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Seed physiological quality is usually determined by the interaction between genetics and the mother tree's environment, as well as by intrinsic characteristics, such as seed mass. In the Andean highlands, massive sapling production for forest restoration projects is constrained by seed availability and quality. There, species of the genus Polylepis dominate the remnant forests. The associations of seed viability with seed mass and maternal effects were evaluated in P. flavipila, a threatened tree species endemic to the Peruvian Andes. The characteristics and environments of 18 mother trees from two sites were measured, and seed quality was assessed in three tests. Seed mass was 3.49 ± 1.76 mg (range: 0.5–16 mg) and showed the greatest variability within mother trees, followed by variability among trees and among sites. Viability rates, standard germination and greenhouse germination (2.06 ± 1.35 %, 0.59 ± 0.89 % and 0.64 ± 1.11 %; respectively) were low at both sites. These results were attributed to the presence of seeds with non-viable or absent embryos. Seed viability increased with seed mass and mother tree height, and was positively associated with number of seedlings (r = 0.56). The deficient seed viability and germination found in P. flavipila are the lowest reported for the genus. The low seed physiological quality detected is a risk factor that exacerbates the species' degree of threat, posing a challenge for sapling production. The reported associations of P. flavipila seed viability with seed mass and maternal characteristics and environment may guide the selection of better seed quality and serve as a basis for future studies on the challenges and limitations of the reproductive biology of this species.

Copyright of Urban Ecosystems is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes the life of the mine master Juan de Buendía who went to Peru in 1609 to implement the mining techniques of the Almadén mine in the mercury mining of Huancavelica. The contributions that he made are also discussed, especially in timber framing, which made it possible to improve the safety and exploitation of the mine to levels never seen before.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinchillula sahamae Thomas, 1898 is a sigmodontine rat, known to occur in southern Peru, northern Chile, and western Bolivia. In this study, we report new records of the species in the departments of Huancavelica and Junín, Peru, which extend this species’ known distribution 370 km northwest, and new records in the department of Tacna, which extend the upper elevational range of the species to 5100 m, 250 m higher than previously known. In addition, we include notes on natural history, especially nesting behaviour, based on direct observations.

Chinchillula sahamae Thomas, 1898 is a sigmodontine rat, known to occur in southern Peru, northern Chile, and western Bolivia. In this study, we report new records of the species in the departments of Huancavelica and Junín, Peru, which extend this species’ known distribution 370 km northwest, and new records in the department of Tacna, which extend the upper elevational range of the species to 5100 m, 250 m higher than previously known. In addition, we include notes on natural history, especially nesting behaviour, based on direct observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the biography of Juan de Sotomayor, an important miner who exploited some mercury mines in Huancavelica (Peru) between c.1572 and 1610. For this, in addition to documents of the time, his will, recently discovered in the Archivo Histórico Provincial of said city, is presented here for the first time. This work notably broadens the knowledge about Sotomayor, who has received little attention from researchers despite his historical importance since he was one of the main suppliers, if not the first, of the quicksilver that was used in Potosí for the amalgamation of the silver that, sent to Europe, financed the maintenance of the Spanish empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El equilibrio entre los agentes económicos de Huancavelica atravesaba una coyuntura delicada a inicios de 1660. Para ayudar a los mineros del azogue el virrey conde de Santisteban les remitió un cuantioso socorro de 232.000 pesos, pero el encargado de su gestión, el corregidor Tomás Berjón de Caviedes, no supo distribuirlo como se esperaba. El dinero se perdió en un intrincado laberinto de mineros, comerciantes y empleados de la Corona y se tardó casi dos décadas en dilucidarse qué había ocurrido. Mientras tanto, las investigaciones lanzadas fueron enrevesándose hasta casi exculpar a los responsables. En las siguientes páginas podrán leer cómo fue desfalcado este socorro, cómo se ocultaron las operaciones financieras y cómo las pesquisas y sentencias del Consejo de Indias apenas pudieron resarcir el daño que dicha pérdida ocasionaron en la economía de Huancavelica.

La administración colonial española aprovecha la mit’a, el sistema económico del Estado inka de reproducción y mantenimiento a través de un uso organizado y disciplinado de la mano de obra para la explotación y exportación de la minería azoguera. Al utilizarla, convierte a las autoridades kurakaq en caciques serviles. La transformación, no solo es administrativa sino conceptual: es una deslegitimación social y cultural, evidente en la imposición de una nueva terminología, foránea y banalizante. Al hacerlo, se pervierte la institución de los kuraka y la organización de la mit’a que los españoles utilizan para el propio provecho y el del Rey.

La explotación minera de Potosí se constituyó en la máxima preocupación del Virrey don Francisco de Toledo, quien la consideró la fuente de ingresos de la hacienda de su majestad. Para ello, diseñó sus reformas, que consolidaban el gobierno y disciplinamiento indigena y organizaban los repartimientos para proveer al centro minero de un flujo constante de mano de obra. Más allá de ello, el abastecimiento de mercurio constituyó otro de los esfuerzos organizativos del virrey, quien conocía la dependencia de la nueva metodología de amalgamación del flujo sostenido del azogue. De una presentación judicial de los indios de Moromoro (corregimiento de Chayanta, Charcas) se patentiza la forma que eligió Toledo para fundar la Compañía del Trajín de Azogues cuyo objetivo era garantizar el flujo continuo de mercurio a Potosí. Esta investigación devela la centralidad de los repartimientos indígenas y su rol en el proceso de dominación, esta vez como prestamistas del capital necesario a la fundación de la Compañía del Trajín.

El presente trabajo de investigación titulado “Educación de la Mujer Campesina en la Región de Huancavelica”, contiene la visión objetiva de la realidad de la mujer del campo como una persona sin probabilidades a progresar y el estudio de las grandes inequidades en términos de sexo, origen étnico, educación, lugar de residencia y acceso a servicios básicos e infraestructural, una niña que nace en la zona rural tiene cuatro veces más posibilidades de ser pobre y tres veces más de no terminar la secundaria en comparación con una menor que nace en las grandes ciudades. La investigación también muestra que la región andina del Perú y de América Latina, existen mayores niveles de desigualdad, el trabajo es de tipo básico descriptiva – sustantiva, mediante el análisis de corte longitudinal.

En este artículo se muestra la aparición y culto de un cristo milagroso en una comunidad de Huancavelica. Dicha aparición se dio en el contexto de la evangelización religiosa en los Andes durante el periodo colonial. Además se presentan las bases sociales y simbólicas de dicha aparición y se la compara con otros “cristos” de la región.

The José María Arguedas' grass mouse, Akodon josemariarguedasi, is currently known from the central Yungas of Peru, ranging from the right (south) side of the Río Huallaga in Huánuco Department (in the north) to Junín Department (in the south); its phylogenetic affinities are unknown. We collected four specimens from Quintao, Tayacaja, Huancavelica Department allocated to this species, extending the species range 144 km farther south from its previous known distribution; and inferred the phylogenetic relationships of this species within the aerosus species group based on molecular analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. We confirm that A. josemariarguedasi is a member of the aerosus species group and it is a sister taxon to Akodon mollis "Ancash" and then to Akodon torques. Also, we found that Akodon kotosh is closely related to Akodon orophilus, and not A. josemariarguedasi. Finally, we confirm that Akodon budini and Akodon siberiae are also members of the aerosus species group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se evaluaron quince estaciones de muestreo en quebradas y ríos en el área de influencia del gasoducto de PERÚ LNG en los departamentos de Ica y Huancavelica, para ello se tomaron parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua y se colectaron macroinvertebrados acuáticos. Los resultados de los parámetros fisicoquímicos fueron aceptables para el desarrollo de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos, con valores de oxígeno disuelto por debajo de la normativa legal en los ríos Matagente y Pisco, durante la época seca (Mayo, 2010), donde también los macroinvertebrados acuáticos estuvieron compuestos por 34 taxones, con una abundancia total de 3671 organismos/m2, a diferencia de la época húmeda (Noviembre, 2010), donde los macroinvertebrados acuáticos estuvieron compuestos por 26 taxones, con una abundancia total de 1623 organismos/m2. Los organismos más representativos fueron los artrópodos, principalmente aquellos perteneciente a la clase Insecta. Las estaciones ubicadas entre los 3985 y 4210 msnm presentaron una mayor riqueza de taxones, debido a que presentaron condiciones más apropiadas para el desarrollo de la comunidad bentónica, como concentraciones óptimas de oxígeno disuelto y mayor diversidad de sustratos. Según el Índice Biótico Andino (ABI), la calidad del agua varió de malo a bueno para ambas épocas. Además del derecho de vía del ducto de gas, los impactos observados en el área de estudio fueron la ganadería, la agricultura, los pasivos mineros y las descargas orgánicas de los centros poblados ubicados en las riberas de los cuerpos acuáticos evaluados.

The biological monitoring of Cerro del Águila Hydroelectric Plant was developed as part of the commitments assumed in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which was approved through the Directorial Resolution No. 049-2013-MEM/AAE in August of 2013. The study area is located in Colcabamba and Surcubamba districts, Tayacaja province, Huancavelica department, corresponding to the Mantaro River Valley. Fieldwork was carried out between 2013 and 2016, during the wet and dry seasons of each year. As a result of this study, three species report extensions in their ranges of distribution: the White-Ear Buco (Nystalus chacuru), the Pearl Belly-Tyrant-Todi (Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer) and the Red-crested Finch (Coryphospingus cucullatus). These are species whose records in this area show variations in frequency and abundance between seasons and type of vegetation, possible related to the construction phase of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the history of relations between the Peruvian Marxist left wing and their radical peasant faction during the years of the military dictatorship (1968-1980). In this context we focus on the social networks and the political ties that defined the options for compromise or for rupture and war. In particular, we follow the political career of Justo Gutierrez Poma, an outstanding leader of the Federación Departamental de Comuneros y Campesinos de Huancavelica (FEDECCH) and the Frente de Defensa del Pueblo (FDP). The search for a revolutionary path on the part of this leader brings together and condenses the various options that the leftist radicalism expressed at the time.

A checklist of grasses (Poaceae) from Huancavelica is presented consisting of seven subfamilies, 21 tribes, 74 genera, 255 species, two sub species, eight varieties, two forms and a hybrid. The checklist consolidates the agrostologic flora from the Huancavelica region. Sources range from years of field collections to consultations from Peruvian herbaria. Records are supported by vouchers, of which, the majority are accessible via searchable databases and published references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente trabajo estudia la introducción y el desarrollo del sistema de libre trabajo en la minería de Huancavelica, también conocido como sistema de pallaqueo. A la altura de 1790, las medidas borbónicas encaminadas al estímulo de la industria minera huancavelicana no habían tenido éxito. Como último recurso se concedió el permiso general de pallaqueo. Con éste la producción se incrementó brevemente, pero pronto comenzó a decrecer y se situó en niveles muy bajos. La revitalización del centro minero precisaba de importantes inversiones que no tuvieron lugar.

La fibra de alpaca es uno de los productos finales de la crianza de distintos tipos de ganado, pero la región es netamente reconocida como zona alpaquera, por lo cual la venta de fibra de alpaca es una de las fuentes permanentes de ingresos para estas familias andinas. No obstante, como es sabido, la fibra de alpaca tiene bajos precios en el mercado local debido a los bajos niveles de calidad, la presencia de intermediarios y una débil organización entre algunos de los factores limitantes.

Through the study of the manuals of mineralogy and metallurgy written by Alonso Barba, a lay priest residing in Potosi, and Miguel de Monsalve, a Dominican residing in Lima, this article sets out to analyse a series of ideas concerning alchemy which circulated in Peru in the 17th century and to study the ways in which they were introduced and developed in the viceroyalty. In more general terms, the study aims at analysing the establishment of a corpus of mining knowledge in colonial Peru and the mechanisms of its transmission.

Se analizan, en estas páginas, los principales problemas técnicos, financieros, laborales y productivos que, en las primeras décadas del siglo XVIII, afectaron a la explotación de la mina de azogues de Huancavelica, así como las valiosas iniciativas desarrolladas por el Gobernador y Superintendente de la Mina, Marqués de Casa Concha, en aplicación de las disposiciones reales para reforma de los mismos.

We describe a new species of Telmatobius from the Pacific slopes of the Andes in central Peru. Specimens were collected at 3900 m elevation near Huaytará, Huancavelica, in the upper drainage of the Pisco river. The new species has a snout–vent length of 52.5 ± 1.1 mm (49.3–55.7 mm, n = 6) in adult females, and 48.5 mm in the single adult male. The new species has bright yellow and orange coloration ventrally and is readily distinguished from all other central Peruvian Andean species of Telmatobius but T. intermedius by having vomerine teeth but lacking premaxillary and maxillary teeth, and by its slender body shape and long legs. The new species differs from T. intermedius by its larger size, flatter head, and the absence of cutaneous keratinized spicules (present even in immature females of T. intermedius), and in males by the presence of minute, densely packed nuptial spines on dorsal and medial surfaces of thumbs (large, sparsely packed nuptial spines in T. intermedius). The hyper-arid coastal valleys of Peru generally support low species richness, particularly for groups such as aquatic breeding amphibians. The discovery of a new species in this environment, and along a major highway crossing the Andes, shows that much remains to be done to document amphibian diversity in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the Peruvian mining industry of mercury or azogue in the nineteenth century.Mercury was a crucial component for Andean and Mexican silver mining during colonialtimes and still in the first century of Republican Peru. However, it was not the booming industrythat occurred at the end of the sixteenth century, in the second half of the seventeenth, and at thesecond half of the eighteenth century with production peaks at 13 000, 8000 and 7000 quintalsper year. During the nineteenth century it was rather a relative modest industry («not always rising») but also had moments of peak and decline. The article discusses production figures from the1950 by engineers Fernandez Concha, Yates, and Kent, with new statistics coming from archivalsources, which shows important regional levels of production and articulation with silver miningcenters such as Cerro de Pasco. The article also shows that mercury production was not limitedto the old colonial Huancavelica mine of Santa Bárbara but to other areas in the Huancavelicaregion, such as Angaraes and Lircay, or beyond Hunacavelica, such as Chonta in Cerro de Pascoor even Chachapoyas. It also focuses on the conflictive dynamics that mining production meantfor criollo business people, the government, merchants, and indigenous workers. There wereseveral business efforts to revitalize the mine of Santa Bárbara as well as to invest in Huancavelicamercury mining in combination with government initiatives and actions, but it is also clear theaction of mercury merchants, rescatires, who many times rather dealt with workers and humachis,independent laborers or small entrepreneurs, many times Andean Quechua peasants, who ratherbenefitted during the down cycles in mercury production. Finally, after analyzing this particularindustry, the author reflects on the meaning of economic development and historical studies tocriticize U.S. economic historians such as Stephen Haber (from Stanford University) and JohnCoatsworth (from Columbia University) and their view that Latin American countries have to«catch-up» with the capitalist development in the United States and Western Europe, as well aspost-modern and cultural studies which deny the materiality of human life.

Este artículo se propone rescatar la historia de la minería de azogue de Huancavelica en el periodo de la posindependencia. Para ello reseñamos los esfuerzos realizados para volver a explotar masivamente la mina de azogue que alguna vez fuera considerada "la joya de la corona" española. En su época de mayor producción, entre finales del siglo XVI y mediados del XVII, surtió de dicho insumo a los dos grandes virreinatos americanos. Pero durante el siglo XIX, Perú debió importar azogue ante la falencia de la producción local. En general, los intentos de reflotar la mina fracasaron, y no volvió a tener una producción en gran escala hasta 1915. El artículo indaga en las razones de tal fracaso, apuntando hacia los factores institucionales que bloquearon el flujo de inversiones hacia la recuperación de Huancavelica. Se difundió en cambio otro tipo de minería: la de los humaches o mineros indígenas, que mantuvieron una producción de mercurio en cantidades no desdeñables durante el siglo XIX, y bloquearon la entrada de la "minería moderna" por un siglo.

This article considers the development of the pallaqueo, a free-labor system for mining in the town of Huancavelica in Peru during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The author examines the failed strategies used by the Spanish monarchy to promote mining activities in the town, resorting to the pallaqueo as a final option. He also analyzes the impact of the pallaqueo system on mining production, which saw a small increase, but soon after fell into stagnation. He contends that although large funds from colonial governments in the region were necessary for the mining industry to survive, they were never provided.

Three specific dimensions of potato land use were researched to gain insights into possible contemporary changes affecting the in situ conservation of potato genetic resources: land use tendencies, rotation designs and their intensity, and sectoral fallowing systems. The main research method involved participatory cartography combined with in-depth consultation through interviews and focus group meetings with members of eight Andean highland communities. Land use tendencies between 1995 and 2005 show that the total cropping area dedicated to improved cultivars has grown fast whereas the area reserved for native-floury and native-bitter cultivars has remained more or less stable. Reduced fallow periods for existing fields and the gradual incorporating of high-altitude virgin pasture lands sustain areal growth. Although areas of improved cultivars are proportionally growing fastest at extremely high altitudes between 3900 and 4350 m, overall cropping intensity or fallowing rates are inversely related to altitude. No evidence of a straightforward replacement of one cultivar category by another was found. Inquiry into the dynamics of sectoral fallow systems over a 30-year period evidences the gradual disintegration and abandonment of these systems rich in cultivar diversity. Where sectoral rotation designs survive, local innovations have been adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botanical species and morphological and genetic diversity represent different yet linked units of conservation. These features, and their spatial distribution in the central Peruvian Andean highlands of Huancavelica, were used as a basis for characterizing and quantifying potato agrobiodiversity at different scales. Results show that individual farm households maintain high levels of cultivar, morphological, and genetic diversity. At the regional level, all cultivated species, with the exception of Solanum ajanhuiri, were found to be present. Tetraploid native potatoes were most abundant, followed by diploids, triploids, and pentaploids. Morphological characterization of 2481 samples belonging to 38 in situ collections resulted in the identification of 557 unique cultivars. Genetic fingerprinting of 989 samples belonging to 8 in situ collections resulted in the identification of 406 unique cultivars. The principal source of genetic variation is found within rather than between geographically distanced subpopulations. High levels of cultivar diversity are found, particularly at elevations between 3850 and 4150 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an analysis of three historical forms of political subjectivity in South-Central Peru: the montoneros, the gamonales and the post-conflict politicos. Based upon a historical sociology of puna–valley relations, the article suggests that subjectivities should be read not as emanating from either side of the racialised misti– Indio divide, but instead as fractals of this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]