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This paper presents various control strategies to improve operations in two interconnected areas connected by a VSC‐HVDC transmission line. The main focus is on designing a central control system (CCS) that coordinates control units in both areas. In area 1, an AC voltage control unit is connected to the CCS. In area 2, three control units including a load power control unit, a fault detection unit, and an AC voltage control unit are also connected to the CCS. The CCS receives inputs from these units and generates commands for the DC voltage and active/reactive power control units on both sides of the DC line. The first proposed strategy addresses permanent voltage drops caused by load fluctuations in area 2. It adjusts the transmitted power from area 1 based on voltage variations in area 2. The second strategy focuses on mitigating faults in area 2 by injecting active and reactive power from area 1 during such events. The third strategy resolves transient voltage oscillations in both areas by controlling the reactive power of stations on either side of the DC line. Simulations using MATLAB‐SIMULINK demonstrate that these mechanisms successfully achieve their objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Today, high-voltage (HV) lines create a pernicious environment for humans living or working in the vicinity and even under these lines. The male rhesus monkey is used to investigate the effects of fields produced by HV towers. This study examines the function and level of impact in rhesus monkeys' brains from the cerebellum's cognitive, biological, and structural perspective. Methods: Two monkeys have been used, one as a control and the second as a test. The monkey under test was subjected to a simulated HV electrical field of 3 kV/m, 4 hours a day, for 1 month. Behavioral tests were performed using a device designed and built for this purpose. Concentration analysis of adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) and inspection of glucocorticoid receptor gene's (GR) expression were performed by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. Changes in cerebellar anatomy were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All tests were performed before and after the study period and compared with the control monkey. Results: Cognitive tests showed a significant reduction for the monkey exposed to the HV electrical field in the first week after imposition compared with the same time before. Also, the expression of the GR gene decreased, and the concentration of ACTH hormone in plasma increased. Surveying the level of cerebral MRI images did not show any difference, but hemorrhage was evident in a part of the cerebellum. Conclusion: The tested monkey's cognitive, biological, and MRI results showed a decrease in visual learning and memory indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a novel predictive energy management strategy to integrate the battery energy storage (BES) degradation cost into the BES scheduling problem and address the uncertainty in the energy management problem. As the first step, the factors affecting the BES calendar aging and cycle aging are linearly modelled. Furthermore, a linear algorithm is provided to calculate the BES cycle aging due to the BES complete and incomplete cycles. Subsequently, a novel approach to estimating the BES degradation cost function according to the BES specifications and degradation process is presented. Finally, taking into account the BES degradation cost model, the proposed predictive energy management strategy framework is implemented on an integrated photovoltaic and BES system to evaluate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed scheme in integrating the BES degradation cost in the energy management problem. The numerical simulation results indicate that integrating the BES degradation cost into the energy management problem significantly affects the BES charge/discharge strategy. Moreover, comparing the proposed predictive energy management strategy with a simple one, it is verified that the provided approach could decrease the BES capacity fade and degradation cost by 5.06% and 4.67%, respectively, and increase the photovoltaic farm profit by 1.10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]