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The Olympia oyster ( Ostrea lurida ) of the Puget Sound suffered a dramatic population crash, but restoration efforts hope to revive this native species. One overlooked variable in the process of assessing ecosystem health is association of bacteria with marine organisms and the environments they occupy. Oyster microbiomes are known to differ significantly between species, tissue type, and the habitat in which they are found. The goals of this study were to determine the impact of field site and habitat on the oyster microbiome and to identify core oyster-associated bacteria in the Puget Sound. Olympia oysters from one parental family were deployed at four sites in the Puget Sound both inside and outside of eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) beds. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the oyster gut, shell, and surrounding seawater and sediment, we demonstrate that gut-associated bacteria are distinct from the surrounding environment and vary by field site. Furthermore, regional differences in the gut microbiota are associated with the survival rates of oysters at each site after 2 months of field exposure. However, habitat type had no influence on microbiome diversity. Further work is needed to identify the specific bacterial dynamics that are associated with oyster physiology and survival rates. IMPORTANCE This is the first exploration of the microbial colonizers of the Olympia oyster, a native oyster species to the West Coast, which is a focus of restoration efforts. The patterns of differential microbial colonization by location reveal microscale characteristics of potential restoration sites which are not typically considered. These microbial dynamics can provide a more holistic perspective on the factors that may influence oyster performance.

Seagrass beds provide a variety of ecosystem services, both within and outside the bounds of the habitat itself. Here we use environmental DNA (eDNA) amplicons to analyze a broad cross-section of taxa from ecological communities in and immediately surrounding eelgrass ( Zostera marina ). Sampling seawater along transects extending alongshore outward from eelgrass beds, we demonstrate that eDNA provides meter-scale resolution of communities in the field. We evaluate eDNA abundance indices for 13 major phylogenetic groups of marine and estuarine taxa along these transects, finding highly local changes linked with proximity to Z. marina for a diverse group of dinoflagellates, and for no other group of taxa. Eelgrass habitat is consistently associated with dramatic reductions in dinoflagellate abundance both within the contiguous beds and for at least 15 m outside, relative to nearby sites without eelgrass. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that eelgrass-associated communities have allelopathic effects on dinoflagellates, and that these effects can extend in a halo beyond the bounds of the contiguous beds. Because many dinoflagellates are capable of forming harmful algal blooms (HABs) toxic to humans and other animal species, the apparent salutary effect of eelgrass habitat on neighboring waters has important implications for public health as well as shellfish aquaculture and harvesting., Competing Interests: Ana Ramón-Laca was employed by Ocean Associates, Inc. under contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA., (© 2020 Jacobs-Palmer et al.)

Pacific geoduck aquaculture is a growing industry, however, little is known about how geoduck respond to varying environmental conditions, or how the industry will fare under projected climate conditions. To understand how geoduck production may be impacted by low pH associated with ocean acidification, multi-faceted environmental heterogeneity needs to be included to understand species and community responses. In this study, eelgrass habitats and environmental heterogeneity across four estuarine bays were leveraged to examine low pH effects on geoduck under different natural regimes, using targeted proteomics to assess physiology. Juvenile geoduck were deployed in eelgrass and adjacent unvegetated habitats for 30 days while pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were monitored. Across the four bays, pH was lower in unvegetated habitats compared to eelgrass habitats. However this did not impact geoduck growth, survival, or proteomic abundance patterns in gill tissue. Temperature and dissolved oxygen differences across all locations corresponded to differences in growth and targeted protein abundance patterns. Specifically, three protein abundance levels (trifunctional-enzyme β-subunit, puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, and heat shock protein 90-α) and shell growth positively correlated with dissolved oxygen variability and inversely correlated with mean temperature. These results demonstrate that geoduck may be resilient to low pH in a natural setting, but other abiotic factors (i.e. temperature, dissolved oxygen variability) may have a greater influence on geoduck physiology. In addition this study contributes to the understanding of how eelgrass patches influences water chemistry., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Considerable data have accumulated since 1990 concerning the natural history of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism,the extent of target organ involvement, techniques for preoperative localization of parathyroid glands, and new surgical approaches for parathyroidectomy. Therefore a Workshop on Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: a Perspective for the Twenty-first Century was held in April 2002 with a goal of reevaluating the conclusions from the 1990 National Institutes of Health (NIH)Consensus Development Conference. This article presents the recommendations of the workshop panel and discusses the evidence leading to the changes in the recommendations of the 1990 NIH conference.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) has catabolic effects on cortical bone and anabolic effects on cancellous bone with overall deleterious effects on skeleton. Primary HPT is associated with increased fracture risk both at the cancellous bone-enriched spine and the cortical bone-enriched distal one third of the radius. This risk is reversed by parathyroidectomy.

A 48-yr-old woman was evaluated 21 yr after receiving treatment for an ACTH-secreting metastatic pituitary carcinoma. She had been diagnosed with Cushing's disease 35 yr earlier at the age of 14 yr and had undergone bilateral adrenalectomy. Six years later she developed Nelson's syndrome, which was treated with resection of a pituitary adenoma followed by radiotherapy to the sella turcica. Eight years later she was found to have craniospinal metastases with three remote intracerebral lesions. Two of these lesions were surgically resected and stained positive for ACTH by immunofluorescence. She subsequently received whole-brain radiotherapy and is doing well 21 yr later with no lesions seen on magnetic resonance imaging and no evidence of recurrent metastatic disease. We present this case in detail along with a literature review of ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinoma.

Two children with bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasemia (juvenile Paget's disease) were treated with synthetic human calcitonin. The progress of bone disease was monitored radiographically and histologically. Pretreatment radiographs showed markedly abnormal bone, characterized by lack of discrete cortex and absence of normal modeling. During treatment a discrete cortex was formed composed of compact bone, and more normal modeling occurred. This coincided with a histologic change from woven bone before treatment to a more lamellar type during treatment.

Familial bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasemia is characterized by excessive bone resorption early in life with resulting severe skeletal deformity. The disease can be ameliorated by treatment with human calcitonin. We have the studied the ultrastructure of bone from diseased patients before treatment and at intervals during 1 year of treatment with calcitonin. Pretreatment osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes exhibited mitochondria which contained vast amounts of dense microcrystal deposits. Osteocytes were also distinguished by minimal organellar development. Osteoclasts were rare. Calcitonin treatment included a progressive development of a more normal bone structure. Intramitochondrial crystal deposits were absent in mitochondria of osteocytes and osteoclasts but were still present in mitochondria of osteoblasts. Surprisingly, the developing bony matrix during calcitonin treatment exhibited large numbers of elastic fibers. These appeared to develop normally in alignment with the surface membrane of osteocytes. Calcitonin treatment caused a proliferation of osteocyte organellar development. It is concluded that familial bone dysplasia is primarily a disease of osteocytes and that osteocytic activity is influenced by calcitonin.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels from the inferior petrosal sinuses and peripheral veins were measured in 10 patients with Cushing's disease. All patients had normal or indeterminate computed tomography scans. In 9 of the 10 patients the petrosal vein sampling showed a gradient between pituitary ACTH and peripheral ACTH verifying the supposition of pituitary dependent hypercortisolism. In seven cases preoperative ACTH levels lateralized tumor to one side of the gland. In six of these cases tumor was found at that location at surgery. In the seventh case, no tumor was identified at surgery and that half of the gland was resected. Nine patients were cured following transsphenoidal excision of tumor.

During administration of 400 mg daily of vitamin B6 as pyridoxine hydrocholoride to two patients with homozygous cystathioninuria, cystathionine excretion fell in a characteristic manner. Inorganic sulfate excretion did not change significantly when considered by itself. Total sulfur excretion, determined as sulfate after oxidation, decreased slightly in both patients and this decrease was statistically significant in one. The ratio of sulfate to total sulfur excretion increased significantly in both patients during vitamin B6 administration. The difference between total sulfur and free plus bound or ethereal sulfate is largely accounted for by cystathionine and lesser amounts of N-acetyl-cystathionine. The results indicate that cystathionine sulfur is not excreted other than as sulfate during vitamin B6 administration and support the hypothesis that cystathionase activity is enhanced by pyridoxine, the resultant cysteine, alpha-ketobutyrate, and ammonia being added to large body pools.

Although usually associated with an abnormal sex chromosomal complement, gonadal dysgenesis is occasionally detected in individuals having apparently normal male (46,XY) or female (46,XX) chromosomal complements. Six individuals with XY or XX gonadal dysgenesis, four proven, two probable, are described. A review of histologically verified cases of XX and XY gonadal dysgenesis reveals frequent familial aggregation of affected individuals, a situation rarely encountered in the more frequent X-monosomic gonadal dysgenesis. Multiple affected sibs and frequent X-monosomic gonadal dysgenesis. Multiple affected sibs and frequent parental consanguinity suggest that XX gonadal dysgenesis is an autosomal recessive condition, while certain families suggest that XY gonadal Dysgenesis is an X-linked recessive or male-limited autosomal dominant condition.

The bilateral absence of testes is described in one of two otherwise healthy and well-developed 12-year-old identical twin boys. The twins' father has only one palpable testis. The occurrence of complete anorchia in only one of otherwise identical twins constitutes relevant new data for considering the etiology of this rare condition and in assaying the role of the testis in growth and development between birth and puberty.