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As a natural product isolated from thyme oil in thyme, thymol (2‐isopropyl‐5‐methylphenol) harbors antiviral, antioxidant, and other properties, and thus could be potentially used for the treatment of various diseases. However, the function of thymol has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we applied an inverse molecular docking approach to identify unappreciated functions of thymol. Potential targets of thymol in humans were identified by the server of DRAR‐CPI, and targets of interest were then assessed by GO and KEGG pathway analysis. Subsequently, homologous proteins of these targets in Caenorhabditis elegans were identified by Blast tool, and their three‐dimensional structures were achieved using Swiss‐Model workspace. Interaction between thymol and the targeted proteins in worms was verified using AutoDock 4.0. Analyses of the targets revealed that thymol could be potentially involved in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and fatty acid degradation pathways. To verify the activity of thymol on lipid deposition in vivo, the C. elegans model was established. The lipid content of nematodes induced by high‐dose glucose was determined by Oil Red O and Nile Red staining, and gene expression was assessed by qRT‐PCR. The results showed that thymol might lead to the acceleration of β‐oxidation by upregulating cpt‐1, aco, fabp, and tph‐1, causing the descent of lipid content in nematodes. Our findings indicated that thymol could be potentially used for the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases associated with increased fatty acid deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the proposal of a lattice model and corresponding quantum mean field approach in an attempt to describe the temperature dependence involving the magnetic configurations within the magnetic ultrathin films. Description of this lattice model; Reference to a set of self-consistent equations which were derived for the thermal averaged magnitudes and orientation angles of magnetic moments in each layer.

Bismuth cation as an excellent activator for luminescent materials has attracted growing interest due to its abundant emission colors via varying matrix structures. However, the effect of valence conversion between trivalent Bi3+ and pentavalent Bi5+ on visible luminescence has not been reported so far. In this work, we interestingly found that 5–12.5 at.% Bi ion doped in (Gd,Y) 3 Al 5 O 12 matrix generally existed in the oxidation state of +3, while an increase in its concentration induced coexisting valences of +3 and +5. Singly ionized oxygen vacancies are the primary defect form in garnets and the presence of Bi5+ would further compensate the oxygen defects. The activator valence and matrix composition impose great influence on the structure feature, microscopic morphology, and photoluminescence behavior of (Gd,Y) 3 Al 5 O 12 :Bi phosphors. Their lattice dimension gradually expands with increasing Bi ion concentration from 5 to 12.5 at.%, while more activator addition induces the presence of Bi5+ and lattice contract. The precipitation precursors obtained from chemical coprecipitation present hollow structures and their sizes obviously decrease with greater Bi addition, whilst their calcined garnet products become finer at first and then apparently coarsen with an increase in Bi ion concentration from 5 to 20 at.%. The (Gd,Y) 3 Al 5 O 12 :Bi phosphors exhibit blue-emitting spectral characteristics arising from 3P 0 →1S 0 transition of Bi3+ and the emergence of Bi5+ causes blue-shift excitation spectra and red-shift emission spectra. A higher Y3+/Gd3+ ratio in matrix composition increases the emission intensity, color purity, quantum efficiency, while shortens the fluorescence lifetime. The (Y 0. 875 Bi 0.125) 3 Al 5 O 12 sample exhibits good thermal stability with a relatively high activation energy of ∼0.43 eV. [Display omitted] • A series of (Gd,Y) 3 Al 5 O 12 :Bi phosphors was prepared by a chemical co-precipitation route. • The effect of valence conversion between trivalent Bi3+ and pentavalent Bi5+ on luminescence was studied. • The developed blue-emitting garnet phosphors exhibit good potential to be applied to solid-state lighting technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this Letter an alternative mechanism is proposed for current-induced antisymmetric lateral edge spin accumulations in thin strips of ballistic two-dimensional electron gases with intrinsic spin–orbit coupling. In this mechanism, the occurrence of current-induced antisymmetric lateral edge spin accumulations in a semiconductor strip is not due to a transverse spin current but originates from the combined action of the spin–orbit coupling, the boundary confinement on both lateral edges of the strip, and the time-reversal symmetry-breaking caused by the longitudinal charge current circulating through the strip. The results obtained in this Letter indicate that, the occurrence of current-induced antisymmetric lateral edge spin accumulations in a thin strip of a spin–orbit coupled two-dimensional electronic system does not need to be associated necessarily with a transverse spin current in principle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We propose a unified semiclassical description for the kinetic magnetoelectric effect in both k-linear and k-cubic two-dimensional Rashba model in the thermodynamic limit, which takes into account the effects of both spin coherence and spin dephasing by a closed set of Boltzman-like kinetic equations. Based on this unified description, we show that in contrary to the case found in the studies of intrinsic spin Hall effect in such systems, in the linear response regime the kinetic magnetoelectric effect would vanish for the k-cubic Rashba model in the thermodynamic limit but be robust for the k-linear Rashba model in the thermodynamic limit. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the three-dimensional effective Luttinger Hamiltonian and the exact Heisenberg equations of motion and within a self-consistent semiclassical approximation, we present a theoretical investigation on the nontrivial ac spin responses due to the intrinsic spin–orbit coupling of holes in p-doped bulk semiconductors. We show that the nontrivial ac spin responses induced by the combined action of an ac external electric field and the intrinsic spin–orbit coupling of holes may lead to the generation of a nonvanishing ac spin Hall current in a p-doped bulk semiconductor, which shares some similarities with the dissipationless dc spin Hall current conceived previously and also exhibits some interesting new features that was not found before. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on a self-consistent semiclassical approach, in this Letter we try to contribute to the basic physical understanding of some controversial issues about the intrinsic spin Hall effect in a Rashba two-dimensional electron gas. We show that for a Rashba two-dimensional electron gas in the diffusive transport thermodynamic limit, there exist some simple but much clear physical reasons which explain naturally why the intrinsic spin Hall effect in such a system cannot survive in the dc limit. The physical pictures established in this Letter resolve some puzzles existed in some previous theoretical treatments about this extraordinary effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The imaging properties of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index materials have been investigated theoretically. Based on an accurate theoretical formulation, we have discussed in detail whether and under what conditions the slabs of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index materials will have the power to focus perfectly all Fourier components of an image. It was shown that if the effects of absorption and dispersion can be neglected, under some particular conditions the slabs of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index materials will have the power to focus perfectly all E-mode or all H-mode or both E- and H-mode Fourier components of an image. It was also shown that perfect focus cannot occur in the presence of absorption and dispersion, but if the effects of absorption and dispersion are rather small, excellent focus can still occur. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We study the unusual enhancement of photon tunnelling by a slab of uniaxially anisotropic negative refractive index material, also known as left-handed material (LHM). It is found that the uniaxially anisotropic LHMs can greatly enhance the photon tunnelling for transverse electric (TE), transverse magnetic (TM), as well as both TM and TE waves when different conditions are satisfied. The phenomenon is believed due to the amplification of evanescent waves by the LHMs. It is expected to find applications in devices that utilize photon tunnelling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To study possible capacitive effects, we incorporate the effect of electron interaction on the ac spin-polarized tunnelling. Under steady-state nonequilibrium conditions, the voltage-induced charge accumulated at the interface is a sum of two terms, decaying with length scales of the order of the screening length and the spin diffusion length. As a result, the effective width of the capacitor is changed by an additional term. This additional term is a function of the magnetic configurations on opposite sides of the junction and a magnetocapacitance is introduced. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coatings are fabricated using austenitic stainless steel powder with various contents of carbon and boron via laser remanufacturing technique. A new synchronous lateral powder feeding device is adopted to avoid surface oxidation of molten pool. The authors find that the strength can be increased but plasticity is decreased of with the rise of boron content due to the formation of lamellar borides phase structures, which are very brittle and have high hardness. In addition, the authors also find that the tensile strength and hardness are enhanced by increasing the content of carbon, while the plasticity is deteriorated due to the formed carbide in the grain of the austenitic stainless steel coating. The coatings of austenitic stainless steel powder with various contents of carbon and boron are fabricated using laser remanufacturing technique. A new synchronous lateral powder feeding device is adopted to avoid surface oxidation of molten pool. The tensile strength and hardness are enhanced by increasing the content of carbon and boron, while the plasticity is deteriorated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China low activation martensitic (CLAM) steel is the preferred candidate structural material for the Chinese international thermonuclear experimental reactor test blanket module (ITER TBM). Surface coating technology is often adopted to alter or improve the performance of materials. In CLAM steel, surface treatment plays a key role in rendering them appropriate for application in accelerator driven sub-critical system (ADS). Here, the authors prepare multiphase ceramic coatings on CLAM steel via laser in-situ reaction technology. The prepared multiphase ceramic coatings exhibit optimal corrosion resistance. The liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LEB) corrosion resistance can be attributed to inferior wettability of interface between the LEB and multiphase ceramic coatings, faint shear force produced by LEB, and stable chemical and physical property of the coatings. Moreover, the irradiated specimens also display excellent corrosion resistance against helium ions irradiation. The CLAM steel is found to suffer significant corrosion in the flowing LEB. Such multiphase ceramic coatings as a protective layer on the ADS candidate structural materials CLAM steel surface exhibit the strongest LEB corrosion resistance, which can be applied to handle nuclear waste under extreme conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a destructive fungus-like plant pathogen, the oomycete Phytophthora capsici is unable to synthesize its own ergosterol as the potential target of fungicide cinnamaldehyde (CA). In this study, CA exerted efficient inhibitory effects on both mycelial growth (EC50=0.75 mM) and zoospore germination (MIC=0.4 mM) of P. capsici. CA-induced immediate Ca2+ efflux from zoospores could be confirmed by the rapid decrease in intracellular Ca2+ content determined by using Fluo-3 AM and the increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration determined by using ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry). Blocking Ca2+ influx with ruthenium red and verapamil led to a higher level of CA-induced Ca2+ efflux, suggesting the simultaneous occurrence of Ca2+ influx along with the Ca2+ efflux under CA exposure. Further results showed that EGTA-induced decrease in intracellular Ca2+ gave rise to the impaired vitality of P. capsici while the addition of exogenous Ca2+ could suppress the growth inhibitory effect of CA. These results suggested that Ca2+ efflux played an important role in CA-induced growth inhibition of P. capsici. The application of 3-phenyl-1-propanal, a CA analog without α,β- unsaturated bond, resulted in a marked Ca2+ influx in zoospores but did not show any growth inhibitory effects. In addition, exogenous cysteine, an antagonist against the Michael addition (the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile) between CA and its targets, could attenuate CA-induced growth inhibition of P. capsici by suppressing Ca2+ efflux. Our results suggest that CA inhibits the growth of P. capsici by stimulating a transient Ca2+ efflux via Michael addition, which provides important new insights into the antimicrobial action of CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persisters are tolerant to multiple antibiotics, and widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, parasites, and even cancerous human cell populations, leading to recurrent infections and relapse after therapy. In this study, we investigated the potential of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives to eradicate persisters in Escherichia coli. The results showed that 200 μg/ml of alpha-bromocinnamaldehyde (Br-CA) was capable of killing all E. coli cells during the exponential phase. Considering the heterogeneous nature of persisters, multiple types of persisters were induced and exposed to Br-CA. Our results indicated that no cells in the ppGpp-overproducing strain or TisB-overexpressing strain survived the treatment of Br-CA although considerable amounts of persisters to ampicillin (Amp) and ciprofloxacin (Cip) were induced. Chemical induction by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) led to the formation of more than 10% persister to Amp and Cip in the entire population, and Br-CA still completely eradicated them. In addition, the cells in the stationary phase, which are usually highly recalcitrant to antibiotics treatment, were also completely eradicated by 400 μg/ml of Br-CA. Further studies showed that neither thiourea (hydroxyl-radical scavenger) nor DPTA (Fe3+ chelator to block the hydroxyl-radical) affected the bactericidal efficiency of the Br-CA to kill E. coli, indicating a ROS-independent bactericidal mechanism. Taken together, we concluded that Br-CA compound has a novel bactericidal mechanism and the potential to mitigate antibiotics resistance crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymol is a plant-derived natural compound with antimicrobial activity. However, we have little knowledge about the application of thymol in agriculture. One of the limitations is the high volatility and low aqueous solubility of thymol. Tomato gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most devastating postharvest diseases. In this study, we prepared a nano-emulsion of thymol (named as Nano-Thy) to form a stable O/W (oil in water) microemulsion. In vitro experiments showed that Nano-Thy had antifungal activity against B. cinerea by inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination. Nano-Thy induced ROS accumulation in mycelia, further leading to lipid peroxidation, cell membrane damage, and subsequent cell death. Nano-Thy significantly prevented the infection of B. cinerea on fresh tomato fruits. Finally, we discussed the mechanisms and their significance in controlling postharvest disease of fruit crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial ferroptosis has been proved to combat drug-resistant pathogens, but whether this pattern can be applied to the prevention and control of Escherichia coli remains to be further explored. In this study, ferrous gluconate (FeGlu) showed remarkable efficacy in killing E. coli MG1655 with a mortality rate exceeding 99.9%, as well as enterotoxigenic E. coli H10407 (ETEC H10407) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC O157:H7). Bacteria death was instigated by the infiltration of Fe2+, accompanied by a burst of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. Notably, mitigating lipid peroxidation failed to alleviate death of E. coli. Further findings confirmed that FeGlu induced DNA damage, and ΔrecA mutant showed more sensitive, implicating that DNA damage was involved in the death of E. coli. The direct interaction of Fe2+ with DNA was demonstrated by fluorescent staining, gel electrophoresis, and circular dichroism (CD). Moreover, proteomic analysis unveiled 50 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 18 significantly down-regulated proteins and 32 significantly up-regulated proteins. Among them, the down-regulation of SOS-responsive transcriptional suppressor LexA indicated DNA damage induced severely by FeGlu. Furthermore, FeGlu influenced pathways such as fatty acid metabolism (FadB, FadE), iron-sulfur cluster assembly (IscA, IscU, YadR), iron binding, and DNA-binding transcription, along with α -linolenic acid metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and pyruvate metabolism. These pathways were related to FeGlu stress, including lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. In summary, FeGlu facilitated ferroptosis in E. coli through mechanisms involving lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, which presents a new strategy for the development of innovative antimicrobial strategies targeting E. coli infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans is the most leading cause of life-threatening fungal invasive infections, especially for vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Resistance and tolerance to common fungicide has risen great demands on alternative strategies for treating C. albicans infections. In the present study, ferroptosis has been proven to occur in C. albicans by directly exposed to FeSO 4 via induing hallmarks of ferroptosis, including Fe2+ overload burden, ROS eruption and lipid peroxidation. Transcriptomic profile gave the great hints of the possible mechanism for fungal ferroptosis that FeSO 4 disturb pathways associated to ribosome, tyrosine metabolism, triglyceride metabolism and thiamine metabolism, thus mobilizing death-related gene synthesis. Inspired by the results, a FeSO 4 -loaded hydrogel was prepared as an antifungal agent to treat C. albicans infection. This hydrogel exhibited excellent dressing properties and maintained superior antifungal activity by characterization tests. Besides, mice treated by this composite hydrogel displayed excellent therapeutic efficacy. These results highlighted the potential therapeutic use of FeSO 4 as an innovative strategy in treating C. albicans infections by targeting ferroptosis. [Display omitted] • Prove the occurrence of ferroptosis in C. albicans for the first time. • Highlight the potential therapeutic use of Fe2+ in treating C. albicans infections. • New insights for the mechanism of ferroptosis in fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the increasing elderly swallowing difficulties, 3D printing of dysphagia diet with attractive appearance is becoming an emerging trend. However, the nutritional characteristics, pre- and post-treatment impacts, and evaluation system of 3D printed dysphagia diet have not received sufficient attention, despite their importance. This paper firstly compiled the current publications about 3D printed dysphagia diet from nutrition perspective: micronutrient-based dysphagia diet and macronutrient-based dysphagia diet. The pre-/post-processing methods and evaluation system for 3D printed dysphagia diet were then described. Finally, we envisioned a personalized diet recommendation system for 3D printing of dysphagia diet based on individual elderly needs. Currently, research on 3D printed dysphagia diet generally only focuses on micronutrients or macronutrients, without fully considering the comprehensive nutritional needs of individual dysphagia patient, which should be considered in future. Pre- and post-processing significantly affect nutrients and texture of 3D printed dysphagia diet. Long heating duration should be avoided to remain micronutrients activity like vitamins. The food with moist and creamy texture friendly to dysphagia patient needs considered when selecting suitable pre- or post-processing. The evaluation systems of dysphagia diet are quite limited, and their correlation with food oral process should be developed to assist future development of 3D printed dysphagia diet. Food researchers, clinical doctors and artificial intelligence workers should collaborate for future designing personalized 3D printed dysphagia diet. This study will provide new ideas for the development of 3D printing of dysphagia diets. • 3D printed dysphagia diet was firstly discussed from nutritional perspective. • Discussed pre-/post-process method suitable to 3D printed nutritious dysphagia diet. • Proposed a personalized 3D printed dysphagia diet recommendation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease involving Cutibacterium acnes with other skin commensals such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in the anaerobic and lipid-rich conditions of pilosebaceous units. These microbes readily form multispecies biofilms that are tolerant of traditional antibiotics as well as host immune systems. The phytopigment alizarin was previously found to prevent biofilm formation by S. aureus and C. albicans strains under aerobic conditions. Hence, we hypothesized that alizarin might control C. acnes and multispecies biofilm development. We found that under anaerobic conditions, alizarin efficiently inhibited single biofilm formation and multispecies biofilm development by C. acnes, S. aureus, and C. albicans without inhibiting planktonic cell growth. Alizarin increased the hydrophilicities of S. aureus and C. albicans cells, decreased lipase production by S. aureus, diminished agglutination by C. acnes, and inhibited the aggregation of C. albicans cells. Furthermore, the co-administration of alizarin and antibiotics enhanced the antibiofilm efficacies of alizarin against C. acnes. A transcriptomic study showed that alizarin repressed the transcriptions of various biofilm-related genes such as lipase, hyaluronate lyase, adhesin/invasion-related, and virulence-related genes of C. acnes. Furthermore, alizarin at 100 µg/mL prevented C. acnes biofilm development on porcine skin. Our results show that alizarin inhibits multispecies biofilm development by acne-causing microbes and suggest it might be a useful agent for treating or preventing C. acnes-causing skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive lipidomic analysis of the lipids extracted from grass carp bones, black carp bones, shrimp shells, and crab shells was performed in this study. First, HPLC analysis revealed that the lipids extracted from shrimp and crab shells contained 60.65% and 77.25% of diacylglycerols, respectively. Second, GC‐MS analysis identified 18 fatty acid species in the lipids extracted from fish bones and crustacean shells, in which polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were highly enriched. PUFAs were present at 45.43% in the lipids extracted from shrimp shells. Notably, the lipids extracted from shrimp and crab shells contained a considerable amount of eicosapentaenoic acids and docosahexaenoic acids. Finally, multidimensional mass spectrometry‐based shotgun lipidomics showed that various lipids including acetyl‐L‐carnitine, sphingomyelin (SM), lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were all identified in the lipid samples, but PC and SM were the most abundant. Specifically, the total content of PC in shrimp shells was as high as 6.145 mmol/g. More than 35 species of PC were found in all samples, which were more than other lipids. This study is expected to provide a scientific basis for the application of freshwater fish bones and crustacean shells in food, medicine, and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identified 25 novel flavor peptides from Hypsizygus marmoreus. • Uncovered peptides with multitaste sensory attributes. • T1R1, SCNN1A, OTOP1, T1R2, T2R46 crucial for taste perception. • Molecular docking elucidates flavor peptides' taste mechanisms. Hypsizygus marmoreuss is an under-explored source of flavor peptides that can enhance the flavor of NaCl or MSG, allowing products to be reformulated in line with reduction policies. This study utilized advanced techniques, including UPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS and molecular docking, to identify H. marmoreuss peptides. Sensory evaluations revealed 10 peptides with pronounced umami flavors and seven with dominantly salty tastes. VLPVPQK scored highest for umami intensity (5.2), and EGNPAHQK for salty intensity (6.2). Further investigation influenced by 0.35 % MSG or 0.35 % NaCl exposed peptides with elevated umami and salty thresholds. LDSPATPEK, VVEGEPSLK, and QKLPEKPER had umami-enhancing thresholds of 0.18, 0.18, and 0.35 mM, while LDSPATPEK and VVEGEPSLK had similar thresholds for salt (0.09 mM). Molecular docking revealed that taste receptor proteins interacted with umami peptides through hydrogen, carbon-hydrogen, alkyl, and van der Waals forces. Specific amino acids in the umami receptor T1R1 had roles in bonding with umami peptides through hydrogen and carbon-hydrogen interactions. In conclusion, molecular docking proved to be an effective and efficient method for flavor peptide screening. Further, this study demonstrated that flavor peptides from H. marmoreuss had the capacity to enhance NaCl and MSG flavours and might be useful tools for reformulation, reducing salt and MSG contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickering emulsion is a new stable emulsion system with high safety. In this study, Auricularia auriculata mycelium protein-xanthan gum composite pickering emulsion (AAMP/XG PE) 3D printing ink was prepared and characterized. The results of particle size, Zeta potential and FTIR showed that electrostatic force and hydrogen bond force promoted the formation of XG-AAMP complex. The morphology of the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) indicated that adding XG reduced the droplet size of AAMP/XG PE, promoting the formation of its tight structure. The rheological properties showed that AAMP/XG Pickering emulsion gel containing 2% XG had excellent water holding capacity, extrudability and supportability, which enhanced the stability and resolution of 3D printing AAMP/XG Pickering ink. Finally, AAMP/XG PE gel had good storage stability (30 days). In this study, we used AAMP/XG Pickering emulsion to create semi-solid structure to replace hydrogenated oil. It has provided a new way to increase the application diversity of AAMP/XG Pickering emulsion in food sectors. [Display omitted] • The Auricularia auricula mycelial Protein/Xanthan gum Pickering emulsion was prepared for the first time. • The effect of XG on 3D printing of AAMP/XG Pickering emulsion gel was explored. • The 3D-printed AAMP/XG Pickering emulsion gel was able to replace the hydrogenated grease. • A new way to increase the diversity of AAMP/XG Pickering emulsion in food applications was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the structural stability and quality changes of 3D printed food in the post-processing process is an important aspect to promote the popularization and application of 3D printing technology. Pleurotus eryngii protein (PEP) and potato whole powder (PWP) were used as raw materials in this work to investigate the effect of internal structure and processing time on 3D printed samples, and baking was used as a post-processing method. The results indicated that the 3D printing ink with 20% PEP presented suitable viscosity, fluidity, and mechanical strength, ensuring the best 3D printing performance. The 3D-printed samples with 95% fill ratio demonstrated minimal weight loss and size shrinkage till 30 min of baking, compared with mould samples, highlighting the superior product appearance preservation and production advantages of 3D printing technology in baked food. As the baking time increased, the color of the baked food was darker, while the hardness of the upper and lower surfaces and moisture binding force increased, and internal softness decreased. Optimal results were achieved after baking for 20 min at an upper temperature of 150 °C and a lower temperature of 120 °C, resulting in the highest sensory quality score of 81.67 out of 100. This research prepared PEP-PWP printed food that was resistant to post-treatment collapse to a greater extent, which shed new light on the development of healthy and aesthetically pleasing baked foods. [Display omitted] • Pleurotus eryngii protein improved viscoelastic properties of potato-based ink. • Substituting 20% of PPP with PEP improved 3D printing performance of complex. • 3D Printing can better maintain products appearance compared to mould making. • Baked food with 95% fill ratio had the best quality after 20 min of baking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for evolution monitoring and early detection of Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) contamination in walnuts. We successfully applied headspace–gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS‐GC‐IMS) to evaluate walnut VOC changes caused by A. flavus contamination. A total of 48 VOCs were identified in walnuts contaminated with A. flavus. After identification of VOCs, a heat map and principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted ethyl acetate‐D, 3‐methyl‐2‐butanol, and cyclohexanone as potential biomarkers specific to A. flavus contamination in walnuts. These results provided valid targets for the development of sensors to evaluate the early mold contamination in stored walnuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printable Pickering emulsion (PE) gel containing curcumin (CCM) was produced stablized by pea protein isolate (PPI)/ k -carrageenan (KG) complex particles. The PPI/KG complexes were characterized, with changes observed in their zeta potential, particle size, and secondary structure of PPI upon the addition of KG. The resulting PE gel was created with 75% oil fraction, 5% PPI, and 0.1%–0.5% KG of the aqueous phase. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) suggested that the oil droplets were surrounded by the PPI/KG particles, and their size decreased with increasing KG concentration. Furthermore, the addition of KG improved the strength and viscosity of the PE gel. 3D printing tests demonstrated that the PE gel with KG concentrations greater than 0.3% displayed smooth extrusion and excellent self-supporting capability, effectively maintaining the desired shape structure. Additionally, the incorporation of KG improved the encapsulation efficiency of CCM, enhancing its stability. It would be interesting to use pea protein stablized PE gel as an ink for 3D printing to create potential cake surface decoration. [Display omitted] • PPI/KG complex could stablize the PE gel used for 3D printing. • KG incorporation could effectively enhance the stability of PE gel. • KG improved strength and viscosity of the PE gel, and 3D printing behavior. • Interaction between PPI and KG was studied and closely related to 3D printing. • Desired encapsulation efficiency of CCMC was achieved in 3D printed PE gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although walnut protein (WP) is a good source of plant protein, it has a low degree of industrial development and utilization. In this study, we attempted to develop an edible 3D printing WP emulsion using walnut protein for processing and further preparation of walnut protein-based cream alternative. We investigated the feasibility of 3D printing for producing a visually attractive and nutrient-rich walnut protein-based cream substitute through the addition of xanthan gum (XG) (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%, w/w). The results showed that the addition of XG in WP emulsion promoted the formation of hydrogen bonds, which significantly improved gel strength, water holding capacity, mechanical strength, stability, printability, significant shear thinning behavior, and high solid viscoelasticity. After testing, the walnut protein emulsion containing 1.5% XG had high printing accuracy, high self-supporting properties, and smooth surface texture. Walnut protein shows a promising cream substitute, which provides a basis for its industrial development. [Display omitted] • 3D printing technology was used to develop a walnut protein-based cream substitute. • The ink exhibited excellent 3D printability owing to its solid viscoelastic behavior. • The ink rheology was controlled by the XG concentrations. • The 3D printed walnut protein emulsion with 1.5% XG showed printing stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial pathogens e.g., S. aureus can survive and spread in food cold chain. Under low temperature, microbes develop resistance to common antibacterial agents. Thus, it is important to identify alternative strategies to control pathogens in food cold chain. In present study, we discovered that thymol, different from other tested essential oils, displayed improved ability to kill S. aureus under frozen condition (−20 °C). Time-killing kinetics showed that 99.99% S. aureus were killed after exposure to 100 μg/mL thymol within 6 h, and such bactericidal activity was maintained even after multiple cycles of freezing and thawing. In contrast to the ROS-dependent bactericidal mechanism at 37 °C, thymol killed S. aureus in a ROS-independent mode at −20 °C. The proteomic analysis supported that thymol killed S. aureus by directly destroyed the stability of cell membrane without intracellular biological responses. Under frozen condition, thymol efficiently prevented bacteria contamination in low-lipid foods without affecting the foods' hardness, chewiness, resilience, adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness. These findings uncovered a new mechanism of thymol-mediated bactericidal activity under frozen condition and suggested an alternative efficient strategy to control bacterial contamination in cold chain food. • Identified the best bactericidal ability of thymol at −20 °C. • Revealed the mechanism of thymol to eradicate S. aureus in a ROS-independent manner under low temperature. • Provided new insights into the strategy to combat S. aureus contamination in cold chain food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A carboxyl group functionalized magnetic covalent organic framework nanocomposite was prepared as a magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for extraction of seven sulfonamides from meat samples. The obtained magnetic covalent organic framework composites were characterized in terms of morphology and magnetism. Due to the presence of aromatic benzene rings and amino groups in the structures of sulfonamides, π–π interactions and electrostatic interactions are the main mechanisms for adsorbing sulfonamides by adsorbents. The extraction parameters including adsorbent dosage, pH, adsorption time, ionic strength, eluting solvent, and desorption time were systematically investigated. Under the optimized extraction conditions, an efficient and convenient method for the extraction and determination of sulfonamides from meat samples was developed by combining magnetic solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS/MS. The proposed method provided a good linearity with coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.9984, low LODs (0.1–0.4 μg kg−1) and the spiked recoveries into meat samples were obtained in the range of 85.34–102.61%. The nanocomposite is a promising adsorbent for the efficient extraction of sulfonamides from complex food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin, a phytochemical, can regulate lateral root (LR) formation, but the downstream signaling of melatonin remains elusive. Here we investigated the roles of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and superoxide radical (O 2 •‾) in melatonin-promoted LR formation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots by using physiological, histochemical, bioinformatic, and biochemical approaches. The increase in endogenous melatonin level stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent development of lateral root primordia (LRP) and LR. Melatonin promoted LRP/LR formation and modulated the expression of cell cycle genes (SlCDKA1 , SlCYCD3;1 , and SlKRP2) by stimulating polyamine oxidase (PAO)-dependent H 2 O 2 production and respiratory burst oxidase homologue (Rboh)-dependent O 2 •‾ production, respectively. Screening of SlPAOs and SlRbohs gene family combined with gene expression analysis suggested that melatonin-promoted LR formation was correlated to the upregulation of SlPAO1 , SlRboh3 , and SlRboh4 in LR-emerging zone. Transient expression analysis confirmed that SlPAO1 was able to produce H 2 O 2 while SlRboh3 and SlRboh4 were capable of producing O 2 •‾. Melatonin-ROS signaling cassette was also found in the regulation of LR formation in rice root and lateral hyphal branching in fungi. These results suggested that SlPAO1 -H 2 O 2 and SlRboh3/4 -O 2 •‾ acted as downstream of melatonin to regulate the expression of cell cycle genes, resulting in LRP initiation and LR development. Such findings uncover one of the regulatory pathways for melatonin-regulated LR formation, which extends our knowledge for melatonin-regulated plant intrinsic physiology. Image 1 • Melatonin promotes ROS-dependent development of LR (lateral root) and LR primordia. • Melatonin stimulates PAO- and Rboh-dependent expression of cell cycle genes. • Melatonin-stimulated PAO1 expression is correlated to LR primordia development. • Melatonin-stimulated Rboh3/4 expression is correlated to LR primordia development. • PAO1 and Rboh3/4 can produce hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickering emulsion (PE) is used as a sustaining delivery system to prevent food-borne pathogenic contamination through slow release of bactericidal agents. But it is still challenging in timely bactericidal effect and antagonistic effect on the efficacy of the bio-active agents in the presence of surfactants. Smarter strategies for controlling food contamination requires a surfactant-free system which can be smart sensed and targeted release of bactericidal agents. In the present study, we prepared a thymol loaded protein-based PE, and microscopic, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, rheological measurements, etc. Proved that the PE was stable at protein concentration of 10% and oil ratio at 0.5. And this thymol loaded PE showed comparative antibacterial effect through accumulation of reactive oxygen species, induction of membrane lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the potential of the PE for "smart sensing and targeted releasing" was assessed by targeting Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus. Our results are of great interest for developing novel intelligent surfactant-free delivery system for the application of thymol, and also provide a basis for a safe and biocompatible antimicrobial additive in food industry. • Provide surfactants-free Pickering emulsion system against pathogens. • Develop a smart delivery system sensed by pathogens and targeted release of thymol. • Achieve a timely bactericidal system for the application of thymol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abuse of chrome tanning agent in leather processing has caused great harm to human health and the natural environment. We use tremella polysaccharides (TP), lentinan (LNT) and konjac gum (KG) as raw materials, and sodium periodate as oxidant to prepare the corresponding polysaccharide tanning agent. Tremella polysaccharide was selected as the best tanning agent according to the shrinkage temperature, and the subsequent experiments were carried out. Tremella polysaccharide (TP) as raw material and sodium periodate as an oxidant, dialdehyde tremella polysaccharide (DTP) was prepared and applied in leather tanning. The effects of different oxidation conditions (sodium periodate dosage, temperature, pH, and reaction time) on the shrinkage temperature of DTP tanned leather were studied. The change of shrinkage temperature showed that the dosage of sodium periodate had the greatest influence on the shrinkage temperature. Therefore, the effects of different dosage of sodium periodate on the aldehyde content and molecular weight of DTP were investigated, including the analysis of physical properties and microstructure of tanned leather. In general, the increase of sodium periodate dosage was found to increase the aldehyde content and reduce the molecular weight, which was more conducive to leather tanning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial pollution and fat oxidation are the main factors that induce the deterioration in the quality of chilled fresh mutton. This study evaluated the effects of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oil (CEO), Zanthoxylum essential oil (ZEO), and blended cumin/zanthoxylum essential oil (BEO) on the antibacterial, preservation of freshness, and flavor improvement of chilled fresh mutton. The results show that BEO exerts a good inhibition effect on microbial growth, lipid oxidation, and the formation of TVB-N, as well as slowing down the rate of juice loss under chilled conditions. GC-IMS assay results showed that BEO can enrich the flavor of roasted mutton with a higher level of volatile organic substances, such as ethyl acetate D. In conclusion, BEO treatments were more efficient than single treatments in ensuring the quality of lamb to improve microbiological safety and improve the flavor of roasted lamb stored under chilled conditions. Overall research indicates that BEO is an effective natural addition that can be used to preserve the quality and safety of chilled fresh mutton during storage. [Display omitted] • BEO significantly inhibits the development of S. aureus and E. coli. • BEO improves the antioxidant performance of chilled fresh mutton. • BEO treatment can effectively decrease the juice loss rate and TVB-N of chilled fresh mutton. • Chilled fresh mutton treated with BEO has a better flavor after grilling. • BEO exerts better preservation effects than single essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postharvest quality of kiwifruit is critical for consumer satisfaction and reducing waste. Ready-to-eat kiwifruit lacks a consistent quality standard, and monitoring its quality is essential. This study proposes a novel and smart strategy to monitor the quality of mature kiwifruits stored at room temperature using image recognition application on a mobile phone. The study correlates the storage time, quality indexes, and volatile flavor compounds with RGB (RGB stands for Red, Green, and Blue) values readouts from photos. Results show that central B/G (The ratio of B to G in the center of kiwifruit) values positively correlate with vitamin C and negatively correlate with weight loss rate. Specific volatile compounds, such as methyl benzoate, methyl butyrate, ethyl benzoate, ethyl butyrate, and ethyl acetate, can serve as markers for evaluating kiwifruit quality and freshness. Furthermore, firmness strongly correlates with the volatile gases hexanal and trans -2-hexenoic acid. Chroma values and specific volatiles can serve as early warning indicators to monitor the quality of postharvest kiwifruit. The study provides a quick and facile method to evaluate kiwifruit quality stored at room temperature, providing a basis for the development of ready-to-eat kiwifruit. This strategy benefits both consumers and processing plants in reducing waste and improving kiwifruit quality. [Display omitted] • Quality of kiwifruits was correlated with RGB values of smart phone photos. • A potential quick evaluation method for freshness of kiwifruits was provided. • We provides a monitoring standard for ready-to-eat kiwifruit production. • Analyzed the correlation between quality and color values kiwifruit during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Probiotics were loaded in 3D printed Pickering emulsion gel. • Probiotic's viability during 3D printing and digestion process were studied. • Tea protein from tea residues were used to stabilized Pickering emulsion. Different xanthan gum (XG) concentrations on the rheological/texture properties of Pickering emulsion (PE) gel stabilized by tea protein/xanthan gum (TP/XG) were studied to achieve an ink feasible for 3D printing. Afterwards, the effects of 3D printing and digestion process on the viability of probiotics were studied when encapsulated in the PE gel. Results indicated that gel strength, stability, storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) increased as XG concentration increased. Nozzle diameter and printing temperature of 45 and 55℃ had no significant effect on probiotic's viability, but printing temperature of 65℃ reduced viable probiotics from 8.07 to 6.59 log CFU/g. No significant change of probiotics viability in 3D printed samples was observed during 11-day storage at 4℃. PE gel encapsulated probiotic's viability was significantly improved under heat treatment and simulated gastrointestinal environment. This study gives insights on the production of 3D printed foods using PE gel incorporating probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a rapid ageing population, there is an increasing need for the dysphagia diet because of the chewing/swallowing difficulty suffered by the elderly. 3D printing is able to create appetitive and attractive dysphagia diet. We investigated the potential to develop appealing pea protein isolate (PPI) based dysphagia diet using 3D printing by incorporating xanthan gum (XG) at rates of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1% (w/w). Their interaction was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). Rheological properties and 3D printing behavior were also correlated. The 3D printed product was evaluated through International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) and chewing/swallowing sensory test. Results indicated that, at a relatively small amount of XG addition (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3%), a relatively uniform microstructure was formed with improved mechanical strength (Yield stress, elastic modulus (G′), and viscosity). Further increase in XG addition (0.7 and 1.0%) resulted in an increase in thermodynamic incompatibility between PPI and XG, causing a phase separation and polymer aggregation, which ultimately decreased the mechanical strength of inks. FTIR indicated that the addition of XG increased PPI β-pleated sheet and β-turn, and decreased the contents of random coil and antiparallel β-sheet. XG-0.3% samples demonstrated high printing precision with great self-supporting capability, smooth surface texture and great sensory evaluation, which could be classified as level 4-pureed/extremely thick dysphagia diet. This work provides insights for the development of visually appealing dysphagia diet using 3D printing. [Display omitted] • 3D printed dysphagia diet was created using pea protein and xanthan gum. • 0.3% xanthan gum addition was desirable to develop 3D printed dysphagia diet. • Sensory chewing/swallowing evaluations were conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The bactericidal effect was positively correlated with the blue light dose. • Blue light damaged the cell membrane and caused a reactive oxygen species burst. • RNA-seq analysis was used to characterize the changes of metabolic pathways. • Ultrasonic field for 15 min assisted by blue light sterilization is more effective. • Blue light or ultrasonic field treatment maintained the quality of salmon. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a typical marine bacterium, which often contaminates seafood and poses a health risk to consumers. Some non-thermal sterilization technologies, such as ultrasonic field (UF) and blue light (BL) irradiation, have been widely used in clinical practice due to their efficiency, safety, and avoidance of drug resistance, but their application in food preservation has not been extensively studied. This study aims to investigate the effect of BL on V. parahaemolyticus in culture media and in ready-to-eat fresh salmon, and to evaluate the killing effectiveness of the UF combined with BL treatment on V. parahaemolyticus. The results showed that BL irradiation at 216 J/cm2 was effective in causing cell death (close to 100%), cell shrinkage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in V. parahaemolyticus. Application of imidazole (IMZ), an inhibitor of ROS generation, attenuated the cell death induced by BL, indicating that ROS were involved in the bactericidal effects of BL on V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, UF for 15 min enhanced the bactericidal effect of BL at 216 J/cm2 on V. parahaemolyticus , with the bactericidal rate of 98.81%. In addition, BL sterilization did not affect the color and quality of salmon, and the additive UF treatment for 15 min did not significant impact on the color of salmon. These results suggest that BL or UF combined with BL treatment has potential for salmon preservation, however, it is crucial to strictly control the intensity of BL and the duration of UF treatment to prevent reducing the freshness and brightness of salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FeCl 3 showed excellent killing effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its drug-resistant clinic isolates via ferroptosis. • PB hydrogels are an effective carrier to load FeCl 3. • FeCl 3 -PB hydrogels show great temperature responsive, biocompatibility and bactericidal effects. • FeCl 3 -PB hydrogels cleared pus, promoted wound closure, and alleviated inflammation in wounds infected by Clinic Isolate Ⅰ (CI-I) • FeCl 3 -PB hydrogels are a promising antibiotic-independent biomaterial for treating antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common pathogens that lead to fatal human infection. This Gram-negative pathogen has evolved complex drug resistance, which poses significant challenges to the current antibiotic-dependent healthcare system. New therapeutic approaches are urgently required to treat infections caused by P. aeruginosa. Inspired by ferroptosis, the antibacterial effects of iron compounds on P. aeruginosa via direct exposure were investigated. In addition, thermal-responsive hydrogels to carry FeCl 3 were developed as a wound dressing to treat P. aeruginosa -induced wound infection in a mouse model. The results showed that 200 µM FeCl 3 killed more than 99.9% of P. aeruginosa cells. FeCl 3 -mediated cell death in P. aeruginosa was associated with hallmarks of ferroptosis in mammalian cells, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. Catalase or Fe2+ chelator alleviated FeCl 3 -mediated cell death, indicating that H 2 O 2 and labile Fe2+ induced the Fenton reaction leading to cell death. Further proteomics analysis showed that proteins related to glutathione (GSH) synthesis and the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) family were significantly downregulated after FeCl 3 treatment, which is equivalent to GPX4 inactivation in mammalian cells. The therapeutic effect of FeCl 3 on P. aeruginosa was further evaluated in a mouse wound infection model using polyvinyl alcohol-boric acid (PB) hydrogels as a carrier of FeCl 3. FeCl 3 -PB hydrogels completely cleared pus on wounds and promoted wound healing. These results indicated that FeCl 3 induces microbial ferroptosis in P. aeruginosa and has high therapeutic potential for the treatment of P. aeruginosa wound infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemical conversion mechanism of soybean residue by liquid-state fermentation with Auricularia auricula mycelium (AAM) was elucidated through the determination of enzymes and basic nutrients during fermentation as well as the metabolites analysis. The metabolomics analysis was conducted on the differential metabolites of A. auricula using LC-MS/MS and found a total of 351 differential metabolites, including organic acids, sugars, amino acids, phenols etc.; most of which were organic acids, and glycosides. All the differentially expressed compounds were analyzed by KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment. There were 30 metabolic pathways related to the metabolic mechanism of soybean residue conversion; among them, fatty acid synthesis, sugar metabolism, carbon synthesis, and the synthesis of various secondary metabolites were the main metabolic pathways. During the whole fermentation process, the content of flavonoids decreased gradually and its content was 0.001 mg/g after 15 days of fermentation. This indicated that AAM successfully fermented and transformed the soybean dregs into nutritionally rich products. As it was rich in high protein, 3D printing technology was utilized to develop a AAM protein-based cream substitute. The ink exhibited excellent 3D printability owing to its solid viscoelastic behavior. The ink rheology was controlled by XG concentrations, and 3D printed AAM protein emulsion with 2.0% XG showed printing stability. We also produced AAM protein-rich food products using traditional culinary processing techniques. It provided a theoretical basis for realizing the comprehensive utilization of soybean residue and can be used as a new protein source in the food industry with good application prospects. [Display omitted] • Auricularia auricula mycelium fermentation enriches soybean residue nutrition. • Metabolomics reveals 351 metabolites, highlighting fatty and sugar metabolism. • AAM protein emulsion suits 3D food printing with superior rheological properties. • Research turns soybean waste into viable protein sources for food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickering emulsion based on OSA-starch was developed in this study as an intelligent delivery system for the application of thymol against foodborne pathogens. Morphology and microstructure characterization showed that the Pickering emulsion was an O/W type emulsion and stayed stable at starch concentration of 200 mg/mL and oil fraction at 30 % with particle size of 10 μm and absolute Zeta potential of −12.5 mV. Low field nuclear magnetic resonance and rheology experiments indicated that a denser network structure was formed in this stable Pickering emulsion. Besides, the Pickering emulsion could endure long-time storage, low pH (3,5) and additional NaCl (50, 100, 200, 400 mM) and it showed enhanced bactericidal effects against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus (thymol =1.48 μmol/L) and Aspergillus flavus (thymol = 0.624 μmol/L) by inducing ROS eruption, membrane lipid peroxidation and cell shrink. Moreover, the bactericidal assay demonstrated that thymol could be intelligently released and a considerable 75 % timely bactericidal effect was detected after 9 days' intermittently exposing to E. coli , S. aureus and A. flavus in vitro, by comparison thymol alone showed only 20 % bactericidal effect due to its volatility. The results are of great importance to offer an intelligent delivery system of bio-actives defending foodborne pathogens. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of aging society, there is an increasing demand for the dysphagia diet that are appetitive and safe to swallow with appealing appearance. This sturaddy was aimed to developing attractive dysphagia diet using 3D printing based on Hypsizygus marmoreus incorporated with different concentrations (0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, w/w) of xanthan gum (XG), locust bean gum (LBG) and kappa-carrageenan gum (KG). Rheology (viscosity, yield stress, viscoelasticity), texture, 3D printability, and chewing/swallowing behavior of samples were studied. Results indicated that XG addition decreased sample's viscosity, yield stress, hardness, adhesiveness and gumminess, while KG incorporation increased them. The samples incorporating 0.3%-XG and 0.9%-LBG showed the best 3D printability. The feasibility of samples as dysphagia diet was evaluated by International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) tests, which indicated that all samples, except 0.9%-KG sample, could be classified as 5-minced and moist dysphagia diet. The chewing behavior, sensory evaluation, and rheology (viscosity, viscoelasticity) of formed bolus were further studied. Results illustrated that the incorporation of XG increased the swallowing easiness/oral comfort, decreased chewing duration time, while KG addition illustrated the reverse impact and LBG showed varying effects depending on concentration. Concisely, the 3D printed samples containing 0.3% XG could be as an appealing dysphagia diet with desired printing performance and chewing/swallowing behavior. This study would provide insights on the development of attractive 3D printed dysphagia diet. • Hypsizygus marmoreus by-product was used for creating 3D printed dysphagia food. • IDDSI and oral processing were used to evaluate feasibility as dysphagia diet. • XG containing sample was easier to swallow with good 3D printing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel-like Pickering emulsion (PE) stabilized by the complexes of tea protein (TP) and xanthan gum (XG) (0.0%–2.5%) was fabricated as ink for 3D printing. The TP/XG complex was firstly characterized. Its zeta potential was below −30 mV, and TP's secondary structure and microstructure were changed with XG addition. Afterwards, gel-like PE was developed at pH 7, 70% oil fraction, and 3% TP/XG concentration. Results indicated that the oil droplet was surrounded by TP/XG particles, and its size was decreased when XG concentration increased. Water holding capacity, gel strength, viscosity, and mechanical strength of PE gel were improved after XG incorporation. 3D printing tests indicated that the PE gel with XG over 1.5% showed desirable smooth extrusion and excellent self-supporting capability to maintain the designed shape structure. This study provides new insights on the development of 3D printed exquisite/appealing decoration structure on cake, with potential to replace traditional hydrogenated cream. • TP/XG stabilized Pickering emulsion was used for 3D printing as cake decoration. • XG addition increased PE's stability, mechanical strength and 3D printing behavior. • XG addition changed TP's secondary structure and microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes frequently causes Listeriosis in humans and animals. In present study, we discovered that in the presence of FeSO 4 , L. monocytogenes became viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and remained virulent to Caenorhabditis elegans. The killing assay indicated that these VBNC cells kept sensitive to tetracycline, differing from dormant cells. Transcriptomic analysis revealed more gene transcription occurrence in the VBNC cells compared to dormant cells, involving stress response and ribosome binding. No ferroptosis hallmarks were observed in the VBNC cells, whereas the application of either intracellular Fe2+ chelator or the ferroptosis inhibitor arrested the formation of VBNC state by FeSO 4 , as well as by Benzakonium chloride or Haz-Tab. This implicated the universal involvement of intracellular Fe2+ and other cascades related to ferroptosis in the formation of VBNC state in L. monocytogenes. Taken together, we discovered an iron-induced VBNC state in L. monocytogenes , and provided clues to further understanding their potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary seafood-borne pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus seriously threats the health of consumers preferring raw-fish products, becoming a global concern in food safety. In the present study, we found ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4), a nutritional iron supplement, could efficiently induce the death of V. parahaemolyticus. Further, the bactericidal mechanisms of FeSO 4 were explored. With a fluorescent probe of Fe2+, a significant influx of Fe2+ was determined in V. parahaemolyticus exposed to FeSO 4 , and the addition of an intracellular Fe2+ chelator was able to block the cell death. This suggested that cell death in V. parahaemolyticus induced by FeSO 4 was dependent on the influx of Fe2+. It was intriguing that we did not observe the eruption of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid hydroperoxides by Fe2+, but the application of liproxstatin-1 (a ferroptosis inhibitor) significantly modified the occurrence of cell death in V. parahaemolyticus. These results suggested FeSO 4 -induced cell death in V. parahaemolyticus be a ferroptosis differing from that in mammalian cells. Through transcriptome analysis, it was discovered that the exposure of FeSO 4 disturbed considerable amounts of gene expression in V. parahaemolyticus including those involved in protein metabolism, amide biosynthesis, two-component system, amino acid degradation, carbon metabolism, citrate cycle, pyruvate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and so on. These data suggested that FeSO 4 was a pleiotropic antimicrobial agent against V. parahaemolyticus. Notably, FeSO 4 was able to eliminate V. parahaemolyticus in salmon sashimi as well, without affecting the color, texture, shearing force, and sensory characteristics of salmon sashimi. Taken together, our results deciphered a unique ferroptosis in V. parahaemolyticus by FeSO 4 , and highlighted its potential in raw-fish products to control V. parahaemolyticus. • Ferrous sulfate could efficiently kill Vibrio parahaemolyticus. • Ferrous sulfate was able to eliminate Vibrio parahaemolyticus in salmon sashimi. • FeSO 4 -induced cell death in Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a ferroptosis differing from that in mammalian cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels loaded with ampicillin, vancomycin or other antibiotics are one of the most widely used therapeutic agents for keratitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. However, emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) makes infections harder to be treated by antibiotic-based hydrogels, urging the development of novel antibacterial materials. Inspired by mammalian ferroptosis, we determined the bactericidal effects of ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4) on S. aureus , and evaluated the therapeutic potential of FeSO 4 -loaded hydrogel in a mouse keratitis model. The results showed that FeSO 4 facilitated ferroptosis-like cell death in S. aureus with the key characteristics of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid peroxidation. Notably, FeSO 4 also efficiently killed persisters and MRSA, and eliminated biofilms of S. aureus. RNA profiles demonstrated that ferroptosis-related genes were significantly up-regulated, and the genes responsible for cell wall and cell membrane biosynthesis were down-regulated after exposure to Fe2+, supporting the occurrence of ferroptosis and cell lysis. We further prepared a FeSO 4 -loaded hydrogel by using hyaluronic acid (HA) and ascorbate. The FeSO 4 hydrogel has the characteristics of injectability, self-healing, uniform distribution of Fe2+ in the three-dimensional gel structure, appropriate fluidity, high-water retention, high efficacy to kill MRSA, and excellent biocompatibility. In a mouse keratitis model, we showed that treatment of animals with FeSO 4 hydrogel led to a rapid recovery of from keratitis, prevented the dissimilation of MRSA to the lung, and alleviated systemic inflammation, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of FeSO 4 hydrogel. Taken together, our results indicated that FeSO 4 hydrogel is a promising alternative to current antibiotics-dependent therapeutic materials for the treatment of infections by MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate 3D printing of thermo-responsive gel inks is a great challenge as the sol-gel transition and rheological properties change during extrusion are not easy to precisely regulate with 3D printing behavior has not been sufficiently studied. The effect of Pleurotus ostreatus protein (POP) correlated with the rheological properties and thermo-responsive behavior of the system on 3D printing performance of the thermo-responsive gel, namely κ-carrageenan (KG). Afterwards, their interaction mechanism was further clarified and final printed samples were evaluated in terms of antioxidant performance. Results indicated that POP addition increased the gelatinization temperature (Tg), significantly affecting the selection of optimum printing temperature. POP addition also improved viscosity and consistency index (K) of the printing ink, ultimately affecting the extrusion behavior. Temperature recovery property was facilitated by POP incorporation and was critical to the formability during recovery stage in 3D printing. Mechanical strength was improved with POP addition, which played an important role for the printed structures to be self-supportive. A lower concentration of POP (10%∼40%) was dispersed in a continuous KG-rich gel network and visible phase separation occurred when POP level was increased to 50%. Molecular interaction analysis showed that electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, ion on the correlation between the rheological properties and thermo-responsive behavior of gum-based 3D printing ink. In addition, POP presented a certain antioxidant activity. This study not only provided useful information on the correlation between the rheological and thermo-responsive behavior of gum-based 3D printing ink, but also provided a way to regulate 3D printing behavior of gum-based gel by protein incorporation. Moreover, it also showed the way to improve the nutritional value of the 3D printed sample. [Display omitted] • 3D printing behavior was correlated with thermo-responsive and rheology properties. • 3D printed KG based gel rich in protein was created. • The interactive mechanism between POP and KG was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to fabricate and characterize antimicrobial films based on Agar/Konjac glucomannan (KA) incorporated with carvacrol (CV) (1%, 1.5% and 2%). The physical, structural and antimicrobial properties were studied to evaluate the effects of carvacrol on the composite films. Results indicated that the addition of 2% CV markedly enhanced the tensile strength (36.72 MPa), elongation at break (100.19%), hydrophobic properties and UV barrier properties compared with KA film. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy indicated good compatibility and the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the addition of 2% CV showed strong antimicrobial activities against the most common food spoiling bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Finally, the potential application of the films was evaluated by the packing test of chicken, where KA-2% CV was able to prolong the shelf life of refrigerated chicken breast from 5 days to 9 days. Overall, the composite films incorporating 2% carvacrol was a promising antimicrobial packing material to displace petrochemical-based plastics to extend the shelf life of foods. • The antimicrobial films based on Agar/KGM films loaded with carvacrol were prepared. • Carvacrol addition significantly enhanced barrier and mechanical properties of film and showed antimicrobial effects. • The antimicrobial film prolonged the shelf life of chicken breast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus is a well-known for both crops and human beings. The acquisition of resistance to azoles by A. flavus is leading to more failures occurring in the prevention of infection by A. flavus. In this study, we found that thymol, one of the major chemical constituents of the essential oil of Monarda punctate, had efficient fungicidal activity against A. flavus and led to sporular lysis. Further studies indicated that thymol treatment induced the generation of both ROS and NO in spores, whereas NO accumulation was far later than ROS accumulation in response to thymol. By blocking ROS production with the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, NO generation was also significantly inhibited in the presence of thymol, which indicated that ROS induced NO generation in A. flavus in response to thymol treatment. Moreover, the removal of either ROS or NO attenuated lysis and death of spores exposed to thymol. The addition of SNP (exogenous NO donor) eliminated the protective effects of the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase on thymol-induced lysis and death of spores. Taken together, it could be concluded that ROS is involved in spore death induced by thymol via the induction of NO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we studied the Fermi arc and the Fermi pocket in cuprates in a short-range diagonal stripe phase with wave vectors (7 π/8,7 π/8), which reproduce with a high accuracy the positions and sizes of the Fermi arc and Fermi pocket and the superstructure in cuprates observed by Meng et al. . The low-energy spectral function indicates that the Fermi pocket results from the main band and the shadow band at the Fermi energy. Above the Fermi energy, the shadow band gradually departs away from the main band, leaving a Fermi arc. Thus, we conclude that the Fermi arc and Fermi pocket can be fully attributed to the stripe phase but has nothing to do with pairing. Incorporating a d-wave pairing potential in the stripe phase the spectral weight in the antinodal region is removed, leaving a clean Fermi pocket in the nodal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Physical field intervention shows accelerated aging of fermented products. • Ultrasonic and magnetic fields co-treatment facilitate fast aging of vinegar. • Correlation analysis between time and flavor was assessed under different treatments. Most fermented foods need a natural aging process to enrich desired flavours. This process is normally the bottleneck for cost-effective production. Therefore, it is desirable to accelerate the process and obtain products with the same flavour profile. Here, we used physical interventions (ultrasonic field, alternating magnetic field, or combination of both) to assist the aging process with naturally brewed vinegar as a case example. Flavour profiles of different physical-assisted aging process were compared with that of the naturally aged vinegar by using gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC–MS) and electronic nose. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analyses show that ultrasonic and alternating magnetic fields treatment could accelerate the aging process of vinegar. The highest accelerating aging effect was combination of ultrasonic and magnetic field followed by individual ultrasonic or magnetic field and natural process (combination of ultrasonic and magnetic field > ultrasonic or magnetic field individual > natural process). These results suggest that physical field intervention could potentially be used for acceleration of aging of fermented products without affecting flavour quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin biosynthesis has established a connection with oxidative stress, suggesting a prevention strategy for aflatoxin contamination via reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the most active and the richest molecules in green tea with well-known antioxidant effects. Here, we found EGCG could inhibit aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis without affecting mycelial growth in Aspergillus flavus, and the arrest occurred before the synthesis of toxin intermediate metabolites. Further RNA-seq analysis indicated that multiple genes involved in AFB1 biosynthesis were down-regulated. In addition, EGCG exposure facilitated the significantly decreased expression of AtfA which is a bZIP (basic leucine zipper) transcription factor mediating oxidative stress. Notably, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis indicated that the MAPK signaling pathway target transcription factor was down-regulated by 1 mg/mL EGCG. Further Western blot analysis showed 1 mg/mL EGCG could decrease the levels of phosphorylated SakA in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Taken together, these data evidently supported that EGCG inhibited AFB1 biosynthesis and alleviated oxidative stress via MAPK signaling pathway. Finally, we evaluated AFB1 contamination in soy sauce fermentation and found that EGCG could completely control AFB1 contamination at 8 mg/mL. Conclusively, our results supported the potential use of EGCG as a natural agent to prevent AFB1 contamination in fermentation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]