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Solid‐state structures with the superhalogen [BO2]− have thus far only been observed with a few compounds whose syntheses require high reaction temperatures and complicated procedures, while their optical properties remain almost completely unexplored. Herein, we report a facile, energy‐efficient synthesis of the first [BO2]‐based deep‐ultraviolet (deep‐UV) transparent oxide K9[B4O5(OH)4]3(CO3)(BO2) ⋅ 7H2O (KBCOB). Detailed structural characterization and analysis confirm that KBCOB possesses a rare four‐in‐one three‐dimensional quasi‐honeycomb framework, with three π‐conjugated anions ([BO2]−, [BO3]3−, and [CO3]2−) and one non‐π‐conjugated anion ([BO4]5−) in the one crystal. The evolution from the traditional halogenated nonlinear optical (NLO) analogues to KBCOB by superhalogen [BO2]− substitution confers deep‐UV transparency (<190 nm), a large second‐harmonic generation response (1.0×KH2PO4 @ 1064 nm), and a 15‐fold increase in birefringence. This study affords a new route to the facile synthesis of functional [BO2]‐based oxides, paving the way for the development of next‐generation high‐performing deep‐UV NLO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophage is a kind of immune cell which is closely related to atherosclerosis (As). With the change of internal environment, macrophage can polarize into different phenotype. Under the physiological environment, the polarization of macrophages is in dynamic balance. In the As state, the polarization balance is destroyed and the corresponding phenotypic macrophages are differentiated, which play different roles in each stage of As. The debate between Zheng and Xie exists in the whole process of As formation and development, while macrophage polarization runs through the whole stage of As syndrome differentiation and change. On account of this, this paper discusses the relationship between macrophage polarization and As based on the theory of Zheng and Xie, and propose that attention should be paid to the combination of macro and micro in the clinical prevention and treatment of As, and it can control the inflammatory response and stabilize plaque by regulating the macrophage polarization, thus providing an emerging target for the treatment of As with traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated structural and functional changes of the hippocampus in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, no studies have analyzed the dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of hippocampal subregions in melancholic MDD. We aimed to reveal the patterns for dFC variability in hippocampus subregions – including the bilateral rostral and caudal areas and its associations with cognitive impairment in melancholic MDD. Methods: Forty-two treatment-naive MDD patients with melancholic features and 55 demographically matched healthy controls were included. The sliding-window analysis was used to evaluate whole-brain dFC for each hippocampal subregions seed. We assessed between-group differences in the dFC variability values of each hippocampal subregion in the whole brain and cognitive performance on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Finally, association analysis was conducted to investigate their relationships. Results: Patients with melancholic MDD showed decreased dFC variability between the left rostral hippocampus and left anterior lobe of cerebellum compared with healthy controls (voxel p < 0.005, cluster p < 0.0125, GRF corrected), and poorer cognitive scores in working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, and social cognition (all p < 0.05). Association analysis showed that working memory was positively correlated with the dFC variability values of the left rostral hippocampus-left anterior lobe of the cerebellum (r = 0.338, p = 0.029) in melancholic MDD. Conclusions: These findings confirmed the distinct dynamic functional pathway of hippocampal subregions in patients with melancholic MDD, and suggested that the dysfunction of hippocampus-cerebellum connectivity may be underlying the neural substrate of working memory impairment in melancholic MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The targeted synthesis of deep‐ultraviolet (deep‐UV) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, especially those with non‐π‐conjugated sulfates, has experienced considerable difficulties due to the need to reconcile the oft‐competing requirements for deep‐UV transparency and strong second‐harmonic generation (SHG). We report herein the designed synthesis of the first rare‐earth metal‐based deep‐UV sulfate La(NH4)(SO4)2 by a double‐salt strategy involving introduction of complementary cations, together with optical studies that reveal a short‐wavelength deep‐UV absorption edge (below 190 nm) and the strongest SHG response among deep‐UV NLO sulfates (2.4×KDP). Theoretical calculations and crystal structure analysis suggest that the excellent balance between SHG response and deep‐UV transparency can be attributed to a synergistic interaction of the hetero‐cations La3+ and [NH4]+, which optimize alignment of the [SO4] tetrahedra and highly polarizable [LaO8] polyhedra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: H protons magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) has been used to detect the biochemical metabolism changes and the mechanism of executive dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD). While, finding information associated with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents with MDD is challenging. The present study aimed to examine the executive function and biochemical metabolism alterations, as well as to elucidate their associations in depressed adolescents with NSSI.Methods: A total of 86 adolescents with MDD (40 with NSSI, and 46 without NSSI) and 28 healthy controls were recruited in the current study. The executive function was assessed by Digital symbol test (DST), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Trail Making Test, part B (TMT-B), and Verbal fluency (VF). Bilateral metabolite levels of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), lenticular nucleus (LN) of basal ganglia and thalamus were obtained by 1H-MRS at 3.0 T, and then the ratios of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and choline-containing compounds (Cho) to creatine (Cr) were determined, respectively. Finally, association analysis was conducted to investigate their relationships.Results: The depressed adolescents with NSSI showed significantly lower VF scores than those without NSSI and healthy controls. We also found significantly higher NAA/Cr ratios in the right thalamus, while significantly lower Cho/Cr ratios in the right thalamus of NSSI group than the MDD without NSSI group and healthy controls. And NSSI group also showed lower NAA/Cr ratio in the right LN than the MDD without NSSI group. For MDD with NSSI, the NAA/Cr ratios of the left thalamus were positively correlated with the time of TMTB and the Cho/Cr ratios of the left ACC were positively correlated with the VF scores.Conclusions: Depressed adolescents with NSSI may have executive dysfunction and NAA and Cho metabolism abnormalities in the thalamus. And the NAA/Cr ratios of the right LN could distinguish NSSI from depressed adolescents. Further, the executive dysfunction may be associated with the abnormal NAA metabolism in the left thalamus and ACC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state structures with the superhalogen [BO 2 ] - have thus far only been observed with a few compounds whose syntheses require high reaction temperatures and complicated procedures, while their optical properties remain almost completely unexplored. Herein, we report a facile, energy-efficient synthesis of the first [BO 2 ]-based deep-ultraviolet (deep-UV) transparent oxide K 9 [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ] 3 (CO 3 )(BO 2 ) ⋅ 7H 2 O (KBCOB). Detailed structural characterization and analysis confirm that KBCOB possesses a rare four-in-one three-dimensional quasi-honeycomb framework, with three π-conjugated anions ([BO 2 ] - , [BO 3 ] 3- , and [CO 3 ] 2- ) and one non-π-conjugated anion ([BO 4 ] 5- ) in the one crystal. The evolution from the traditional halogenated nonlinear optical (NLO) analogues to KBCOB by superhalogen [BO 2 ] - substitution confers deep-UV transparency (<190 nm), a large second-harmonic generation response (1.0×KH 2 PO 4 @ 1064 nm), and a 15-fold increase in birefringence. This study affords a new route to the facile synthesis of functional [BO 2 ]-based oxides, paving the way for the development of next-generation high-performing deep-UV NLO materials., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The development of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials has been hindered by competing microstructure requirements: the need to simultaneously engineer a large hyperpolarizability (a large second-harmonic generation (SHG)) and a wide HOMO-LUMO gap (a wide band gap). Herein, a non-centrosymmetric transition-metal (TM) oxyfluoride K 5 (NbOF 4 )(NbF 7 ) 2 (KNOF) with an extremely high F/O ratio is constructed in high yield. KNOF exhibits an extremely wide band gap (5.88 eV) and a strong powder SHG response (4.0×KH 2 PO 4 )-both being the largest values for TM-centered oxyfluorides-as well as a birefringence sufficient for applications. The dominant roles of the partially fluorinated [NbO 2 F 4 ] and totally fluorinated [NbF 7 ] groups in achieving the enlarged band gap in KNOF have been clarified by first-principles calculations. Our results suggest that maximizing the fluorine content of oxyfluorides may unlock the promise of short-wavelength-transparent materials with exceptional NLO performance., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Study of mid-infrared (mid-IR) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials is hindered by the competing requirements of optimized second-harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient d ij and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) as well as the harsh synthetic conditions. Herein, we report facile hydrothermal synthesis of a polar NLO vanadate Cs 4 V 8 O 22 (CVO) featuring a quasi-rigid honeycomb-layered structure with [VO 4 ] and [VO 5 ] polyhedra aligned parallel. CVO possesses a wide IR-transparent window, high LIDT, and congruent-melting behavior. It has very strong phase-matchable SHG intensities in metal vanadate family (12.0 × KDP @ 1064 nm and 2.2 × AGS @ 2100 nm). First-principles calculations suggest that the exceptional SHG responses of CVO largely originate from virtual electronic transitions within [V 4 O 11 ] ∞ layer; the excellent optical transmittance of CVO arises from the special characteristics of vibrational phonons resulting from the layered structure., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)