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We examine whether improved cross‐border regulatory cooperation and information exchange affect corporate tax avoidance. We find that the improvement in the regulators' capacity to access to information in foreign countries through their entrance into the Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding (MMoU) effectively reduces corporate tax avoidance. Moreover, the effect of the MMoU on corporate tax avoidance is stronger for firms that are less income mobile and have no significant subsidiaries in tax havens. Collectively, these findings support the conjecture that the strengthened cross‐border regulatory cooperation and information exchange provided by the MMoU creates a positive externality in reducing corporate tax avoidance behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides evidence of the relationship between adopting a value-added tax (VAT) and corporate income tax avoidance. Our analysis exploits the staggered replacement of retail sales tax with VAT in China between 2012 and 2019. Based on a sample of 6,948 firm-years, we find that firms affected by the VAT reform are associated with an increase in their book (cash) effective income tax rates by 1.4 (2.2) percentage points. Such an effect is more pronounced among firms that make the most of their sales to businesses than individuals and among those that are located in regions with low social trust and tax enforcement levels. Additional test results show that changes in ETRs are not mechanically driven by changes in sales and costs and consumption taxes brought about by the reform. While aiming to eliminate double taxation, the VAT reform generates a positive externality for income tax collection. JEL Classifications: H25; H26; K42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of boron substitution for indium on phase transformation, magnetocaloric and exchange bias (EB) properties in annealed Ni48Mn39In13-xBx (x = 1\--4) ribbons has been investigated. It is observed that an increase in B concentration strongly affects the magnetic state of the martensitic phase, the magnetic entropy change and the EB properties of the ribbons. These ribbons crystallize in a partially ordered B2 phase structure. The martensitic structural transition temperature (TM) decreases from 270 K for x = 0 to 175 K for x = 2 with increasing B content. A further increase in B content results in an increase of TM to 268 K for x = 4. The peak value of positive magnetic entropy change (\Delta SM) decreases from 20.2 J/kg K for x = 0 to 2.8 J/kg K for x = 4 for a magnetic field change H = 50 kOe. The values of exchange bias field (HE) and the coercivity (HC) change from 258 Oe and 192 Oe to 397 Oe and 600 Oe, respectively, as x is increased from 0 to 4. The phenomena are attributed to the change of exchange interactions in B-substituted Ni-Mn-In ribbons due to the change of distance between Mn atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) continuum will increase patients' risk of mortality and long-term dialysis. The aim of the present meta-analysis is to explore the effectiveness of nephrologist care and focus on the follow-up in patients with AKI., Methods: A systematic search of studies on nephrologist care for the AKI to CKD continuum has been conducted from PubMed and other different databases. Briefly, the primary outcome is the odds ratio of mortality as well as the secondary outcome is de novo renal replacement therapy., Results: This research includes one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and four cohort studies comprised of 15 541 participants in total. The quantitative analysis displays a lower mortality rate with nephrologist care versus non-nephrologist care in patients' discharge after a hospitalization complicated by AKI (odds ratio: 0.768; 95% CI, 0.616-0.956). By means of Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA), we conclude that nephrologist care after an AKI episode declines 30% relative risks of all-cause mortality., Conclusion: Nephrologist care for AKI patients after a hospitalization significantly has reduced mortality compared to those followed up by non-nephrologists. There is a trend toward a potentially superior survival rate with nephrologist care has been going well in the recent years., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the subject matter or materials discussed in this article., (Copyright © 2024, the Chinese Medical Association.)