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The study was to investigate the modulatory effect of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide (SSP) on inflammatory reaction and immunosuppression in PCV2-infected RAW264.7 cells. The PCV2-infected RAW264.7 cells were treated with SSP (100, 200 and 400 mg/L) for 16 h, the mRNA expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 2 ( STAT1, STAT2), janus kinase 1 (JAK1), tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (Ccl3), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α), REL proto-oncogene, NF-κB subunit (Rel), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha and delta (Nfκbia, Nfκbid), and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor zeta (Nfκbiz) were measured. The protein expression levels of phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 2 (p-Stat1, p-Stat2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 2 (Stat1, Stat2), inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase subunit beta (IκB), phospho-inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase subunit beta (p-Iκ B), nuclear factor NF-κB p65 subunit (p65), phospho-nuclear factor NF-κB p65 subunit (p-p65), CXCL2, JAK1, phospho-Janus kinase 1 (p-JAK1) and TYK2 in the cells were detected. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon-α (IFN-α), interferon-β (IFN-β), and TNF-α in cell supernatants were detected. The results showed that after the RAW264.7 cells were infected with PCV2 for 16 h, the mRNA expression levels of STAT1, STAT2, JAK1, TYK2 and Nfκbia were significantly upregulated (P<0.05), mRNA expression levels of Ccl3, CXCL2, TNF-α, Rel, Nfκbid and Nfκbiz were significantly downregulated ( P<0.05), the protein expression levels of Stat1, p-Stat1, Stat2, p-Stat2, JAK1, p-JAK1 and TYK2 were significantly upregulated ( P<0.05), protein expression levels of IκB, p-IκB, p65 and CXCL2 were significantly downregulated in RAW264.7 cells ( P<0.05), and SSP at 200 mg/L significantly regulated the imbalance in the expression levels of these factors (P<0.05). The study indicates that SSP modulates inflammatory response and immunosuppression induced by PCV2 infection through JAK-STAT/NF-κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds are excellent source of bioactive compounds and seaweed-derived polysaccharides have demonstrated an array of biological effects. Here, we investigated the effect of polysaccharide of Sargassum weizhouense (PSW) on the inflammatory response in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infected mice and the underlying mechanism was studied according to the histone acetylation. After PCV2 infection, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1, COX-1, COX-2 and HAT in both serum and spleen were significantly increased (P

Ammonia stress and nitrite stress can induce immune depression and oxidative stress in Litopenaeus vannami (L. vannamei). Earlier reports showed that L. vannamei immunity, resistance to ammonia stress, and resistance to nitrite stress improved after Tian–Dong–Tang–Gan Powder (TDTGP) treatment, but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, three thousand L. vannamei were fed different doses of TDTGP for 35 days and then subjected to ammonia and nitrite stress treatments for 72 h. Transcriptome and 16-Seq ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (16S rRNA-seq) were used to analyze hepatopancreas gene expression and changes in gut microbiota abundance in each group. The results showed that after TDTGP treatment, hepatopancreas mRNA expression levels of immunity- and antioxidant-related genes were increased, the abundance of Vibrionaceae in the gut microbiota was decreased, and the abundance of Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae was increased. In addition, after TDTGP treatment, the effects of ammonia and nitrite stress on the mRNA expression of Pu, cat-4, PPAF2, HO, Hsp90b1, etc. were reduced and the disruption of the gut microbiota was alleviated. In short, TDTGP can regulate the immunity and antioxidant of L. vannamei by increasing the expression levels of immunity- and antioxidant-related genes and regulating the abundance of Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae in the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The preventive effect of Chinese herbal compound "Sanhuanglian" on tilapia streptococcicosis was investigated to provide theoretical references for immunnological control of tilapia streptococcicosis. [ Method ]Three groups of tilapia were feeded with 30, 60 and 120 mL/kg "Sanhuanglian" for 7 days, respectively, Tilapia from different groups were infected artificially with Dolphin Streptococcus on the 8th day after administration. On the 7th day after infection, the spleen index was determined. Meawhile the serum samples were collected at 0 h,12 h,24 h and 7 d after infection, respectively. Then the immunological indexes were determined, including the superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LSZ), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), complement C3 and IgM antibody levels in serum. [Results]Feeding with Chinese herbal compound "Sanhuanglian" for 7 days had a positive impact on immunological indexes of tilapia as follows: the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tilapia significantly increased(P<0.05,the same below). On the 7th day after infection with D. Streptococcus, the spleen index of tilapia feeded with Chinese herbal compound "Sanhuanglian" also significantly increased compared with that of tilapia infected without administration. As for the immunological indexes, the tilapia (high-dose group) feeded with the 120 mL "Sanhuanglian" compound significantly or extremely significantly (P< 0.01) increased in SOD activity, AKP activity, complement C3 and IgM antibody levels compared with that of tilapia infected without administration. [Conclusion]Chinese herbal compound "Sanhuanglian" can alleviate immunosuppression caused by D. streptococcal, protect immune systems, and enhance immunity, which have a good preventive effect of tilapia streptococcicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The effect of compound Asparagus cochinchinensis polysaccharide (ACP) injection on immunity of porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine was investigated in order to provide theoretical basis for prevention and control of PRV. [Method]In order to investigate the effects of compound ACP injection on PRV antibody level and serum cytokines, thirty uninfected three-breed crossbred pigs were selected and divided randomly into six groups with five pigs each. Out of six groups, pigs in group I—III were treated with PRV vaccine & compound ACP injection (low-dose , moderate-dose and high-dose %, respectively; pigs in group IV were treated with PRV vaccine & Wenduqing drug control, pigs in group V were treated with vaccine, and pigs in group VI were the blank control without any treatment. [Result]The antibody level of pig serum in high-dose ACP group II was stable relatively, and its average antibody blocking rate maintained basically at around 50%. On the 28th day of treating, the serum IL-2 level of pig serum in group II decreased to 108.75 ±34.15 pg/mL, and it maintained at above 90.00 pg/mL and without obvious fluctuation during the process of test. The total protein and albumin level of pigs in group II were relatively lower before injection, which were 56.22±7.04 and 28.11 ±3.52 g/L, respectively. On the 28th day of treatment, the total protein and albumin of group II were the highest and significantly higher than those of group V and group VI (P<0.05 %, which were 80.50±2.43 and 40.25 ±1.21 g/L, respectively. The serum lysozyme of pigs in group II and M showed small fluctuation and maintained at above 50.00 μg/mL. The differences of XOD activity and NO level were found not significant among different treated groups (P> 0.05%. [Conclusion] Compound ACP injection could enhance the immunity of pig PRV vaccine, its clinical recommended usage and dosage were as follows: combining with PRV vaccine, intramuscular injection of 0.125 mL/kg dosage once a day for 3 days continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective ] Safety of compound Asparagus cochinchinensis polysaccharide injection to target animals (chickens) was studied to provide references for clinical use. [ Method ]The clinical symptoms, weight change, feed conversion, indicators of blood and blood biochemical indicators were observed and analyzed to determine the maximum tolerance dose or tolerance range. [ Result ]When the chicken was injected by compound Asparagus cochinchinensis polysaccharide, its average daily weight was markedly increased and feed conversion value was lowered. The injection also promoted the growth and development, and especially 5-fold dose (10.0 mL/kg) was the best. Regarding routine blood indicators, the changes of WBC, red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin and other indicators were not obvious except that the platelet count decreased significantly. The difference among the different treatments was not significant. As to the blood biochemical indicators, the biochemical indicators showed erratic increase or decrease trends within a week after injecting the compound aspartic polysaccharide and the indicators of 5-fold dose group were close to the normal level after 14 days. [ Conclusion ]The compound Asparagus cochinchinensis polysaccharide injection is an effective immune enhancer, which can promote the growth and development of chicken and is safe for actual production. The maximum tolerate dose in the target animal (chicken) is 10.0 mL/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of dementia and that glucose variability is an independent risk factor for diabetic complications. This study investigated the relationship between glucose excursion and cognitive function in aged T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 248 aged T2DM patients wore a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) for 3 days in order to evaluate glucose excursion, including mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) and mean of daily difference (MODD). All subjects were evaluated with a number of accepted cognitive function tests, including the mini-mental status examination (MMSE). The relationship between MAGE and MODD and performance on these cognitive tests was assessed. Results: The MAGE and MMSE score were negatively correlated, likewise with the correlation between MODD and MMSE. Liner multivariate regression analysis showed that MAGE and MODD were also negatively related to MMSE independent of age, sex, glycemic control, hypertension, smoking, or coronary heart disease history. Conclusion: Glucose excursion is related to cognitive function in aged T2DM patients. Elevated glucose excursion decreased the MMSE score, which reflects general cognitive function. Thus, therapy aimed at controlling glucose excursion may be beneficial for maintaining cognitive function in aged T2DM patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aims of the present study were to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of a Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide (SSP1) on splenic lymphocyte proliferation, production of cytokines and antioxidant capacities in dexamethasone-induced immunosuppressed mice. The results showed that SSP1 stimulated proliferation and IFN-γ secretion of murine splenic lymphocytes at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 or 400mg/L in vitro. SSP1 increased the levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in immunosuppressed mice induced by subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone at 1.25mg/kg. Administration of SSP1 by intraperitoneal injection significantly raised spleen index, glutathione level, glutathione peroxidase activity and lysozyme activity in the immunosuppressed mice. This suggests that SSP1 may play an important role in regulating immunological functions in mice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation of Sophora subprosrate polysaccharide (SSP) on inflammatory response and histone acetylation modification of RAW264.7 cells (mouse mononuclear macrophage cell line) infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). We further explored the role of inflammatory response and histone acetylation modification on the basis of the original study. The results showed that SSP decreased the secretion levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and the intracellular iNOS, COX-2 enzyme activities and their mRNA expression levels in PCV2 infected RAW264.7 cells, but increased the level of IL-10 secretion and its mRNA expression. SSP inhibited the phosphorylation levels of proteins of p65, ERK1/2, p38 and c-Jun in RAW264.7 cells infected with PCV2. The activities of HAT and HDAC enzymes and the mRNA expression levels of HAT1 and HDAC1 were increased when the PCV2-infected RAW264.7 cells were treated by SSP. Meanwhile, the expression of acetylation modification of histones both H3 and H4 was obviously inhibited. In conclusion, SSP may reduce the acetylation levels of both H3 and H4 and activate NF-κB/MAPKs/c-Jun signaling pathway by increasing the activity of HADC enzyme and the expression of HDAC mRNA, further inhibiting inflammatory response by regulating the gene expression levels of inflammatory factors. The findings indicated that the molecular mechanism of how traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide regulates inflammatory signal pathways and inflammatory factors by regulating histone acetylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) widely exists in swine production systems causing porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) which is associated with significant economic losses. Polygonum hydropiper L . was used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. This study was carried out to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. (FEA) in PCV2-induced porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/2 cell line). The production of oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of FEA. The translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways were investigated to document the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In PCV2 induced 3D4/2 cells, FEA treatment significantly reduced the production of ROS, and sharply down-regulated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8 in both secretion and mRNA expression level. The FEA also decreased the mRNA expression of Akt and NF-κB p65, reduced the transfer of p65 to nuclear, and inhibited the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The findings suggest that FEA exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and could be used as a candidate in treatment of inflammation induced by PCV2 infection., Competing Interests: There was no conflict of interest on any front., (© 2022 Urmia University.)

Background: Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on., Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo ., Methods: Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress., Results: PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS ( p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells ( p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice ( p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH ( p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level ( p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS., Conclusions: PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2020 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science.)

Objective: To investigate the effects of telmisartan on body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in patients with hypertension and obesity., Methods: In this prospective, randomized study, outpatients from the Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China were treated with telmisartan (n=23), or losartan (n=22) for 16 weeks between December 2009 to January 2011. Parameters such as waist and hip circumference, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, insulin, lipids, serum adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured before and after treatment. The abdominal visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR)., Results: Compared with baseline, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in both groups. However, the levels of HOMA-IR, serum adiponectin, and TNF-alpha only improved in the telmisartan group. Similarly, the VFA was reduced in the telmisartan group, while the SFA did not change in either group., Conclusion: Telmisartan improves both hemodynamic and metabolic abnormalities found in hypertensive patients with obesity. The additional benefits may be partly due to visceral fat remodeling.

Objective: To investigate the operative treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture by lateral minimally invasive approach reduction and internal fixation., Methods: During January 2006 to September 2009, 30 cases (31 feet) of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture were treated by open reduction and hollow screws internal fixation through lateral minimally invasive approach from the fibular tip to the basement of the fourth metatarsal foot (Sanders II in 21 feet, Sanders III in 8 feet, Sanders IV in 2 feet), including 23 males and 7 females with an average age of 36.5 years ranging from 18 to 60 years., Results: The 31 feet of 30 patients were followed-up for from 3 to 24 months (14 months in average). There was no soft tissue complications such as infected incision, skin necrosis, poor wound healing, and sural nerve injury. X-ray films of 25 feet after the operations showed well reduction of articular surface and satisfactory shape on calcaneal; 6 feet showed roughly normal shape. Based on the Maryland grading system, 6 feet were excellent, 20 feet good and 5 feet fair., Conclusion: The lateral minimally invasive approach is a good option for calcaneal fracture of Sanders II and III, because of its less damages to soft tissue and fewer complications. It could also provide excellent exposure of articular surface.

A water-soluble polysaccharide fraction from root of Potentilla anserine was obtained. Gas chromatogram, FT-IR, physical and chemical characteristics of the Potentilla anserine polysaccharide fraction (PAPF) were analyzed. The protective effects of PAPF against the H2O2 induced process of apoptosis of murine splenic lymphocytes were investigated in vitro. Morphological assessment of apoptosis was performed with light microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope. DNA fragmentation was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The amount of apoptotic cells was measured by flow cytometry. The results showed that PAPF is composed of rhamnose, arabinose glucose and galactose. H2O2 (200 micromol x L(-1)) induced apoptosis of murine splenic lymphocytes with the cell volume reduced, cytoplasm and nuclear shrunk and DNA stained non-uniformly. Condensed chromatin and formation of apoptotic body were observed in the apoptotic cells. Apoptotic bodies in the cells treated with PAPF and H2O2 were less than those in H2O2 treatment alone. DNA fragmentation assay showed that PAPF (50, 100, 200, and 400 microg x mL(-1)) obviously reduced H2O2-induced ladder bands. Flow cytometry analysis showed that H2O2 increased the populations of apoptotic sub-G1 cells from 5.60% (control) to 45.40%, and PAPF decreased H2O2-induced apoptosis to 37.80%, 22.70%, 17.70%, and 8.50%, respectively. In conclusion, PAPF reduced H2O2-induced oxidative damage in a dose dependent manner.