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In this study, modified sea Cucumber Peptides (SCP) were prepared by reacting with xylooligosaccharide (XOS) and alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) via glycation. Free radical inhibitory and inhibition of oxidative stress of modified SCP was evaluated using human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and zebrafish embryos. LC-MS analysis revealed that SCPs mainly consist of 40 active peptides, with an average molecular weight of 1122.168 Da and an average length of 11 amino acid residues. For amino acid composition, L-Asparagine, L-Methionine, and L-Aspartic Acid were dominant amino acids in SCP. The result showed that the antioxidant ability of SCP against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion radical (O−2), and Hydroxyl Radical (OH) was significantly improved after modification. In HepG2 cells, the modified SCP showed stronger protection than native SCP native against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress by enhancing cell viability and reducing radical oxygen species (ROS) generation. The inhibition effect of SCP was increased after modification with XOS and AOS by 13 % and 19 % respectively. Further studies displayed that the activity of antioxidative enzymes, including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), was remarkably enhanced, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) level was reduced compared with native SCP and H 2 O 2 -treated groups, thus, improving the intracellular antioxidant defenses. The gene expression analysis showed that the mechanism underlying the modified SCP protective effect may be linked with the capability to regulate Nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) gene expression. The protective effect of modified SCP against H 2 O 2 in vitro was confirmed in vivo by reduced toxicity in zebrafish embryos via improvement of mortality rate, hatching rate, heart beating rate, and deformities of the zebrafish model. However, SCPAOS conjugate displayed greater antioxidant potentials compared to the SCPXOS, the different effects between SCPAOS and SCPXOS could be due to their different antioxidant activity. Thus, modified SCP could be potentially used as a novel nutraceutical in the preparation of anti-aging food and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, modified sea Cucumber Peptides (SCP) were prepared by reacting with xylooligosaccharide (XOS) and alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) via glycation. Free radical inhibitory and inhibition of oxidative stress of modified SCP was evaluated using human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and zebrafish embryos. LC-MS analysis revealed that SCPs mainly consist of 40 active peptides, with an average molecular weight of 1122.168 Da and an average length of 11 amino acid residues. For amino acid composition, L-Asparagine, L-Methionine, and L-Aspartic Acid were dominant amino acids in SCP. The result showed that the antioxidant ability of SCP against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion radical (O−2), and Hydroxyl Radical (OH) was significantly improved after modification. In HepG2 cells, the modified SCP showed stronger protection than native SCP native against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress by enhancing cell viability and reducing radical oxygen species (ROS) generation. The inhibition effect of SCP was increased after modification with XOS and AOS by 13 % and 19 % respectively. Further studies displayed that the activity of antioxidative enzymes, including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), was remarkably enhanced, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) level was reduced compared with native SCP and H 2 O 2 -treated groups, thus, improving the intracellular antioxidant defenses. The gene expression analysis showed that the mechanism underlying the modified SCP protective effect may be linked with the capability to regulate Nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) gene expression. The protective effect of modified SCP against H 2 O 2 in vitro was confirmed in vivo by reduced toxicity in zebrafish embryos via improvement of mortality rate, hatching rate, heart beating rate, and deformities of the zebrafish model. However, SCPAOS conjugate displayed greater antioxidant potentials compared to the SCPXOS, the different effects between SCPAOS and SCPXOS could be due to their different antioxidant activity. Thus, modified SCP could be potentially used as a novel nutraceutical in the preparation of anti-aging food and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine bioactive peptides (MBPs) are widely applied in functional foods and medicine industries. Several studies indicate that MBP consumption may play a vital role in the body's health due to their biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and ACE-inhibitory activities. However, the majority of MBPs have numerous limitations, including bitter taste, stability, and unfavorable bioactivity. Recently, chemical and physical modifications have been commonly used to solve these limitations. Modification of MBPs, which involves using novel techniques, was discussed in this review. This review displayed that MBP properties, including biological activity, stability, and taste properties, were improved after modification mainly by encapsulation and chemical reaction. In particular, the results showed that the biological properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, ACE-inhibitory, and antimicrobial activities) of the modified MBPs were higher than unmodified ones. In addition, the taste of MBPs, especially volatile flavor, was also enhanced after modification. Furthermore, modified MBPs may have to remain stable during food processing, storage, and in the host mouth and stomach for absorption in the small intestine. Therefore, modification of MBPs is an effective approach to protect and improve MBP properties. Finally, food matrix interactions and in vivo studies of modified MBPs are needed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the extraction of hypoglycemic peptides from food proteins has gained increasing attention. Neuropeptides, hormone peptides, antimicrobial peptides, immune peptides, antioxidant peptides, hypoglycemic peptides and antihypertensive peptides have become research hotspots. In this study, bioinformatic methods were used to screen and predict the properties of pig collagen-derived hypoglycemic peptides, and their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase were determined in vitro. Two peptides (RL and NWYR) were found to exhibit good water solubility, adequate ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity) properties, potentially high biological activity, and non-toxic. After synthesizing these peptides, NWYR showed the best inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase with IC50 = 0.200±0.040 mg/mL, and it can regulate a variety of biological processes, play a variety of molecular functions in different cellular components, and play a hypoglycemic role by participating in diabetic cardiomyopathy and IL-17 signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed that NWYR had the best binding effect with the core target DPP4 (4n8d), with binding energy of -8.8 kcal/mol. NWYR mainly bonded with the target protein through hydrogen bonding, and bound with various amino acid residues such as Asp-729, Gln-731, Leu-765, etc., thus affecting the role of the target in each pathway. It is the best core target for adjuvant treatment of T2DM. In short, NWYR has the potential to reduce type 2 diabetes, providing a basis for further research or food applications as well as improved utilization of pig by-products. However, in subsequent studies, it is necessary to further verify the hypoglycemic ability of porcine collagen active peptide (NWYR), and explore the hypoglycemic mechanism of NWYR from multiple perspectives such as key target genes, protein expression levels and differences in metabolites in animal models of hyperglycemia, which will provide further theoretical support for its improvement in the treatment of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen peptides (CP) obtained from collagen hydrolysis have drawn much attention for their broad bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities. This study employed an in silico approach to investigate the bioactivities of CP from fish, chicken, cattle, pig, yak, sheep, and donkey. BLAST analysis of amino acid sequences showed CP from mammals had comparable bioactivities but those from fish and chicken possessed different bioactivity potential due to low protein homology. In silico hydrolysis of collagen with gastrointestinal enzymes, including trypsin, pepsin, and proteinase K showed that the number of bioactive CP from chicken (922) and mammals (737–905) was higher than that from fish (544–675) because of the lower content of proline in fish collagen, but the amount of bioactive peptides percentage to the total peptides generated for tilapia was the highest (86.4%). The most common bioactivities were ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory activities. A molecular docking study showed that Thr-Phe and Gly-Phe had the strongest binding energy to enzymes involved in ACE and DPP-IV, respectively, indicating that collagen was a good source of anti-hypotensive and anti-hypoglycaemic peptides. • BLAST analysis showed Peptides from fish and chicken possess lower bioactivities. • Chicken, donkey, and yak produced more bioactive peptides than fish. • The screened peptides were safe and did not exhibit toxicity. • Peptides TF and QF have strong affinity with ACE and DPP-IV, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Asparagus leafy by-products was explored as a cheap rutin source. • Extraction was done using the best extraction yield. • Purification of the crude extract through a newly proposed method. • The proposed method was able to give pure rutin crystals. • The purification yield and the purity of rutin was high. Valorization of asparagus leafy by-products as a potential source of rutin through selected extraction and purification protocols was investigated. Protocol resulting in the highest extraction yield was first selected. Crude extract was subject to purification via multiple liquid–liquid back extraction using ethanol, methanol or water as a solvent; selection of the most appropriate purification solvent was made based on rutin solubility. The proposed purification protocol yielded yellow-color crystals, which were characterized by fluorescence microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm them as rutin. Purity of rutin was confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography at 97.6%; yield of the purified rutin was determined to be 78.2%. The remaining rutin (21.8%) was found in the liquids collected at various stages of purification; such liquids could be recycled using the same purification process. The proposed protocols are simple, yet effective for rutin extraction and purification from asparagus leafy by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Eight polyhydroxylated naphthoquinone compounds were identified from New Zealand sea urchin species Evechinus chloroticus. • Organic solvent extraction was better in extracting PHNQ than the macroporous resins. • The stability of the E. chloroticus PHNQ pigments is reported for the first time. • The degradation of amino PHNQ under the natural light was more remarkable than PHNQ pigments. Abstract The extraction of polyhydroxylated naphthoquinone (PHNQ) pigments from the shell and spines of the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus was evaluated using six different macroporous resins as an alternative to using organic solvent extraction alone. Four of the resins evaluated in this study (D4006, D4020, D101 and NKA-9) provided the best extraction of PHNQ pigments in terms of the overall adsorption and desorption of E. chloroticus PHNQ pigments from the resins. Organic solvents alone had a higher yield of PHNQs than the resins. The PHNQ composition was characterised by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode‐array detection and mass spectrometry. Five PHNQ compounds (spinochromes E, B, C, A and echinochrome A), and three aminated PHNQ compounds (spinamine E, echinamines A and B) were identified. The pigments were found to be prone to degradation on exposure to light, with the aminated PHNQ pigments being the least stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine shell waste is a very rich source of several bioactive compounds and materials, such as calcium, chitin, pigments, and proteins. Currently, this waste material is greatly underutilized and contributes to significant environmental problems due to off-odor and concentration of minerals in landfill. The main objective of this review is to highlight the potential to add value to and maximize the utilization of this waste stream. Therefore, this review provides up-to-date information on various compounds available in marine shells that are generated as waste coproduct from commercial processing operations and their potential uses. Methods are described for extraction of these compounds for use in food and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Montmorillonite (MMT) and rectorite (REC) are clay minerals that consist of hydrated aluminum silicate with Si-O tetrahedrons on the bottom of the layer, Al-O(OH) octahedrons on the top, and various exchangeable ions such as Na and Ca in interlayer. However, the driving force for intercalation of double-stranded DNA is not sufficient to open up the gallery of MMT and REC and allows the intercalation to occur. Furthermore, the external surface of MMT and REC is hydrophilic rather than organophilic. In the study, cationic hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) is chosen to modify MMT and REC to make clay minerals more compatible with DNA. CTAB intercalates into the galleries of clay minerals and expands the basal spacing for DNA intercalation. Novel CTAB-clay/DNA hybrids are synthesized for the first time, with their structure investigated by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared. Gel electrophoresis analysis confirms that the CTAB-modified clay could protect DNA from degradation of DNase I. UV absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism indicate that the modified clay minerals can provide a capacity for protecting DNA from damage induced by heavy metals. In addition, the intercalated DNA can be recovered readily under alkaline conditions. Therefore, CTAB-clay/DNA hybrids are potential materials for storage of genetic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The DNA adsorption was reduced in the order: rectorite>montmorillonite>sericite. [•] DNA was adsorbed on clay can be influenced by the surface charges of the samples. [•] The three mechanisms for DNA adsorption on clay are concluded. [•] Rectorite is important for protecting DNA against damage induced by Cd2+ and Hg2+. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study investigated the polyhydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (PHNQ) composition and bioactivities of Evechinus chloroticus sea urchin shell and spine waste extracted using the macroporous resins NKA-9, D4020, D4006, and D101. The mineral and protein contents in the shell and spine were found to be 85.21% and 84.14%, 3.85% and 8.96%, respectively. Spine PHNQs extracted using the D4006 resin had the highest total phenolic content (TPC) while the D101 and D4020 resin extracts had a lower TPC (p < 0.05). The best extraction was obtained with the D4006 resin and spine extracts had higher antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and FRAP) than shell extracts (p < 0.05). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of PHNQ extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 2.5 to 10 mg/mL, with the D4006 resin extract having the best activity. An in silico docking study of spinochrome A and B that is present in the PHNQ extracts, suggested a potent anti-inflammatory activity. The results suggest that macroporous resin extraction of PHNQs from E. chloroticus shell and spine is an effective way to obtain natural bioactives. • Polyhydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinones (PHNQs) were extracted using macroporous resins. • In vitro antioxidant activities were determined by ORAC, DPPH and FRAP assays. • PHNQ exhibited antimicrobial activity. • Dimer PHNQs exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity than celecoxib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• E. chloroticus polyhydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinones were extracted and fractionated. • In vitro antioxidant activities were determined by ORAC, DPPH and FRAP assays. • E. chloroticus PHNQ extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity. • The extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to Celecoxib. This study investigated the bioactivities of polyhydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (PHNQ) extracts from Evechinus chloroticus shell waste. PHNQs were extracted from E. chloroticus shells and spines using different solvents and the crude extracts were fractionated by HPLC. The antioxidant activity of the PHNQ extracts were evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and FRAP assays. Ethyl acetate was the best extraction solvent and spine extracts showed better antioxidant activity than shell extracts (p < 0.05). The HPLC fraction containing spinochrome E showed the highest antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the PHNQ crude extracts and the HPLC fractions ranged from 250 to 2500 µg/mL depending on the PHNQ extract and microbial species tested. Treatment by PHNQ extracts resulted in alteration of the morphology of the microbial cell wall as observed by transmission electron microscopy. PHNQ extracts also exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in rats (ED 50 = 8.26 ± 0.22 µg), comparable to that of Celecoxib (6.12 ± 0.18 µg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Monosaccharide-induced glycation enhances the gel properties of oyster MP. • The gelling of glycated MP related to carbon number and structure of monosaccharide. • Oyster MP glycated by glucose (aldohexose) possessed the optimal gel properties. • The hydrogen bonds and hydrocarbon bonds were important binding modes. Glycation offers a promising potential to improve protein gelling properties in food industries. Therefore, the study was aimed to illustrate the effect of five monosaccharides (erythrose-aldotetrose, xylose-aldopentose, glucose-aldohexose, galactose-aldohexose, and fructose-ketohexose) with different carbon numbers and structure on the structure–gelling relationship of myofibrillar protein (MP) from oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Results showed that monosaccharides significantly increased the glycation degree of MP by increasing sulfhydryl content, forming stable tertiary conformation and decreasing surface hydrophobicity. Moreover, the gel properties of MP like gel strength, water holding capacity, water mobility were improved by alleviating aggregation including the increase of solubility and the decrease of particle sizes. Oyster MP glycated by glucose (aldohexose) possessed the optimal gel properties. Molecular docking simulation showed that hydrogen bonds and hydrocarbon bonds were the mainly non-covalent binding modes. The study will provide a theoretical basis for oyster protein glycation and expand its application on food gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of novel food technologies have been developed to meet consumers' growing desire for safe and high‐quality foods. However, consumers can be cautious of novel food technologies, and their acceptance cannot be guaranteed. Food Technology Neophobia Scales (FTNS) have been proven to be an effective tool to predict consumers' behavior toward novel food technologies in a range of individual countries, but not for cross‐national contexts. To fill the gap, this study designed a survey involving 604 Chinese and 614 New Zealand respondents, investigating the influence of consumers' food technology neophobia (FTN) on their acceptance of food technologies. Chinese respondents' FTNS score (50.62) was lower than that of New Zealand respondents (55.02), which was in line with the finding that Chinese respondents' acceptance of all tested food technologies was higher than New Zealand respondents (0.34–0.86 in a Likert‐7 scale). Chinese respondents' acceptance was determined by their perception of benefits, whereas New Zealand respondents were influenced by their perception of both benefits and risks. The findings conclude that FTNS is a valid tool to reflect consumers' acceptance of novel food technologies in cross‐national contexts, although the influence of FTN varies among consumers from different countries. Practical Application: China has the largest food market, and New Zealand is a leading food exporter. Understanding their consumers' acceptance of and attitudes toward food technologies will help food companies implement appropriate strategies in developing and using novel technologies. Because FTNS first was constructed in 2008, it has been applied in Australia, Italy, Canada, Finland, Korea, China, Chile, Brazil, and Uganda; the findings of this study will allow these individual studies on FTNS to better connect, help food companies predict consumer acceptance of food technologies in the global market, and help them identify early adopters of novel food technologies in new food markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an unstable chiral drug l-alanyl-glutamine(l-(Ala-Gln)) was intercalated into layered double hydroxides(LDHs) and a systematic study combining experimental and theoreticalinvestigation was carried out. Structural characterization revealsthe microstructure of LDHs and properties of the intercalated l-(Ala-Gln). Solid-state UV–vis spectroscopy is adoptedto observe the energy absorption. This result shows that LDHs canblock the UV light, and inhibition of configuration conversion worksin the LDH host. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra suggest that theintercalated l-(Ala-Gln) can maintain its configuration inthe interlayer even when irradiated under UV light. Density functionaltheory (DFT) computations at the B3PW91/6-31G(d, p) level have beencarried out to understand the mechanism of l-(Ala-Gln) racemization.The computed result demonstrates that the thermal energy based onthe reaction temperature cannot support l-(Ala-Gln) to givean excited state, but it can be excited under the irradiation of UVlight with a wavelength less than 240 nm and undergoes conformationaltransition. When intercalated in the interlayer of LDHs, l-(Ala-Gln) is involved in strong guest–host interaction withthe layers and thus inhibition of configuration conversion is effectivein the LDH interlayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond consumption is associated with ameliorating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study is to isolate peptides with high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from almond (Armeniaca sibirica) oil manufactured residue hydrolysate by ultrafiltration, gel chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and to characterize their structures. The results indicated that the nutritional values of Var, Met+Cys, Ile, and Leu were high in almond oil residue, and the first limiting amino acid was Lys. Two peptides recovered from hydrolysed products of Prote Ax and Protease M were Trp-His and Trp-Ser, respectively, which showed higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared with other peptides. These two peptides were relatively stable under simulated digestion conditions. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity IC 50 of Trp-His was 17.03 ± 0.05 μmol/L for both before and after digestion, whereas the IC 50 of Trp-Ser significantly increased after simulated digestion, from 24.71 ± 0.02 μmol/L to 44.63 ± 0.03 μmol/L. These results indicated the potential use of residue from almond oil processing for treating T2DM. • Protein from almond oil manufacture residue was evaluated. • Peptide A and B were isolated from protein of almond oil manufacture residue. • The structure of A and B were characterized. • Peptide A and B showed excellent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. • The changes in structure and activity were investigated after simulated digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The effects of PEF on quality of dried apricot is investigated. • PEF treatments had no effect on the PPO activity and decreased the POD activity by 30% (p < 0.05). • PEF treatments resulted in higher drying rates. • High PEF treatment retained more β-carotene and suffered less browning during air hot drying. • High PEF treatment had higher antioxidant activity and better colour. Abstract Fresh apricots pre-treated by pulsed electric fields at different intensities [LPEF, 0.65 kV/cm, 100 Hz, 20 µs and total treatment time 30 s; HPEF1, 1.25 kV/cm, 100 Hz, 20 µs and total treatment time 30 s; HPEF2, 1.25 kV/cm, 100 Hz, 20 µs and total treatment time 60 s], along with controls [non-treated, non-treated and sulphite treated, and heat pre-treatment at 80 °C, for 10 min (HC)] and soaked in 0.2% sodium sulphite solution for 1 h and then were subject to hot air drying. The changes in drying rate, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and β-carotene contents as well as antioxidant activity and colour in pre-treatment and hot air-dried apricot samples were investigated. PEF and heat treatments increased the drying rate of apricots. PEF treatments had no effect on the PPO activity and decreased the POD activity (p < 0.05). HPEF2 treatment retained more β-carotene, higher antioxidant activity and suffered less browning during processing. Overall, the results indicate that combining sulphite treatment with PEF produces dried apricots with more β-carotene and antioxidant activity, and better colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (0.1, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 MPa) on the structure–emulsifying relationship of scallop mantle protein was investigated. Overall, HHP could significantly change the secondary structure including the decrease of α-helix relative content and the increase of β-fold content, surface hydrophobicity, free sulfhydryl groups of scallop mantle protein. Compared with the untreated ones, scallop mantle protein had small particle size, zeta potential, solubility, and interfacial tension, as well as good emulsifying properties after proper HHP treatment. Scallop mantle protein treated at 200 MPa possessed the optimal emulsification (75.09 ± 0.50 m2/g) while it treated at 100 MPa exhibited the maximum emulsion stability (17.51 ± 0.12 min) due to high adsorbed protein content (89.25 ± 0.26%). Therefore, HHP treatment was a potential method to improve the emulsifying properties of shellfish proteins by structure modification. • High hydrostatic pressure improves emulsifying properties of scallop mantle protein. • Emulsifying activity was regulated by modifying secondary structure. • Over-processing can impair the unfolding and emulsifying properties of the protein. • 200 MPa was optimal for emulsification while 100 MPa for emulsion stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]