when communicating with patients around these areas. We explore the role and relevance of language around biological lineage in clinical genetics practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganglioneuromas (GN) are benign neuroblastic tumors that arise from neural crest cells. Since they present with nonspecific symptoms, diagnosis is often incidental. We are reporting a case of an adult appendiceal GN incidentally found during rectal cancer surgery. A 42-year-old male was diagnosed with recurrent rectal cancer after experiencing urinary difficulties and buttock pain. A multiple-stage pelvic exenteration was carried out after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation. Prophylactic appendectomy was done during the course of surgery, and pathology reported an appendix with GN at the distal tip. GN are often found incidentally and rarely cause appendicitis. Depending on their location and size, they might become symptomatic. While there is some controversy on whether surgery is the treatment of choice for all GN, diagnosis is rarely apparent preoperatively, and all appendiceal masses should be resected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender‐nonconforming children face a substantial amount of prejudice, making it important to investigate potential contributing factors. In a correlational study of 253 U.S. Midwestern and Pacific Northwestern 6‐ to 10‐year‐old gender‐conforming children (Age M = 7.95, SD = 1.43; 54% girl, 46% boy; 77% White), we examined how gender essentialism (beliefs that gender is biological, discrete, informative, and immutable) and gender identity essentialism (beliefs that gender identity is immutable) relate to prejudice against gender‐nonconforming children. We also examined whether these associations varied by the child's cultural context (rural, non‐diverse, conservative vs. urban, more diverse, liberal). We found a positive correlation between gender essentialism and prejudice, in both cultural contexts. Additionally, children from the more rural context endorsed more essentialism and expressed more prejudice than did their counterparts from the more urban context. However, we found no differences in children's gender identity essentialism by cultural context and no association with prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our ability to generate genomic data is currently well ahead of our ability to understand what they mean, raising challenges about how best to engage with them. This article considers ethical aspects of work with such data, focussing on research contexts that are intertwined with clinical care. We discuss the identifying nature of genomic data, the medical information intrinsic within them, and their linking of people within a biological family. We go on to consider what this means for consent, the importance of thoughtful sharing of genomic data, the challenge of constructing meaningful findings, and the legacy of unequal representation in genomic datasets. We argue that the ongoing success of genomic data research relies on public trust in the enterprise: to justify this trust, we need to ensure robust stewarding, and wide engagement about the ethical issues inherent in such practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]