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Egg yolk is an important food ingredient because of its outstanding nutritional value and emulsifying properties. The insoluble particle structure present in egg yolk and heat treatment during food processing may lead to poor stability of egg yolk emulsion. Hydrolysis, as a safe, efficient and low-energy modification method, has been widely used in studies on improving the emulsifying properties of egg yolk. In this paper, the effects of hydrolysis on the molecular structure, physicochemical properties and emulsifying characteristics of egg yolk are reviewed. Taking into account the actual needs of production, the formation mechanism and removal process of off-flavor in egg yolk hydrolysis products are discussed. Finally, this review summarizes the application of the emulsifying properties of egg yolk in the field of food processing, with a view to providing theoretical references for research on the hydrolytic modification of egg yolk.

Acylation is a common method for chemical modification of proteins, which can effectively improve the functional properties of proteins and has been widely used in food processing in recent years. The effect of acylation on protein modification is related to the degree of modification, and low degree of acylation modification can significantly improve the solubility, thermal stability, foaming and emulsifying properties, gelation properties, film-forming properties and nutritional quality of proteins. This paper reviews the effect of acylation modification on protein structure, physicochemical properties, and functional properties, as well as the application of acylated proteins in food and other fields. Hopefully, this review will provide a theoretical reference for protein modification research.

Light, as a critical environmental factor, plays a pivotal role in photosynthesis, ultimately influencing the timing of bud flush in tea plants. However, the synergistic effects of different photoperiods and light qualities on the timing of bud flush in the albino tea cultivar 'HuangKui' (later germination variety) remain unknown. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different photoperiods (12L/12D, 14L/10D, 16L/8D, and 18L/6D, where L = the number of daylight hours and D = the number of hours of darkness) and ratios of red (R) to blue (B) light (R/B 1:1, R/B 1:2, R/B 1:3, and R/B 2:1) on the germination and growth of the albino tea variety 'HuangKui'. In our study, we examined how different photoperiods and red light and blue light affected tea germination and growth by investigating the timing of bud flush, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and growth indicators. First, our study showed that 'HuangKui' germinated 4 days, 2 days, and 1 day earlier under the 16L/8D photoperiod at the one bud and one leaf period compared with plants cultivated under the 12L/12D, 14L/10D, and 18L/6D photoperiods under light simulating the solar spectrum. Also, the growth of 'HuangKui' was maximumly promoted under the 16L/8D photoperiod treatment. Additionally, the earliest germination of 'HuangKui' was observed for the 16L/8D photoperiod under the R/B 2:1 (red/blue) treatment compared with the other treatments. Moreover, the greatest plant height, length of the new shoots, and new leaf areas were detected in the albino tea variety 'HuangKui' under R/B 2:1. Moreover, the contents of auxin (indole acetic acid, IAA) and trans-zeatin (tZ) under R/B 2:1 were significantly higher than those under the R/B 1:1 and control treatments with the 16L/8D photoperiod. Additionally, the auxin-related expression levels of CsIAA13, CsGH3.1, CsAUX1, and CsARF2 under the R/B 2:1 treatment were significantly higher than those in the control. The expression of CsARR-B, a positive regulator of cytokinin-related genes, was significantly higher under the R/B 2:1 treatment than under the control treatment, while the opposite result was found for the expression of the negative regulator CsARR-A. Therefore, the R/B 2:1 treatment with the 16L/8D photoperiod was an appropriate means of timing the bud flush for the albino tea variety 'HuangKui', which may be related to IAA or tZ signal transduction. In conclusion, our research offers a novel lighting strategy that promotes the germination and growth of albino tea cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) channel is a nonselective cation channel that has been implicated in multiple sensory processes in the nervous system. Here, it is shown that TRPV2 in myeloid cells facilitates virus penetration by promoting the tension and mobility of cell membrane through the Ca2+‐LRMDA axis. Knockout of TRPV2 in myeloid cells or inhibition of TRPV2 channel activity suppresses viral infection and protects mice from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Reconstitution of TRPV2 but not the Ca2+‐impermeable mutant TRPV2E572Q into LyZ2‐Cre;Trpv2fl/fl bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) restores viral infection. Mechanistically, knockout of TRPV2 in myeloid cells inhibits the tension and mobility of cell membrane and the penetration of viruses, which is restored by reconstitution of TRPV2 but not TRPV2E572Q. In addition, knockout of TRPV2 leads to downregulation of Lrmda in BMDCs and BMDMs, and knockdown of Lrmda significantly downregulates the mobility and tension of cell membrane and inhibits viral infections in Trpv2fl/fl but not LyZ2‐Cre;Trpv2fl/fl BMDCs. Consistently, complement of LRMDA into LyZ2‐Cre;Trpv2fl/fl BMDCs partially restores the tension and mobility of cell membrane and promotes viral penetration and infection. These findings characterize a previously unknown function of myeloid TRPV2 in facilitating viral infection though the Ca2+‐LRMDA axis.

Abstract The subcellular localization and intracellular trafficking of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) critically regulate TLRs‐mediated antimicrobial immunity and autoimmunity. Here, it is demonstrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF115 inhibits the post‐endoplasmic reticulum (ER) trafficking of TLRs and TLRs‐mediated immune responses by catalyzing ubiquitination of the small GTPases RAB1A and RAB13. It is shown that the 14‐3‐3 chaperones bind to AKT1‐phosphorylated RNF115 and facilitate RNF115 localizing on the ER and the Golgi apparatus. RNF115 interacts with RAB1A and RAB13 and catalyzes K11‐linked ubiquitination on the Lys49 and Lys61 residues of RAB1A and on the Lys46 and Lys58 residues of RAB13, respectively. Such a modification impairs the recruitment of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) dissociation inhibitor 1 (GDI1) to RAB1A and RAB13, a prerequisite for the reactivation of RAB proteins. Consistently, knockdown of RAB1A and RAB13 in Rnf115+/+ and Rnf115−/− cells markedly inhibits the post‐ER and the post‐Golgi trafficking of TLRs, respectively. In addition, reconstitution of RAB1AK49/61R or RAB13K46/58R into Rnf115+/+ cells but not Rnf115−/− cells promotes the trafficking of TLRs from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface, respectively. These findings uncover a common and step‐wise regulatory mechanism for the post‐ER trafficking of TLRs.