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Cu alloys have been widely used in the manufacture of liners because of their high density, good plasticity, and excellent thermal conductivity. In order to achieve excellent jet stability and penetration performance, it is necessary to further improve the mechanical properties of Cu-based liners. Nevertheless, the simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility of the Cu alloys remains a huge challenge due to the strength–ductility trade-off phenomenon of metals/alloys. In this study, the microstructure evolution of rare earth Nd-modified Cu alloy and its effect on mechanical properties were investigated using OM, SEM, EBSD, and TEM techniques. The results show that the ultimate tensile strength (218 MPa) and elongation (50.7%) of sample 1 without Nd are the lowest. With increasing Nd content; the tensile strength and elongation of the samples increase; and the mechanical properties of sample 4 are the best, with a tensile strength of 278.6 MPa and elongation of 65.2%. In addition, with the increase in Nd content, not only is the grain size of the Cu-Nd alloy refined, but also the strength and plasticity are improved so that the strength–ductility trade-off phenomenon is improved. The strength improvement is mainly attributed to grain refinement strengthening, dispersion strengthening, and strain hardening. The increase in ductility is mainly related to the improvement of the microstructure heterogeneity by the Nd element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive fertilization, low nutrient utilization rate, and continuous deterioration of cotton field environment have adversely affected the sustainable development of cotton in Xinjiang province of China. To overcome these issues, we hypothesized that an appropriate combination of liquid organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (CF) would effectively reduce the input of CF without sacrificing the quality and yield of cotton. A 2-year field experiment explores the effects of three fertilization treatments on the growth, biomass accumulation, and yield of cotton. The three fertilization treatments, namely, no application of fertilizer (CK), the single application of CF, and the combined application of organic liquid fertilizer and CF (F0.6–F1.4), were set up in five ratios. Compared with CF treatment, the combined application of organic liquid fertilizer and CF treatments (F0.6–F1.2) speeded the growth period of cotton by 2–7 days with increased plant height, stem diameter, functional leaf width, and more number of branches, with 9.7–23.5 and 8.4–28.5% higher total plant biomass (TPB) and reproductive organs biomass (ROB), respectively. Compared with CF treatment, the rapid growth duration and maximum accumulation rate of reproductive organs were the highest in F0.8 treatment, with an average increase of 4.6 days and 20.3%. Increment in biomass accumulation contributed to an average increase of 21.8 and 18.9% in cotton boll number and yield, respectively, under F0.8 treatment. Principal component analysis shows that the total biomass, ROB, and total bolls per unit area were positively correlated with the yield, while stem diameter and vegetative organ biomass are negatively correlated with the yield. In conclusion, under film mulching with drip irrigation, organic liquid fertilizer combined with CF reduced by 20% (F0.8 treatment: N, P2O5, and K2O were 182, 104, and 76 kg hm–2, respectively) can sustain the normal growth, promote the accumulation rate of ROB, and lead to efficient cotton production.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of different machine-harvested cotton-planting patterns on defoliation, yield, and fiber quality in cotton and to provide support for improving the quality of machine-harvested cotton. In the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons, the Xinluzao 45 (XLZ45) and Xinluzao 62 (XLZ62) cultivars, which are primarily cultivated in northern Xinjiang, were used as study materials. Conventional wide-narrow row (WNR), wide and ultra-narrow row (UNR), wide-row spacing with high density (HWR), and wide-row spacing with low density (LWR) planting patterns were used to assess the effects of planting patterns on defoliation, yield, and fiber quality. Compared with WNR, the seed cotton yields were significantly decreased by 2.06–5.48% for UNR and by 2.50–6.99% for LWR, respectively. The main cause of reduced yield was a reduction in bolls per unit area. The variation in HWR yield was −1.07–1.07% with reduced bolls per unit area and increased boll weight, thus demonstrating stable production. In terms of fiber quality indicators, the planting patterns only showed significant effects on the micronaire value, with wide-row spacing patterns showing an increase in the micronaire values. The defoliation and boll-opening results showed that the number of leaves and dried leaves in HWR was the lowest among the four planting patterns. Prior to the application of defoliating agent and before machine-harvesting, the numbers of leaves per individual plant in HWR were decreased by 14.45 and 25.00% on average, respectively, compared with WNR, while the number of leaves per unit area was decreased by 27.44 and 36.21% on average, respectively. The rates of boll-opening and defoliation in HWR were the highest. Specifically, the boll-opening rate before defoliation and machine-harvesting in HWR was 44.54 and 5.94% higher on average than in WNR, while the defoliation rate prior to machine-harvesting was 3.45% higher on average than in WNR. The numbers of ineffective defoliated leaves and leaf trash in HWR were the lowest, decreased by 33.40 and 32.43%, respectively, compared with WNR. In conclusion, the HWR planting pattern is associated with a high and stable yield, does not affect fiber quality, promotes early maturation, and can effectively decrease the amount of leaf trash in machine-picked seed cotton, and thus its use is able to improve the quality of machine-harvested cotton.

C19H22O8, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 4.63150(10) Å, b = 9.4846(3) Å, c = 39.7929(11) Å, V = 1748.02(8) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0340, wRref(F2) = 0.0892, T = 150 K.

C15H22N2O2, orthorhombic, P212121a = 5.27590(10) Å, b = 10.3482(3) Å, c = 23.5372(6) Å, V = 1285.04(6) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0338, wRref(F2) = 0.0852, T = 100(1) K.

C50H92Cl2N12Ni2O14, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 25.731(5) Å, b = 9.940(2) Å, c = 26.574(5) Å, β = 114.825(4)°, V = 6169(2) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0675, wRref(F2) = 0.2209, T = 173(2) K.

In this paper, the strain energy density (SED) is used to study the over-examination to tire in flywheel test induced by pressure correction process. Flywheel test is the main method for evaluating tire durability, which cannot be measured on flat ground due to the variable road conditions. "Pressure Correction" is a necessary step in flywheel tests, but this process can lead to an over-examination of tire durability, which means the tire durability will be underestimated. However, it is impossible to obtain the tire durability from ideal flat ground test, so this paper utilizes the finite element method (FEM) to simulate the tire rolling condition on flat ground and differently sized flywheels, and the SED is used to evaluate the over-examination of tire durability in flywheel test. According to the results, a flywheel with too small diameter has a large amount of over-examination, and the amount caused by a large flywheel is acceptable. This methodology can be a guideline to assess the over-examination on different sized flywheel tests relative to the flat ground, and for the certain tire in this study, flywheels with 3–5 times the tire diameter appear to have an acceptable over-examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]