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The first director of the National Gallery in London, Sir Charles Eastlake (1793–1865), was an Italophile. His favourite Italian city was Venice, where he once thought of buying a second home. The city he knew best, having lived there for fourteen years from 1816, was Rome. However, between 1854 and 1864, Eastlake made twenty-three trips to Milan, meaning that during his decade as director of the National Gallery from 1855, he visited Milan more often than any other place. This article suggests that Milan became a crucial hub for Eastlake, as the place where he connected with individuals who played important roles in several interconnected areas. Milan was significant, first, as an area rich in private collections, offering fertile ground for the discovery of potential acquisitions and a place from where it was relatively easy to export paintings because German-speaking Austria, which occupied north Italy and the Veneto until 1866, was comparatively lax about imposing export restrictions; second, as a place where art-historical knowledge and connoisseurship could be developed; and third, as a leading centre of picture conservation and framing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

iBuyers are firms that use automated valuation models (AVMs), streamline home buying processes, and provide all-cash offers to purchase homes. Although the previous literature has explored the roles and limitations of iBuyers in the housing market, empirical research on the racial implications of these algorithmic home buying processes remains understudied. Using a spatial lag model, this study shows the spatial clustering of iBuyer profit margins, that iBuyers gain more profits when they resell to individuals than institutions, and that some iBuyers have a statistically significant correlation between their profit margins and the proportion of marginalized racial groups within a census tract, while controlling for individual housing characteristics, neighborhood housing quality and demand, and neighborhood amenities and socioeconomic factors. These findings suggest that the more adeptly iBuyers can forecast housing values, the greater the potential to maximize profits from homeowners in communities of color. Consequently, this research contributes to the understanding of how technological mechanisms operate within a purportedly race-neutral framework and advocates for the development and deployment of algorithmic systems guided by the principles of antisubordination, rather than relying solely on notions of “fairness” and anticlassification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of the cross-city commuting labor force to obtain housing has a profound impact on the development of the housing market and the enhancement of social welfare, but whether cross-city commuting has facilitated housing purchases remains to be verified However, the research on whether cross-city commuting behavior promotes labor force housing purchase in metropolitan areas is still lacking, especially in China, where the culture of buying houses is relatively special. This article used field survey data from the 2023 China Metropolitan Area Occupation and Housing Status Sampling Survey to empirically analyze whether cross-city commuting has facilitated housing purchases within metropolitan areas. The analysis was conducted by constructing a baseline model, a mediation effect model, and a subsample regression model. The results show that the cross-city commuting facilitated housing purchase within metropolitan areas, and the location preference is to purchase a house with a distance of 20–40 km from the workplace, but the contribution of the cross-city commuting to multi-suite purchases is relatively low. Mechanism analysis shows that compared to the workers who work and live in peripheral areas or the workers who work and live in cores, intercity commuters are promoted to purchase housing by relatively higher income and inducement of the housing price gap. The above conclusions still hold after controlling potential endogeneity issues and in robustness tests. The research of this paper can provide a new perspective for alleviating the housing inequality in the metropolitan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has experienced substantial transformations since the Economic Reform in 1978, as echoed by cultural changes in many facets of life. Previous research has examined cultural changes in China by focusing on books and other cultural products, albeit with a limited scope across various life domains. In the current study, we aim to explore a more comprehensive range of realms encompassing diverse aspects of Chinese life. To achieve this, we utilize an informative yet underexamined cultural product: TV dramas. Successful TV dramas appeal to the audience's preferences and needs and reflect cultural characteristics of the time. We collected information on top-rated Chinese urban TV dramas between 1980 and 2019 and coded them into 17 common themes reflecting various aspects of life. We then examined the trajectory of each theme over time from 1980 to 2019. Overall, the following themes became more prevalent in TV dramas over time: affair, divorce, family, romantic love, wedding, the pursuit of wealth, dinner party, house rental, house purchase, shopping, and death. The early 1990s mark a pivotal period. Specifically, the depiction of career pursuit in TV dramas switched from decreasing to increasing in the early 1990s. Around the same period, the depiction of survival stopped increasing and started to go down. Consistent with past literature, we found rising trends for themes indicating both traditional (e.g., family) and modern values (e.g., divorce), suggesting the coexistence of modernity and traditionality in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the unintended socioeconomic consequences of housing market regulations, focusing on the home purchase restriction (HPR) policy implemented in cities across China. While the primary aim of the HPR policy is to curb property prices by limiting the number of properties a household can purchase, its broader impact on family formation, particularly marriage and divorce patterns, remains underexplored. Applying Becker's economic theory of marriage, which views marital decisions as rational choices influenced by socioeconomic factors, this study examines how the HPR policy affects family formation and dissolution across different city tiers and age groups in China. Our analysis reveals several key findings. First, the HPR policy effectively contributed to a decrease in house prices, aligning with its primary objective. However, it also led to delayed marriages among younger age groups, especially in first-tier cities, where housing affordability is a significant concern. Second, the policy inadvertently encouraged strategic divorces, allowing couples to circumvent purchase restrictions and acquire additional properties. This loophole undermines the policy's effectiveness in reducing housing demand and stabilizing prices. These results highlight the complex interplay between housing market regulations and family demographics, emphasizing the need for policymakers to consider the broader societal impacts of non-family-oriented policies. As China, like many other societies, faces challenges related to the second demographic transition—such as declining marriage and fertility rates—the findings of this study serve as a cautionary tale. Housing policies, while effective in addressing market concerns, can have significant and sometimes counterproductive effects on family stability and formation, potentially exacerbating the demographic trends a society aims to mitigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research online aimed to evaluate the consumers' intention to cook at home and purchase food away from home after the COVID-19 lockdown in Brazil. Of the 970 participants, 84.0% reported being afraid of contracting COVID-19 in food service establishments and 97.2% were in social distancing. Most of the participants intended never or rarely to buy food by delivery/take away/drive-thru and eat out. Moreover, 73.3%, 60.0%, 60.7%, and 50.5% of the participants intended daily to cook breakfast, morning, afternoon, and evening snacks, respectively. A significant association was observed between fear of contracting COVID-19, and level of social distancing and the consumers' intention to cook some meals (p < 0.05), to purchase some meals using ordering food services (p < 0.05) and to eat out (p < 0.01). Therefore, the fear of contracting COVID-19 and social distancing seems to affect the intention to cook and to purchase food after lockdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partisans' stated beliefs about the economy vary dramatically depending on the party that holds the presidency. Do these responses represent genuine differences in beliefs about the economy, or do they reflect partisans' expressive reporting on surveys? To answer this question, we rely on a novel dataset of Bing searches related to housing, automobiles, and stock market purchases by partisans from February 2016 to July 2017. We find that in the aftermath of the 2016 election, Democrats, as members of the losing party, were modestly less likely to search for both house and car purchase terms. Republicans showed no change. This shift in investment behavior among Democrats suggests that partisans' survey responses are at least partially due to different beliefs about the economy, rather than just expressive reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the position of the murabahah contract in BSI Griya Hasanah Financing at Bank Syariah Indonesia Palangkaraya Diponegoro Branch Office. In addition, to find out how the implementation of BSI Griya Hasanah financing products with murabahah contracts. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive analytical method. Data collection techniques through interviews with Bank Syariah Indonesia KC Palangkaraya Diponegoro, as well as a documentation approach and also literature studies related to this study. The results of the study found that the BSI Griya Hasanah financing product is appropriate if paired with a murabahah contract because in principle the transaction, the Islamic bank will purchase the house or apartment desired by the customer (the bank acts as the homeowner) and then sell the house or apartment to the customer in installments. This murabahah contract also has a strong foundation from the three basic laws of Islam, the Qur'an, Hadith and Ijma. Based on Q.S Al-Baqarah:275, hadith from Suhaib Ar-Rumi r.a and Fatwa of the National Sharia Council No. 04/DSN-MUI/2000 concerning murabahah financing and multi-service financing No. 44/DSN-MUI/VIII/2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Credibly representing category-of-goods mental accounting in an intertemporal optimisation framework is notoriously difficult, as this modelling approach imposes interrelations between the demand for different categories through first-order conditions. This breaks the principle of nonfungibility, contrary to the rationale of mental-accounting theory. Proofs that using intertemporal optimisation is futile in modelling this kind of behaviour are provided, and an alternative is developed: a procedural-behavioural merger of mental accounting and categorisation theories. The merger is necessary to enhance mental-accounting theory, which by itself does not inform about how mental budgets are formed, what they include and how money is spent from various accounts. A classification of six basic consumer types was devised, basing on the differences between their mental-accounting systems and variations of changes of expenditure in response to fluctuations of net disposable income and other possible stimuli. Representing the consumer problem as a behavioural procedure including spending on nondurable and frequently-bought durable goods as well as decisions whether or not to purchase very expensive durable goods, such as houses and flats, allows to model real-world features such as infrequent purchases and rare debt-taking. The devised working-life cycle models of consumer behaviour are consistent with microeconomic evidence on consumption, including those features that are not accounted for by various versions of the permanent income or buffer-stock models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing security is fundamental to the life of rural-urban migrants in cities, and the housing choices of rural-urban migrants have drawn increasing attention in recent studies. However, the role of housing policies is still yet to be explored. This paper aims to investigate the effect of housing policies on rural-urban migrants' purchasing intention. Taking China as an example, the empirical results indicate that, somewhat surprisingly, the home purchase restriction policy implemented by the Chinese government raises the floating population's intention to purchase houses in the host city. Yet, such a linkage varies with income and housing status among the floating population, while it gives rise to changes in their consumption behaviors. This study thus provides new insights into the effect of housing policies and how floating populations make housing purchase decisions, yielding critical implications on how to optimize housing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates that out‐of‐area (OOA) property transactions can serve as a proxy for migration. Using micro‐level transaction data, we document that about 35% of migrants make OOA property purchases. The goodness‐of‐fit between migration and OOA purchases is higher for aggregate migration measures and lower for migration flows between disaggregated areas. Furthermore, in most specifications, a one percent increase in OOA purchases is associated with an approximately one percent increase in migration. We characterize the monthly out‐migration from NYC zip codes to surrounding areas after the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic to demonstrate the high temporal and spatial resolution of OOA transaction data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expenditure involves allocating money to various items or services to satisfy our needs from different aspects of life. To understand the consumption and expenditure patterns, this study aims to analyze the spending habits of the B40 youth group living in urban areas, specifically in Kuala Lumpur, by examining their specific needs. To achieve the objectives of this study, a research framework on the prioritized needs during shopping or expenditure has been established. These needs include basic needs, protection and health, family, religion, and leisure. Subsequently, the findings of the study indicate that there are differences in priorities during shopping were found, as indicated by respondents to ensure survival in the city. Although basic needs such as home ownership are often discussed, the unaffordability of prices, especially in urban areas, has resulted in home buying not being a major contributor to expenditure breakdowns. This suggests that the type of settlement contributes to the lifestyle and spending habits practiced by youth in urban areas. This study demonstrates that urbanization can affect how youth allocate their money to sustain their livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to study the influence of price, product, location, brand image, and promotion on the decision to buy a house in XYZ housing, and is expected to make an important contribution in deepening the understanding of property market dynamics. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS program. The results show that 81.1% of purchasing decisions can be explained by variables such as price, production, location and brand image and promotion. Moreover, the results of the F test indicate that the variables of price and product have no significant impact on purchasing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how house purchase restriction (HPR) affects stock market participation among households in China. Using a staggered difference-in-differences (DID), we observe a decrease in household stock market participation following the adoption of the HPR policy in a city. HPR decreases stock market participation by 1.72 percentage points and households' net equity purchase and equity to total wealth ratio by 17% and 0.2 percentage points, respectively. These findings suggest that house and stock investments cannot substitute each other. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the negative effect of HPR is not driven by pecuniary consideration (house price and income risks) but rather by nonpecuniary consideration (risk aversion). Although the HPR policy is designed to curb the surge in local house prices, it reduces household's demand for equity investing, which creates a negative externality on the financial market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the influence of security, trust and price on purchasing decisions for Puri Mansion housing in West Jakarta. The approach used is quantitative-descriptive research, as a result the sample was determined using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. The samples obtained were 160 samples using a web questionnaire technique as a data collection tool. This makes this research choose the SEM-PLS data analysis method with the SmartPLS application. The results of this research provide knowledge that security, trust, and price produce a positive and significant effect on the decision to purchase Puri Mansion housing. This proves how important the factors of security, trust and price are in determining home purchasing decisions. Therefore, the main focus of attention for property business actors is implementing these factors as strategic decision-making actions in the context of effective marketing management in the future, and of course this will be an addition to the latest knowledge for further reliable research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, the Dutch government mandated that new conforming mortgages must fully amortize. Within a difference-in-differences design, we estimate that the marginal wealth accumulation from amortization is close to one, even five years later. Households purchasing after the reform primarily cut consumption and leisure over other savings, leading to a rise in wealth. This holds if we use life events to instrument for the timing of home purchase. Estimates are similar for seemingly unconstrained households and movers, suggesting a broad applicability of our results. Consistent with a simple model, we find lower estimates for households that appear less financially sophisticated or willing to adjust short-term consumption. Mortgage amortization schedules are among the largest savings plans in the world, and our results highlight their critical importance for household wealth building and macroprudential policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are differences in the decision-making process in planning to buy an apartment when compared to the decision-making process for buying a landed house. Purchasing decisions that the company can know well are very useful for the company in determining the right marketing strategy so that it can produce optimal sales levels. This research aims to determine the factors that influence consumer decisions in the apartment purchasing process and how to implement them into sales strategies. The object of this research is Vida View Apartments in the city of Makassar. This research uses quantitative methods. Data collection in this research used a questionnaire with a population of 564 prospectives and previous buyers of Vida View Apartments. Sampling was carried out using a random sampling method with a total sample of 465 prospective and previous buyers. The analytical method used is exploratory quantitative using the SPSS application. From the results of this research, 5 new factors were formed that influence vertical building purchase decisions, namely, investment value and facilities, brand value, promotional strategy, social environment and ease of financing, with the most dominant new factor is investment value and facilities (55.026%). These findings can be used as a reference in formulating sales strategies, pricing strategies and promotional strategies for Vida View management or similar business in their efforts to increase sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This comparative research examines the factors influencing individuals' purchase intention toward green housing. By examining these factors, this study provides fruitful insights into the purchase intentions and behaviors for greenhouses among individuals of different age groups in India. Design/methodology/approach: Data were gathered from Generation (Gen) X (313) and Generation (Gen) Y (297) using self-administered questionnaires. The "partial least squares structural equation modeling" was used to test the hypotheses. Findings: The outcome shows that attitude and green trust substantially impact the green purchase intention of Gen X and Y. More specifically, environmental knowledge insignificantly influences the green purchase intention of Gen X while significantly influencing Gen Y. However, perceived risk insignificantly affects the purchase intention of both Gen X and Y. Consequently, green purchase intention substantially impacts the green purchase behavior in both studies. Research limitations/implications: This research focuses primarily on India; future research may be conducted in different geographical contexts. This study could also be extended to all age groups individuals. Practical implications: The findings of this article facilitate policymakers, real estate developers and professional bodies in formulating strategies for sustainable nations in the future. Originality/value: The current article is the initial empirical attempt to examine the home-buying decisions of individuals in India. Moreover, the role of Generation X and Generation Y in green housing purchase decisions will provide fruitful insights into how different age groups impact the decision-making process of green housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to housing data in Ghana has been a challenge for researchers due to the lack of comprehensive data sources. However, the recent availability of big data sources has presented opportunities to bridge this data access gap. Using Greater Accra as a case, this study uses web scraping techniques to acquire publicly available housing data from two major E-commerce websites in Ghana and explores the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area's (GAMA) prevailing housing market. Spatial autocorrelation statistics show clustering of high median prices in known high-class neighborhoods. Median prices in high-class neighborhoods were three to five times higher than median prices in the entire metropolis, highlighting high housing costs in high-class neighborhoods. This research highlights the high housing cost in GAMA, making it impossible for the average resident to afford to buy a house. Hence, a more inclusive housing strategy is needed to provide affordable housing options for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Consumer food waste at the household level results from a complex set of behaviors depending on the local food environment, among other factors. This study mainly aimed at comparing food waste behaviors in the Cilento Bio-District with those recorded at the national level to explore if the organic district model had an impact on food waste attitude as a sustainability element. Methods: Household food waste behavior indicators performed better at the national level than in the Cilento Bio-District, with some relevant exceptions, such as the avoidance of having too much food at home and impulse buying. Results: The study results suggest that some food waste attitudes in the rural community of the Bio-District might be so embedded in everyday practices that they are no longer perceived as relevant descriptors, considering the lower food waste (FW) levels in Cilento compared to national data. The key findings of the study were interpreted for policy action development. Discussion: The overall priority of actions would be the enhancement of consumers' abilities to impact practices for food waste prevention. Community engagement aspects and the local products' promotion should be particularly pursued in the Cilento Bio-District, while broader policy actions were proposed at the national level with the involvement of the different sectors of the food chain and the proposition of regulatory aspects (e.g., labels). Future research on Cilento Bio-District characteristics and the comparison with national data would need a more comprehensive examination of additional factors affecting the food system, such as dietary patterns or organic product consumption, to understand their potential influence on food waste and, in general, the sustainability of food choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the impacts of unstable off-farm employment on the probability and stability of farmland rent-out and explore its mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach: The paper adopts Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Probit, Tobit, Order probit models with two-way fixed effects to conduct empirical analysis based on the balanced panel data collected in 2016 and 2023 with a national representativeness sample of 1,206 rural households in 100 villages across 5 provinces in China. Findings: The empirical results showed that unstable off-farm employment had negative effects on the probability of farmland rent-out, but it had no effects on the stability of farmland rent-out. The mechanism analysis showed that unstable off-farm employment affected the probability of farmland rent-out by decreasing the probability of purchasing houses in city and endowment insurance with high pension. Heterogeneity analysis indicated that the negative effect of unstable off-farm employment was much larger for the households with higher share of labor engaging in off-farm employment outside home county, elder members in the households and those located in the villages of mountain areas. Originality/value: This paper is the first to define the unstable off-farm employment from the perspective of incontiguous off-farm employment for several years, which could capture the normality rather than particular case in a certain year of off-farm employment among rural labors. Using these new measurements of unstable off-farmland, this paper examined the impacts and mechanisms of share of unstable off-farm employment on the probability and stability of farmland rent-out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing is a heterogeneous good, which makes choosing a house a complex process. An unexplained variability of the housing prices led to growing interest in studying prices and price expectations from a behavioural perspective. We conduct an experiment to study house price anchoring. In this research we use empirical data, examining the strength of the anchoring effect in terms of the external paradigm. We check whether and how respondents revise their valuations and expectations after receiving additional external information. It turns out that anchors impact households' decisions regarding the housing price valuation and dynamics forecasts, which could suggest households' autoregressive way of thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of inherent defect insurance (IDI) can transfer housing quality risks to insurance companies, alleviate conflicts of interest between consumers and developers and protect consumer welfare. However, the level of IDI penetration is still low in China. Developers, as buyers of IDI, and consumers, as buyers of insured houses, can influence market trends. An analysis is needed with respect to government subsidy mechanisms for developers and consumers to theoretically derive the optimal subsidy end time, amount and order to boost their investment. Therefore, an evolutionary game model is established between developers and consumers to analyse the strategy selection of stakeholders and system equilibrium stability. Then, the game trajectory of IDI market participants is simulated by MATLAB to analyse the effects of government subsidies on the evolution process and results. The results show that the government can set the subsidy end time based on the proportion of developers purchasing IDI and of consumers purchasing insured houses. The government should first subsidize developers to boost the market share of insured houses, thereby avoiding a situation in which insured houses are in short supply. Until developers' purchase probability increases, the government should subsidize consumers to increase their probability of purchasing insured houses. The government can also determine the subsidy amount based on the cost and income of developers purchasing IDI and consumers purchasing insured houses. This research can help the government rationalize and optimize its subsidy policies to encourage developers to purchase IDI and consumers to purchase insured houses and speed up IDI penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce and quantify a new channel through which the housing market affects household spending: the home purchase channel. Households spend on average $8,000 more on home-related durables and home improvements in the 2 years following a home purchase. Expenditures on nondurables and durables unrelated to the home remain unchanged or decrease modestly. The home purchase channel played a substantial role in the Great Recession, accounting for one-third of the decline in spending on home-related durables and home improvements from 2005 to 2010. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]