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57 páginas, 4 tablas, 2 figuras., Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a growing concern for effective parasite control in farmed ruminants globally. Combatting AR will require intensified and integrated research efforts in the development of innovative diagnostic tests to detect helminth infections and AR, sustainable anthelmintic treatment strategies and the development of complementary control approaches such as vaccination and plant-based control. It will also require a better understanding of socio-economic drivers of anthelmintic treatment decisions, in order to support a behavioural shift and develop targeted communication strategies that promote the uptake of evidence-based sustainable solutions. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in these different fields of research activity related to AR in helminths of livestock ruminants in Europe and beyond. We conclude that in the advent of new challenges and solutions emerging from continuing spread of AR and intensified research efforts, respectively, there is a strong need for transnational multi-actor initiatives. These should involve all key stakeholders to develop indicators of infection and sustainable control, set targets and promote good practices to achieve them., This article is based upon work from the COST Action COMBAR CA16230, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). SMT received funding by The Danish Council for Independent Research (Grant DFF–6111-00394). DJB received funding from the Scottish Government: Rural & Environment Science & Analytical Services. ERM received funding from UK Research and Innovation through grant BB/R010250/1.

Due to high prevalence and large pathogenicity, Haemonchus contortus is the main gastrointestinal nematode in tropical and subtropical regions. This species is responsible for severe economic losses to sheep and goat breeders in Brazil. The control of this parasite is currently compromised, mainly, due to anthelmintic resistance. In the search for natural anthelmintic alternatives, Pterogyne nitens, a native Brazilian tree with potential ethnopharmacological activity, has been identified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extracts and phenolic compounds from P. nitens, as well as two commercial flavonoids (chrysin and morin), to derive the chemical structure and anthelmintic activity. The ovicidal and larvicidal activity of ethanolic extracts from leaves (EEL) and fruits (EEFR), as well as natural compounds from P. nitens on H. contortus were evaluated through egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA). The results showed that all extracts, especially the phenolic compounds were active in the EHA and LDA. The egg hatch inhibitory effects of EEL (EC50 = 316 μg/mL) were more potent than EEFR (EC50 = 512 μg/mL). However, larval development inhibitory effects of EEL (EC50 = 47 μg/mL) and EEFR (EC50 = 35 μg/mL) were similar. Among the compounds, the flavones (sorbifolin, pedalitin, and chrysin) did not have inhibitory effects on egg hatching but presented some activity against larval development of H. contortus. In contrast, the flavonols (quercetin, rutin, and morin) showed high activity in the EHA but were inactive in the LDA. The addition of at hydroxyl group and rutinose group to the flavonoid structure increased the ovicidal and larvicidal activity, respectively. The phenolic acids showed potent anthelmintic activity: caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid had the highest anthelmintic effects, presenting EC50 values of 1.48, 0.56, and 4.93 μg/mL in the EHA; and 31, 22, and 33 μg/mL in the LDA, respectively. These results suggest that P. nitens might be a source of effective alternative compounds to control H. contortus. Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-09T19:01:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnthelminticEffectPterogyne.pdf: 2114399 bytes, checksum: 4b58f97f5c962fbe31a67c6834d75cdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

19 páginas., An elicitation exercise was conducted to collect and identify pressing questions concerning the study of helminths in livestock, to help guide research priorities. Questions were invited from the research community in an inclusive way. Of 385 questions submitted, 100 were chosen by online vote, with priority given to open questions in important areas that are specific enough to permit investigation within a focused project or programme of research. The final list of questions was divided into ten themes. We present the questions and set them briefly in the context of the current state of knowledge. Although subjective, the results provide a snapshot of current concerns and perceived priorities in the field of livestock helminthology, and we hope that they will stimulate ongoing or new research efforts., We thank the officers and members of the Livestock Helminth Research Alliance (LiHRA) for encouraging this initiative and giving space to it in their annual meetings, to the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology for permitting elicitation of questions as part of their 26th biennial conference in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and to the editors of Trends in Parasitology for commissioning this article. The authors credit the EU for funding leading to this work through FP7 STREP GLOWORM. We gratefully acknowledge Hassan Azaizeh, Sarah Beynon, Jacques Cabaret, Gerald Coles, Tina Alstrup Hansen, Alison Howell, Hamadi Karembe, Alvaro Martinez-Moreno, Francisco A. Rojo, Guillaume Sallé, Jože Starič, Eurion Thomas, and numerous anonymous participants for contributing generously to the exercise with questions and votes. This article is based in part upon work from COST Action COMBAR CA16230, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). MMV is funded by the Spanish “Ramón y Cajal” Programme, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC-2015-18368), and ERM and HRV by UK BBSRC grant BB/M003949/1.

N. laevis and Z. zanthoxyloides leaves from departments of Atlantic, Oueme, Couffo and Zou Area of South Benin were screened for the presence of chemical compounds by standard methods and compared. The results revealed the presence of the following compounds: alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, and essential oils in the plant samples regardless of the area and the harvest season. Saponins, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides were found to be absent in the leaves of Z. zanthoxyloides and N. laevis regardless of the area and the harvest season. The significance of the plants in traditional medicine and the importance of the distribution of the chemical constituents justified the traditional use of these plants for the treatment of tropical diseases. We recommend further research work on these plants leaves for possible use as a source of raw material for industrial and medical science utilization.Keywords: Chemical Composition, Newbouldia laevis, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, environmental factors, Benin