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Large scale cesium lead-halide (CsPbX 3 , X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite films have become the basis of laser applications. Common fabrication methods such as spin-coating and thermal evaporation have a trade-off between high quality and low cost. Herein, we reported a facile method for preparing a large area homogeneous perovskite CsPbBr 3 film via a multiple centrifugal deposition and solvent annealing (MCDSA) method. This method is superior because it can control the thickness (180 nm to 880 nm) of the film, ensure the film is crack and pinhole free, has a large area (2.5 cm × 2.5 cm), and has a low surface roughness (a root mean square of 32 nm). Multiple times of centrifugation and solvent annealing in the MCDSA method are key to improving the quality of the film as well as the laser performance. With increased centrifugation cycles from one to four, the thickness of the film increases from 180 nm to 880 nm, leading to a decrease in the laser threshold from 18.1 μJ cm -2 to 14.2 μJ cm -2 and an increase in the gain coefficient from 78.5 cm -1 to 112.7 cm -1 . When solvent annealing is employed, the gain coefficient is further increased to 122.7 cm -1 ., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Using selected sepiolite (SEP) and biochar (BC) as contrasts, we investigated the effects of a new cross-linked modified chitin (CC) on the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in soils, the yield of rice, and the absorption and accumulation of Pb and Cd in different parts of rice plants in a field environment. We hope this study provides the basis for the application of this material to improve soil fertility, and a direction for further soil improvement studies. A field experiment was carried out in 2015-2016 on selected Pb- and Cd-contaminated rice fields in Linghai, Liaoning. The changes in soil pH and available Pb and Cd in the soil were analyzed after the rice was harvested(October 2016). The effects of different treatments on the growth traits and yield of rice, the absorption of Pb and Cd by rice roots, stems and leaves, and grains were compared. The results showed that adding 167-333 kg·hm -2 CC could increase the soil pH value by 0.36-0.45 units, decreasing the contents of available Pb and Cd in the soil by 46.39%-64.01% and 29.73%-43.24% respectively ( P <0.05). This treatment significantly reduced the Pb and Cd contents in all parts of rice ( P <0.05) compared to conventional fertilization; Pb and Cd contents in different parts of rice were significantly reduced ( P <0.05) by 16.09%-38.14% and 21.22%-31.38% in the root, 19.17%-46.92% and 25.66%-45.34% in the stem and leaf, and 29.47%-58.25% and 44.75%-64.02% in the grain, respectively. The treatment of adding 333 kg·hm -2 CC (CC-2) reduced the contents of Pb and Cd in rice grains to 0.2041±0.011 mg·kg -1 and 0.1922±0.021 mg·kg -1 , respectively, which were lower than or close to the limit values of Pb and Cd in rice (0.20 mg·kg -1 ) as per GB 2762-2005. Compared to conventional fertilization, SEP treatment, and BC treatment, without adding any amendments, the yield per mu of rice under CC treatment increased by 33.6-47, 27.6-44, and 8.67-34.77 kg, respectively. The effect of CC-2 treatment on yield was the most obvious; the yield of rice per mu increased by 47 kg, and the yield increase rate was 8.59%. The ability of CC to repair soil contaminated by Pb and Cd and to reduce the contents of Pb and Cd in rice was not weaker than that of SEP and BC. The CC treatment also controlled the migration and redistribution of Pb and Cd in soil-rice systems, and significantly increased the yield of rice. It has good potential to ensure the safe production of rice.

Aim: To reveal the influence of HCV-NS5A on PI3K, we probe into the relationship between NS5A and PI3K in vitro., Methods: Full length NS5A gene of HCV was amplified by PCR, using the plasmid containing HCV full-length open reading frame (ORF) as template, and cloned into the eukaryotic expressing plasmid pcDNA3.0(-) by DNA recombination technique. The recombinant vector was identified by digestion with restriction enzymes and polymerase chain reaction and by directly sequencing. Then both the recombinant vector pcDNA3.0(-)-NS5A and the control vector pcDNA3.0(-) were transfected HepG2 cell using Lipofectamin2000., Results: Expressing NS5A was proven by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in transfected HepG2 cell. Further more we examined the PI3K protein expressed in the HepG2 cell expressing recombinant NS5A., Conclusion: NS5A can activate PI3K in vitro and its signal cascade pathway.

We studied the relationship between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and persistent vegetative state (PVS) to explore the genetics background of PVS, and evaluated the effect of ApoE gene polymorphism on lipid levels in plasma. The ApoE genotype of fifty-six patients with PVS and fifty-three controls were determined by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Plasma lipid levels were measured by using routine methods. Results demonstrated that there were five genotypes in the two groups: E3/3, E3/4, E2/2, E2/3 and E2/4. The genotype frequencies of ApoE gene in PVS were 21(37.5%), 26(46.4%), 2 (3.6%), 5(8.9%), 2(3.6%) and that in control were 37(69.8%), 7(13.2%), 2(3.8%) 5(9.4%), 2(3.8%) respectively. We compared the genotype frequencies between the two groups and found there was a significantly increase in E3/4(chi 2 = 14.236, P < 0.001) and decrease in E3/3(chi 2 = 5.348, P < 0.05). epsilon 2, epsilon 3 and epsilon 4 allele frequencies of ApoE were 11(9.8%), 73(65.2%), 28(25%) in PVS and were 11 (10.4%), 86(81.1%), 9(8.5%) in control respectively. Allele frequencies, significantly increased in epsilon 4 (chi 2 = 10.533, P < 0.001) and decreased in epsilon 3 (chi 2 = 7.022, P < 0.01). We also found that E3/4, E2/4 genotype and epsilon 4 allele can largely increase total cholesterol (TC) and lower density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in plasma, and epsilon 2 alleles also can largely increase LDL-C levels inplasma. Our finding indicates that the ApoE gene polymorphism may be in association with the PVS, and may be a factor in the genetic susceptibility to PVS in Chinese; Genotype and alleles of ApoE in PVS can affect the lipid levels in plasma.

Aim: To study the relationships between the pathogenesis of persistent vegetative state (PVS) and the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in plasmas and cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) in patients with PVS., Methods: The high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect., Results: It was found that the level of dopamine (1.95 +/- 0.99) was significantly increased in plasma compared with the control (1.16 +/- 0.47) (P < 0.05), but the levels of 5-HT, TYR, TRP, GABA of plasma were insignificantly changed. In cerebrospinal fluid, the level of DA was insignificantly changed, and the level of 5-HT (0.49 +/- 0.32) was significantly decreased compared with the control (1.02 +/- 0.35) (P < 0.05), but the levels of TYR (1.36 +/- 0.11), TRP (0.63 +/- 0.40), GABA (1.15 +/- 0.61) were significantly increased respectively compared with the controls (0.40 +/- 0.24; 0.29 +/- 0.22; 0.37 +/- 0.45) (P < 0.05; P < 0.05; P < 0.01). The levels of GABA and DA in plasma were significant correlated (P < 0.05), and GABA and DA in CSF were also significant correlated (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that PVS is related to the decrease of 5-HT in CSF and the increase of DA in plasma.