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The development of grain milling techniques promotes the progress of fine grain processing. However, long-term intake of refined flour products induces nutritional imbalance the incidence rate of hypertension, diabetes, and increasing cardiovascular diseases by years. Whole-wheat flour includes all compounds in wheat kernels, being rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. These substances have the function of lowering hypertension, oxidation resistance, radicals scavenging, and immunity strengthening. Therefore, whole-wheat food, made from whole-wheat flour, is an ideal choice in modifying dietary pattern and improving health condition of people. This review compared the differences in the nutritional compositions between whole-wheat flour and refined flour, summarized the specific nutrients such as dietary fiber, polyphenols, unsaturated fatty acid, phytosterol, and lignans in whole-wheat flour, reviewed their health benefits from the perspectives of weight loss, preventing type-2 diabetes, and intervening cardiovascular, and introduced the quality improvement techniques of whole-wheat baked, steamed, and fried products. The review is expected to provide important reference for the development and expansion of whole - wheat products.

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Background and objectives: Soft red winter (SRW) wheat has been traditionally used in the manufacture of cookie and cracker products in Latin America; however, in some years SRW has experienced a supply shortage due to poor planting and/or crop conditions. Therefore, the demand for soft white wheat (SWH) for such products is increasing in Latin American markets, but buyers have been uncertain as to appropriate SWH contract specifications as SWH functions differently from SRW in cracker products. The objective of this study was to identify the optimal grain protein level and flour specifications of SWH for saltine crackers. SWH blends of varying grain protein contents from 8.7% to 12.5% were used to make saltine crackers. Flour solvent retention capacity (SRC), gluten and dough characteristics, and cracker‐baking performance were evaluated. Findings: The sodium carbonate SRC increased from 71.9% to 75.0%, sucrose SRC from 83.4% to 94.2%, and lactic acid SRC from 98.0% to 113.3% as SWH protein content increased from 8.7% to 12.5%. Dough concurrently became more extensible (L: 109.0–143.0 mm) and deformation energy (W: 91.5–133.5 (10−4 J)) increased with higher protein content, especially in the range of 10.5%–12.5%. Cracker stack height (6.65–7.10 cm), stack height‐to‐weight ratio (0.196–0.210), and texture (breaking force: 1,934.9–3,158.2 g) gradually increased with increasing protein levels. The flour lactic acid SRC and dough rheological parameters (measured by Farinograph, Alveograph, and GlutoPeak) were significantly correlated with the cracker stack height‐to‐weight ratio and texture. Conclusions: SWH of grain protein content of 10.5%–11.6% had intermediate lactic acid SRC and dough strength that produced saltine crackers with appropriate stack height (6.95–7.10 cm) and desirable texture (2,172.9–2,473.8 g). Significance and novelty: This research identified the SWH functionalities for saltine crackers and provided an initial starting point for Latin America and other buyers, millers, and bakers to better utilize SWH for cracker manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The effects of green tea powder (GTP) on the properties of hard red winter (HRW) flour and Chinese steamed bread were investigated. GTP was blended with HRW flour at levels of 0.00, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00 and 4.00 g GTP/100 g wheat flour. With the addition of GTP, the maximum torque of flour became stronger. The resilience and degree of green colour of steamed bread increased, while hardness and chewiness decreased, with the addition of GTP. The addition of 1.00% GTP did not significantly affect the specific volume, but remarkably influenced the hardness and resilience of steamed bread. In steamed bread formulated with GTP, the antioxidant activity was 0.84 mm TE per g at 1.00% of GTP and increased with GTP levels. The steamed bread had a pleasant flavour, and the degree of overall liking of steamed bread increased with GTP levels to the maximum used in this work. Green tea powder increased the antioxidant activity of steamed bread, and did not affect the quality of steamed bread with a pleasant tea flavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The popularity of Asian noodles is increasing around the world, and the introduction of noodle products made from whole grain flour is considered as an effective way to modify customer's dietary pattern and promote high‐fiber food consumption. This review summarizes the processing technologies, quality improvement techniques, and nutritional and health benefits of whole wheat noodles (WWN). Findings: Fresh raw noodles, dried noodles, and instant noodles are the major types of WWN. They contain various formulations and processing procedures. The quality attributes of flour qualities, color, shelf life, cooking performance, textural attributes, and sensory properties are particularly emphasized for WWN quality improvements. The improving techniques include wheat selection, flour/bran particle size control, functional ingredient use, and some emerging technologies. WWN possess a superior nutritive value than refined noodle products. Conclusions: Whole wheat noodles have great potential for delivering a stable food with high nutritional values and desirable eating qualities. It is important for the manufactures to select the proper processing technologies and improvement techniques for various WWN. Significance and novelty: The review highlights the differences in the processing technology of WWN and demonstrates the quality improvement techniques and nutritional and health benefits. It contributes to the expansion of knowledge on WWN and provides valuable guidance for the further improvement of WWN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]