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Background and Objectives: HTLV-1 is responsible for two important diseases, HAM/TSP and ATLL. Approximately 10 to 20 million people are infected with HTLV-1 worldwide. Identifying altered genes in different cancers is crucial for finding potential treatment strategies. One of the proteins of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway is MEK1, which is made from the MAP2K1 gene. The effects of the MAP2K1 gene on the MAPK signaling pathway are not yet fully elucidated. The current study aims to determine the MAP2K1 gene mutations and the level of MAP2K1 gene expression in ATLL patients compared to healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: Ten ATLL and 10 healthy control individuals were investigated in this study. We used ELISA test to screen anti-HTLV-I antibodies and PCR for confirmation of infection. Then, we extracted total RNA from fresh whole blood, and cDNA was synthesized. The expression levels of the MAP2K1 gene were examined by qRT-PCR, and to check possible mutations in the MAP2K1 gene; all samples were sequenced and analyzed by BioEdite Software. Results: MAP2K1 gene expression in the ATLL group was significantly higher than in the healthy control (P=0.001). The mutational sequencing analysis showed nucleotide 212 (SR) change and identification mutations at different nucleotides that were entirely different from the nucleotide mutations defined in the UniProt database. Conclusion: These results could be a perspective in the prevention, prognosis, and targeted treatment of diseases in which the MAP2K1 gene plays a vital role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabies virus as a neurotropic agent causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies virus transmission usually occurs through direct contact with saliva of rabid animals. However, serological and molecular tests commonly are used in diagnosing rabies but all the detection methods of rabies have some limitations. It is necessary to develop a rapid, effective, and low‐cost biosensor as an alternative tool to detect rabies virus. In this review, we studied related biosensor researches to rabies virus detection for comparing it with other detection test including serological and molecular methods. Given that very limited studies have been conducted in this field, biosensors as quick, effective, and high sensitivity tools can be used in diagnostic of rabies as an alternative tool instead of other detection methods. According to the important role of rapid detection of rabies in the control of infection and public health measures, development of a biosensor as a quick tool can be very significant in the diagnosis of rabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complement system, as a vital part of innate immunity, has an important role in the clearance of pathogens; however, unregulated activation of this system probably has a key role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, which is induced by highly pathogenic viruses (i.e. influenza A viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] coronavirus). The novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2, which is the causal agent for the ongoing global pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19), has recently been spread to almost all countries around the world. Although most people are immunocompetent to SARS‐CoV‐2, a small group develops hyper‐inflammation that leads to complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multi‐organ failure. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the complement system exerts a crucial role in this inflammatory reaction. Additionally, patients with the severe form of Covid‐19 show over‐activation of the complement in their skin, sera, and lungs. This study aims to summarise current knowledge concerning the interaction of SARS‐CoV‐2 with the complement system and to critically appraise complement inhibition as a potential new approach for Covid‐19 treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: To date, seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been detected: HCoV‐NL63, HCoV‐229E, HCoV‐HKU1, HCoV‐OC43, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and SARS‐CoV‐2. Four of these viruses, including HCoV‐NL63, ‐229E, ‐HKU1 and ‐OC43, usually cause mild‐to‐moderate respiratory diseases with a seasonal pattern. Since 2000, three new HCoVs have emerged with a significant mortality rate. Although SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV caused an epidemic in some countries, SARS‐CoV‐2 escalated into a pandemic. All HCoVs can cause severe complications in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The bat origin of HCoVs, the presence of intermediate hosts and the nature of their viral replication suggest that other new coronaviruses may emerge in the future. Despite the fact that all HCoVs share similarities in viral replication, they differ in their accessory proteins, incubation period and pathogenicity. This study aims to review these differences between the seven HCoVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes, as the major cause of hyperglycemia, is a chronic metabolic disease. Immune system disorders caused by diabetes can increase the risk of respiratory diseases. Thus, diabetes is considered to be a major risk factor for viral respiratory infections such as coronavirus infections. Coronaviruses are members of the Coronaviridae, which has caused three outbreaks from 2003 to 2020. Patients with coronavirus infection in the lower and upper respiratory tract could show mild to severe symptoms. In this review, we focus on the relationship between diabetes and three coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]