Search

Several collections of Calostoma (Calostomataceae, Boletales) from the south of China were investigated using morphology, and molecular phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the nuc 28S rDNA D1-D2 domains (28S), and the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Two species of the genus are recognized, one is the previously described taxon, C. areolatum, the other, C. sinocinnabarinum, is described as new: Detailed descriptions, color photos of fresh basidiomata and line-drawings of microstructures of the two taxa are presented.

Two new rare trachylobane euphoratones A-B (1-2), together with five known diterpenoids (compounds 3-7), were isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia atoto. Their structures were unambiguously elucidated through HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis. Compounds 1, 3, 4 and 7 showed weak anti-inflammatory activities (IC50 77.49 ± 6.34, 41.61 ± 14.49, 16.00 ± 1.71 and 33.41 ± 4.52 μM, respectively), compared to the positive control quercetin (IC50 15.23 ± 0.65 μM).

Calostoma areolatum Y.H. Ma, B. Zhang & Y. Li, Sydowia 70: 230, 2018 (Figs. 2a���c, 3, 5a���c) Description:��� Basidiomata stalked. Peridium subglobose or globose, 1.4���1.5 cm in diam. Exoperidium composed of many, dark brown (2E3), cone-shaped or pyramid-shaped warts or appendages of varying sizes, which occasionally fall off with age. Mesoperidium absent. Endoperidium brown (3E5), with many polygonal grids on the surface when mature. Ostiolum star-shaped, teeth 4���6, yellow (4A5) when young, vermilion (9B7) when mature, exposing a white spore bag. Spore-sac yellowish (1A2), membranous, 0.5 cm in diam, with yellowish (1A2) power, connected to the ostiolum. Stipe strongly developed, central, 2.5���4 �� 1.2 cm; surface gelatinous, dark brown (4E7), composed of many regularly arranged and occasional branching longitudinal cords. Basidiospores [360/18/6] (13.5���)14���20(���20.5) �� (14���)14.5���20 ��m, Q = (0.93���)0.94���1.05(���1.06), Qm = 1.00 �� 0.03 (including ornamentation), [360/18/6] (7���)8.5���12 �� (7���)8.5���12 ��m, Q = (0.92���)0.94���1.05(���1.09), Qm = 1.00 �� 0.03 (excluding ornamentation), globose, petal-like under light microscope, petals consist of many vertical lines under SEM, hyaline to pale yellow in KOH. Basidia not seen. Exoperidium hyphae sparsely branched, gelatinized, pale yellow in KOH; terminal cells 31���68 �� 12���16 ��m, slightly thick-walled (0.2���0.4 ��m). Endoperidium hyphae hyaline to yellowish in KOH, occasionally branched; terminal cells 23���110 �� 3���4 ��m, thick-walled (1���3 ��m). Stipe hyphae composed of two layers; hyphae in the first layer pale yellow, with terminal cells measuring14���50 �� 4���10 ��m, thick-walled (2���5 ��m); hyphae in the second layer hyaline, with terminal cells measuring 10���99 �� 3���4.5 ��m, slightly thick-walled (0.4 ��m), occasionally with hyaline granular appendages. Clamp connections occasionally observed in endoperidium hyphae. Habitat:���Gregarious or scattered on yellow soil (pH4.8) in forests dominated by Lithocarpus spp. Known distribution:��� Fujian, Jiangxi (Liu et al. 2018) and Hainan Provinces of China. Specimens examined:��� CHINA. Hainan Province: Limushan of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, elev. 750 m, 27 July 2017, N. K . Zeng 3128, 3132, 3135, 3137 (FHMU2089, 2093, 2096, 2098); Yinggeling of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, elev. 800 m, 26 June 2013, N. K . Zeng1199 (FHMU765)., Published as part of Xu, Chang, Liang, Zhi-Qun, Jiang, Shuai, Zhang, Ping, Huang, Sheng-Zhuo & Zeng, Nian- Kai, 2022, Notes on two species of Calostoma (Calostomataceae, Boletales) from the south of China, pp. 49-61 in Phytotaxa 533 (1) on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5973886, {"references":["Liu, L. N., Razaq, A., Atri, N., Bau, T., Belbahri, L., Bouket, A. C., Chen, L. P., Deng, C., Ilyas, S., Khalid, A. N., Kitaura, M. J., Kobayashi, T., Li, Y., Lorenz, A. P., Ma, Y. H., Malysheva, E., Malysheva, V., Nuytinck, J., Qiao, M., Saini, M. K., Scur, M. C., Sharma, S., Shu, L. L., Spirin, V., Tanaka, Y., Tojo, M., Uzuhashi, S., Valerio-Junior, C., Verbeken, A., Verma, B., Wu, R. H., Xu, J. P,. Yu, Z. F., Zeng, H., Zhang, B., Banerjee, A., Beddiar, A., Bordallo, J. J., Dafri, A., Dima, B., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Lorenzini, M., Mandal, R., Morte, A., Nath, P. S., Papp, V., Pavlik, J., Rodriguez, A., Sevcikova, H., Urban, A., Voglmayr, H. & Zapparoli, G. (2018) Fungal Systematics and Evolution: FUSE 4. Sydowia 70: 211 - 286."]}

Calostoma sinocinnabarinum N.K. Zeng, Chang Xu & Zhi Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Figs. 2d–f, 4, 5d–f) MycoBank: MB841417 Etymology:—Latin “ sin -” meaning China, holotype locality; “ cinnabarinum ” meaning the surface of peridium colored with a red tint. Diagnosis:—Characterized by a gelatinous, orange-red to fiery red peridium, a pale orange stipe, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with prominent reticulations, and a distribution in Asia. Holotype:— CHINA. Hunan Province: Yizhang County, Mangshan National Nature Reserve, 112°93′21″E, 24°95′67″71 N, elev. 1200 m, 29 July 2019, N. K. Zeng 4157 (FHMU3739). GenBank accession numbers: 28 S = OK147440, ITS = OK157459. Description:— Basidiomata stalked. Peridium subglobose or globose, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam. Exoperidium gelatinous, hyaline, with jelly-like and seed-like appendages when mature, finally falling off. Mesoperidium reddish orange (6A7) when young, then pale brown; surface nearly smooth, then cracked into irregular blocky lobes, finally falling off. Endoperidium red (6B8) to fiery red, velvet. Ostiolum vermilion (9B7), with upraised ridges, star-shaped, teeth 5–8, covered by the exoperidium and mesoperidium when young, exposed when mature. Stipe strongly developed, central, up to 1.8 cm long, about 2 cm wide, consisting of many lines extending from the bottom of the peridium and wrapped by the colloidal exoperidium. Basidiospores [220/11/4] 10–15(–16) × (8.5–)9–12(–13) μm, Q = (1.00–)1.04–1.50(–1.61), Qm = 1.25 ± 0.14 (including ornamentation), [220/11/4] (7–)8–13(–13.5) × (6–)6.5–9(–9.5) μm, Q = (1.00–)1.06–1.63 (–1.86), Qm = 1.34 ± 0.19 (excluding ornamentation), broadly ellipsoid, with prominent reticulations, hyaline to pale yellow in KOH. Basidia not seen, disintegrating when mature. Exoperidium hyphae long, sparsely branched, gelatinized, hyaline to yellowish in KOH; terminal cells 12–85 × 2–3 μm, thick-walled (1–2 μm). Mesoperidium hyphae yellowish brown in KOH, occasionally branched, with yellowish brown, granular appendages; terminal cells 15–50 × 5–7 μm, slightly thick-walled (0.7–0.9 μm). Stipe hyphae composed of two layers; hyphae in the first layer lemon yellow, with terminal cells measuring 30–65 × 5–8.5 μm, thick-walled (1.5–2 μm); hyphae in the second layer hyaline to pale yellow, with terminal cells measuring 12–49 × 2–4 μm, slightly thick-walled (about 0.4 μm). Clamp connections observed in exoperidium hyphae and the second layer of stipe hyphae. Habitat:—Gregarious on dark brown soil (pH 5.5) in mixed forests of Lithocarpus spp. and Pinus kwangtungensis Chun ex Tsiang. Known distribution:—Central China (Hunan Province); eastern China (Jiangxi Province). Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Hunan Province: Yizhang County, Mangshan National Nature Reserve, elev. 1200 m, 20 July 2013, S. Z . Huang s.n. (FHMU1007); same location, 29 July 2019, N. K . Zeng 4164, 4167 (FHMU3732, 3818). Jiangxi Province: Wuyi Mountain, Tongmuguan, elev. 1080 m, 14 October 1993, M . Zang s.n. (HKAS27132).

A picrotoxane-type sesquiterpene, dendroterpene E (1), together with five benzene derivatives (2–6), were isolated from the stems of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 was a new picrotoxane-type sesquiterpene with a C-9/C-1/O/C-11 oxetane ring, which was first encountered in this type of compounds. Compounds 1–3 exhibited inhibitory activities against α-glycosidase.

Genus Calcipotamon gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D878905F-653F-48BC-A4B1-0568766AC8C8 (Chinese name: ḂĪäǟ] (Figs. 1–3, 5) Type species. Calcipotamon puglabrum gen. nov. et sp. nov., by current designation. Diagnosis. Carapace broader than long, smooth allover, generally convex (Fig. 1); epigastric cristae smooth, low (Fig. 1); external orbital tooth prominent, sharp, separated from anterolateral margin by gap (Fig. 1). Median lobe of epistome broadly triangular (Fig. 2A). Maxilliped III with relatively broad ischium, exopod reaching beyond anterior edge of ischium, flagellum very short to absent (Fig. 3A). Cheliped palm surface smooth (Figs. 1, 3 F–G). Ambulatory legs very slender (Fig. 1). Male anterior thoracic sternum relatively narrow, width 1.5 × length (Fig. 2B). Male pleon narrowly triangular (Fig. 2C). Female pleon ovate (Fig. 4E). G1 generally slender, terminal segment elongated with basal flap (Fig. 3 C–E, H–I). G2 with long flagellum-like terminal segment (Fig. 3B). Female vulva positioned closely to one another, ovate, medium-sized, with relatively wide outer rim, reaching sternite suture V/VI but not VI/VII (Fig. 2F). Etymology. The genus name is an arbitrary combination of Latin calcium and the type genus of Potamidae, Potamon. It alludes to the limestone habitat of the type species. Gender: neuter. Distribution. Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Hainan Island, China. Remarks. Calcipotamon gen. nov. is included in Potamiscinae sensu Yeo & Ng (2004). Although superficially similar to Neotiwaripotamon, the new genus can be separated by the smooth carapace (Fig. 1) (versus anterolateral and sub-orbital regions rugose, sub-hepatic and posterolateral striated in Neotiwaripotamon), low and smooth postorbital cristate (Fig. 1) (versus sharp in Neotiwaripotamon; Dai 1999: plate IV. figs. 2, 3), very short or absent flagellum of the maxilliped III exopod (Fig. 3A) (versus medium-length flagellum in Neotiwaripotamon; Dai 1999: fig. 40 (1), fig. 41 (1)), smooth cheliped palm surface (Fig. 1) (versus granulated in Neotiwaripotamon), very slender ambulatory legs (Fig. 1) (versus relatively stouter in Neotiwaripotamon; Dai 1999: plate IV. fig. 2, 3) and terminal segment of G1 with large basal flap (Figs. 3 C–E, H–I) (versus absent in Neotiwaripotamon; Dai 1999: figs. 40 (4), (5), 41 (4), (5)). Calcipotamon gen. nov. is similar to Hainanpotamon in terms of G1 morphology, but can be immediately separated by its less swollen carapace (Fig. 1) (very convex in Hainanpotamon; Yeo & Naruse 2007: fig. 1), smooth carapace (Fig. 1, 2A) (Sub-orbital, sub-hepatic and pterygostomial granulated in Hainanpotamon; Yeo & Naruse 2007: fig. 1B), very short or absent flagellum of the maxilliped III exopod (Fig. 3A) (versus long flagellum in Hainanpotamon; Yeo & Naruse 2007: fig. 2A), epistome median lobe broadly triangular (Fig. 2A) (versus very broadly rounded in Hainanpotamon; Yeo & Naruse 2007: fig. 1B), relatively wider anterior thoracic sternum, width around 1.5 × length (Fig. 2B) (versus anterior thoracic sternites narrow in Hainanpotamon, width around 1.3 × length; Yeo & Naruse 2007: fig. 2D), slender legs (Fig. 1) (versus stout in Hainanpotamon; Yeo & Naruse 2007: fig. 1A). Calcipotamon gen. nov. is also morphologically similar to Tiwaripotamon, but can be separated by the broadly triangular epistome median lobe (Fig. 2A) (versus very broadly rounded in Tiwaripotamon; Do et al. 2016: fig. 3B, 4B, 5B), narrowly triangular pleon (Fig. 2C) (versus broadly triangular in Tiwaripotamon; Dai 1999: fig. 184 (2), fig. 185 (2)) and terminal segment of G1 with large basal flap (versus small to no flap in Tiwaripotamon; Do et al. 2016: fig. 2A–F; Dai 1999: figs. 184 (4), (5), 185 (4), (5)).

Calcipotamon puglabrum gen. nov. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 48E1B266-D473-4754-ABE1-BF56FCEDBDC [Chinese name: ÄẌṘĀae] (Figs. 1–3, 5) Type material. Holotype: SYSBM 001961, male (31.6 × 24.5 mm), Wangxia Village (19.00°N, 109.15°E), Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Hainan Province, China, rock crevice in karst forest, 600-900 m a.s.l., coll. C. Huang, June, 2019. Paratypes: SYSBM 001962, male (30.3 × 23.8 mm), same data as holotype. SYSBM 001963-001964, 2 females (39.7 × 30.9 mm, 31.5 × 24.6 mm), same data as holotype. AM P.104569, male (29.3 × 22.6 mm), same data as holotype. AM P.104570, female (30.4 × 23.7 mm), same data as holotype. Description. Carapace broader than long, width 1.3 × length (n = 6), regions indistinct. Dorsal surface smooth, finely pitted, convex (Fig. 1). Front deflexed, margin slightly ridged in dorsal view (Fig. 1). Epigastric cristae low, blunt, divided by a narrow gap (Figs. 1, 2A). Postorbital cristae smooth, very low (Fig. 1). Branchial regions swollen; cervical groove very shallow; mesogastric region convex (Fig. 1). External orbital tooth prominent, sharp, triangular with almost straight outer margins, separated from anterolateral margin by gap (Figs. 1, 2A). Epibranchial tooth blunt (Figs. 1, 2A). Anterolateral margin cristate, lined with smoothly fused granules. Posterolateral surface smooth (Fig. 1). Orbits large, supraorbital and infraorbital margins ridged, smooth (Figs. 1, 2A). Sub-orbital, subhepatic and pterygostomial regions divided by sutures; surfaces smooth (Fig. 2A). Epistome median lobe broadly triangular, lateral margins sinuous (Fig. 2A). Maxilliped III merus width about 1.1 × length; ischium width about 0.7 × length; merus subtrapezoidal with median depression; ischium subtrapezoidal, with distinct median sulcus, mesial margin rounded; exopod reaching to proximal one-fifth of merus height, flagellum very short to absent (Fig. 3A). Chelipeds (pereiopod I) unequal (Figs. 1, 3 F–G). Merus trigonal in cross section, margins weakly crenulated, surfaces generally smooth (Figs. 1, 2A). Carpus with sharp spine at inner-distal angle, spinule at base, surfaces smooth (Fig. 1). Major cheliped palm length about 1.5–1.6 × height in males (n = 2), 1.5–1.7 × in females (n = 3); dactylus 0.9–1.0 × palm length in both males (n = 2) and females (n = 3) (Fig. 3 F–G). Palm surface smooth, pitted. Occlusal margin of fingers lined with large and small blunt, round teeth; small gape when closed (Fig. 3 F–G). Pereiopods II–V (first to fourth ambulatory legs) slender, smooth. Pereiopod III merus 0.9 × carapace length in males (n = 3) and females (n = 2). Pereiopods V propodus 3.8–4.0 × as long as broad in males (n = 3), and 4.0–4.1 × in females (n = 3), shorter than dactylus (Fig. 1). Male thoracic sternum generally smooth, pitted; sternites I–IV relatively narrow, width 1.5 × as length. Sternites I, II fused, forming a subtriangular structure; sternites II, III fused, separated by a deep transverse sulcus; sternites III, IV fused, with inconspicuous sulcus (Fig. 2B). Male sterno-pleonal cavity reaching anteriorly to level of midlength of chelipeds coxae base (Fig. 2B); median longtitudinal groove separating sternites VII, VIII deep (Fig. 2D). Male pleonal locking tubercle positioned posterior to mid-length of sternites V (Fig. 2D). Female vulva ovate, medium-sized, with relatively wide outer rim, reaching sternite suture V/VI but not VI/VII; positioned closely to one another, orientation slightly oblique to the longitudinal axis of pleon (Fig. 2F). Pleon narrowly triangular in males (Fig. 2C) and broadly ovate in females (Fig. 2E). Male pleonites III–VI progressively narrower, lateral margins almost straight; pleonite VI 2.1 × as broad as long; telson 1.4 × as broad as long, with blunt apex (Fig. 2C). G1 generally slender, reaching beyond the pleonal locking tubercle but not to sternites IV/V suture in situ (Fig. 2D). Subterminal segment 2.7–2.9 × as long as terminal segment (n=3), tapering anteriorly, inner margin slightly convex to convex, outer margin slightly concave. Terminal segment elongated, basal region curved anterolaterally, apex pointed anteriorly, with large rounded basal flap and sharp tip (Fig. 3 C–E, H–I). G2 subterminal segment 1.7–1.9 × as long as the flagellum-like terminal segment (n=3) (Fig. 3B). Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of Latin “purpura” and “glaber”, which means purple and smooth. The name is used as a noun in apposition. Colour in life. Generally dark purple. Joints of chelipeds and ambulatory legs, orbit margins, posterior margin of epistome and upper inner margins of pterygostomial regions orange (Fig. 5A). Habitat. This terrestrial species is found from a karstic mountain where they hide in the water-filled crevices of limestone outcrop formed by weathering (Fig. 5B). Suitable crevices were almost all occupied by at least one crab at the type locality. The new species possesses slender legs which give it increased climbing abilities and mobility on land, which is likely an adaptation to the volatile nature of their preferred habitat and their predatory nature. One specimen was found residing inside a water-filled tree hole, suggesting some plasticity in habitat choice. Several ovigerous females were found during our collection in June but were released after inspection. No other potamids were observed at the type locality. Remarks. See remarks for genus. Distribution. Wangxia Village, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Hainan, China.