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Some of the nation's most prominent colleges and universities have abandoned their affirmativeaction-based admission policies and adopted race-neutral affirmative action as a result of twolawsuits against the University of Michigan, which threaten the availability of undergraduate andgraduate program access to applicants of color. In this article, an overview "Grutter v. Bollinger"and "Gratz v. Bollinger" is provided. Futhermore, the authors identify how "Grutter v. Bollinger" hasspecifically impacted other institutions.

To ensure patient safety, adhere to good compounding practices, and safeguard against professional liability, the sterility of some compounded preparations must be assured. When in-house sterilization capabilities do not suffice, the intervention of a contract sterilization and/or validation company can assist in establishing the sterility, purity, and potency of the pharmaceuticals used in compounded preparations. In this article, three contract steriliziation companies and two contract validation firms are profiled, methods that compounders can use to best interface with those companies are presented, and sterilization and validation processes are explained and compared.