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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) array InSAR is a new type of single-flight 3D SAR imaging system with the advantages of high coherence and resolution. However, due to the low altitude of the platform, the elevation ambiguity of the system is smaller than the maximal terrain elevation. Since the spatial phase unwrapping is conducted based on the assumption of phase continuity, the inappropriate ambiguity will cause significant unwrapping errors. In this work, a 3D phase unwrapping algorithm assisted by image segmentation is proposed to address this issue. The Markov random field (MRF) is utilized for image segmentation. The optimal spatial phase unwrapping network is achieved based on the segmentation results. The asymptotic 3D phase unwrapping is adopted to get the refined 3D reconstruction. Results based on the real airborne array-InSAR data show that the proposed method effectively improves the elevation ambiguity.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Background: Discussion of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among sex partners facilitates risk reduction. We evaluated HIV/STI-related communications, including broad assessment of any self-reported discussion of the topic and specific discussion of each partner's HIV status, among a historically marginalized and presently criminalized community of sexual and gender minorities (SGM) in Nigeria. Methods: From 2013 to 2018, we enrolled SGM aged 18+ years in Lagos or 16+ years in Abuja who reported anal sex with men. At enrollment and 3-, 9-, and 15-month follow-up visits, participants were asked about their sexual behaviors and communications with main sexual partners (MSP) and casual sexual partners (CSP). Questions included "have you talked with your [MSP/CSP] about sexually transmitted infections and HIV?" Multivariable robust Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations was used to estimate adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors potentially associated with HIV/STI-related communications with some or all of each type of sexual partner. Results: Among 2795 SGM enrolled with median age 23 years (interquartile range 20–27), questions about HIV/STI-related communications with MSP were answered by 2436 (87.2%) and with CSP by 2398 (85.9%) SGM. Communication with MSP was reported by 68.1% (1659/2436), of whom 897 (54.1%) discussed their own HIV status and 925 (55.8%) discussed their partner's status. Communication with CSP was reported by 43.9% (1052/2398), of whom 389 (37.0%) discussed their own HIV status and 385 (36.6%) discussed their partner's status. Among participants with both MSP and CSP, HIV/STI-related communication with MSP was more common among participants with higher than secondary education [aRR 1.40 (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.58)], who were divorced/separated/widowed [aRR 1.19 (95% CI: 1.06 to 1.33)], who discussed their HIV status with CSP [aRR 1.18 (95% CI: 1.10 to 1.25)], discussed CSP's HIV status [aRR 1.20 (95% CI: 1.13 to 1.27)], and used a condom at last sex with CSP [aRR 1.16 (95% CI: 1.08 to 1.25)]. HIV/STI-related communication with CSP was more common among participants with higher than secondary education [aRR 1.36 (95% CI: 1.12 to 1.66)], who were divorced/separated/widowed [aRR 1.38 (95% CI: 1.13 to 1.69)], who discussed their HIV status with MSP [aRR 1.47 (95% CI: 1.27 to 1.69)], who discussed CSP's HIV status [aRR 1.22 (95% CI: 1.06 to 1.40)], and used a condom at last sex with CSP [aRR 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08 to 1.38)]. Conclusions: HIV/STI-related communications with main and casual sex partners were both associated with safer sex with CSP. HIV prevention and treatment programs for SGM should promote open communications in sexual relationships and consider deployment of modern strategies to facilitate disclosure, especially in settings with criminalizing legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiments of high-velocity flyer acceleration were performed on the HEAVEN-I KrF laser facility with a long-pulse duration (∼ 28 ns). Double-layered flyers consisting of polystyrene and aluminum films can be accelerated to more than 10 km/s measured by VISAR. The polystyrene layer is used as the ablative material, insulation layer, and shock wave regulator. Multiple shock and acceleration processes were observed by adjusting the thickness of the polystyrene layer. We simulated and analyzed the multiple shock processes driven by the long laser pulses and square pressure pulses. The results indicate that the reverberation processes can be induced by the alternating shock and rarefaction waves due to the wave–interface interactions. The reverberations in the Al layer can modulate the pressure evolution and the fine structure of flyer acceleration history. Similar processes in the polystyrene layer can lead to a secondary or multiple shock loading process when the driving pulse duration is several times longer than the shock round trip time in the double-layered flyer. Multiple accelerations can effectively enhance the final velocities in the experimental and simulation results. However, multiple accelerations involve more complex shock loading and unloading processes, and flyers are more prone to breakup compared with single acceleration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION At least 25% of the global burden of HIV is borne by individuals who are sexual or gender minorities, which include individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, [...], : Introduction: Sexual and gender minority populations are disproportionately affected by the global syndemic of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We hypothesized that transgender women (TGW) and non?binary individuals in Nigeria have more STIs than cis?gender men who have sex with men (cis?MSM), and that experiences of stigma and sexual practices differ between these three groups. Methods: From 2013 to 2020, TRUST/RV368 enrolled adults assigned male sex at birth who reported anal sex with men in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. Participants were tested for STIs and completed questionnaires about sexual behaviours and social stigma every 3 months. Participants were categorized as cis?MSM, TGW or non?binary/other based on self?reported gender identity. Gender group comparisons were made of HIV, gonorrhoea and chlamydia prevalence and incidence; stigma indicators; and condom use during anal sex. Results: Among 2795 participants, there were 2260 (80.8%) cis?MSM, 284 (10.2%) TGW and 251 (9.0%) non?binary/other individuals with median age of 23 years (interquartile range 20?27). HIV prevalence among cis?MSM, TGW and non?binary/other participants was 40.8%, 51.5% and 47.6%, respectively (p = 0.002). HIV incidence was 8.7 cases per 100 person?years (PY) (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.9?10.8), 13.1 cases/100 PY (95% CI 6.5?23.4) and 17.6 cases/100 PY (95% CI 9.8?29.0, p = 0.025), respectively. Anorectal gonorrhoea incidence was lower in cis?MSM than TGW (22.2 [95% CI 19.6?25.0] vs. 35.9 [95% CI 27.3?46.3]). TGW were more likely than cis?MSM to report being affected by stigma, including assault (47.2% vs. 32.3%), fear of walking around (32.4% vs. 19.2%) and healthcare avoidance (25.0% vs. 19.1%; all p < 0.05). TGW were more likely to report always using condoms than non?binary/other individuals (35.3% vs. 26.2%, p = 0.041) during receptive anal sex. Conclusions: Sexual and gender minorities in Nigeria have heterogeneous sexual behaviours and experiences of social stigma that may influence the vulnerability to HIV and other STIs. There is a need for tailored interventions that acknowledge and are informed by gender. Further research is needed, particularly among understudied non?binary individuals, to better understand disparities and inform tailored interventions to improve outcomes among these communities.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Background: Food and water insecurity are associated with poor health outcomes that may be exacerbated by social marginalization and barriers to health care experienced by sexual and gender minorities (SGM) in resource-limited settings. We explored factors associated with food and water insecurity in SGM with HIV. Setting: A longitudinal study of 357 men who have sex with men, transgender women, and other gender-identifying people in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Laboratory testing, interviews, food and water assessments, and anthropometry were performed quarterly. Robust Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations was used to evaluate factors potentially associated with food and water insecurity. Results: From 2014 to 2018, 357 SGM with HIV completed either the food or water assessments. At baseline, participants identified as cisgender men who have sex with men 265 (74.2%), transgender women 63 (17.7%), or as nonbinary/other gender 29 (8.1%). Food insecurity and water insecurity were reported by 63/344(18.3%) and 113/357(31.7%), respectively, at any visit. Food and water insecurity each decreased with ongoing study participation. Food insecurity was associated with nonpartnered relationship status, CD4 count <500 cells/mm3, and lack of access to piped water. Water insecurity was associated with age 25 years or older, living with a man, transactional sex, and food insecurity. Conclusions: Food and water insecurity were common among SGM in Nigeria and decreased with continued study participation, suggesting amenability to intervention when SGM are successfully engaged in care. Targeted interventions to support food and water security may improve HIV-related outcomes, such as CD4 count. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]