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Introduction GBM is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of 15-21 months despite aggressive therapy consisting of maximal safe surgical resection, radiotherapy, [...], Glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive brain malignancy with a cellular hierarchy dominated by GBM stem cells (GSCs), evades antitumor immunity through mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. Like most cancers, GBMs undergo metabolic reprogramming toward glycolysis to generate lactate. Here, we show that lactate production by patient-derived GSCs and microglia/macrophages induces tumor cell epigenetic reprogramming through histone lactylation, an activating modification that leads to immunosuppressive transcriptional programs and suppression of phagocytosis via transcriptional upregulation of CD47, a "don't eat me" signal, in GBM cells. Leveraging these findings, pharmacologic targeting of lactate production augments efficacy of anti-CD47 therapy. Mechanistically, lactylated histone interacts with the heterochromatin component chromobox protein homolog 3 (CBX3). Although CBX3 does not possess direct lactyltransferase activity, CBX3 binds histone acetyltransferase (HAT) EP300 to induce increased EP300 substrate specificity toward lactyl-CoA and a transcriptional shift toward an immunosuppressive cytokine profile. Targeting CBX3 inhibits tumor growth by both tumor cell-intrinsic mechanisms and increased tumor cell phagocytosis. Collectively, these results suggest that lactate mediates metabolism-induced epigenetic reprogramming in GBM that contributes to CD47-dependent immune evasion, which can be leveraged to augment efficacy of immuno-oncology therapies.

Rare earth (RE) ions are important dopants to modulate semiconductor properties because of their abundant energy levels. Herein, a simple Er–Yb co-doping strategy was developed to enhance the near-infrared optoelectronic properties of SnS2 nanosheets. The constructed device based on Er–Yb co-doping SnS2 has a detectivity of ∼4.97 × 108 Jones at 980 nm. The enhanced photoresponse of the doped system at 980 nm could be attributed to the upconversion behavior of the Er–Yb ion pairs. The Yb3+ ions as sensitizers significantly enhance the upconversion emission and near-infrared photoresponse properties of the material. The energy transfer from Yb3+ to Er3+ ions can occur between different layers of co-doping nanosheets by investigating the properties of the constructed SnS2:Er/SnS2:Yb homojunction nanosheets. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Er or Yb doping introduces slight structural and charge distribution changes owing to the similarity in the metal–atom coordination structure between SnS2 and RE sulfide. Our study demonstrates that RE doping is an effective way to improve the near-infrared photoresponse of 2D materials and clarifies the relationship between luminescence and photoelectric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing urban spatial form has become an important research topic for promoting urban sustainable development and improving energy efficiency. This study selects 164 high-rise residential blocks in the Changsha area as the research object and constructs three multi-objective optimization frameworks and mathematical models for the spatial form of high-rise residential blocks based on the Rhino and Grasshopper parametric platform. The TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation method is combined to further screen the Pareto front solutions, and global sensitivity analysis of spatial form parameters is conducted using Simlab to explore the multi-objective optimization strategies for the spatial form of high-rise residential blocks in the Changsha area, guided by energy performance. Practical cases are selected for verification. The results show that, (1) after multi-objective optimization, the optimal scheme for the determinant type reduces EUI by 7.22%, increases PVP by 28.84%, and reduces CGR by 2.21%. The optimal scheme for the point-cluster type reduces EUI by 3.80%, increases PVP by 7.34%, and reduces CGR by 2.30%. The optimal scheme for the staggered type reduces EUI by 6.66%, increases PVP by 17.65%, and reduces CGR by 2.26%. (2) The potential order of spatial form optimization for the three types of high-rise residential blocks in the Changsha area is determinant type > staggered type > point-cluster type. (3) The spatial form parameters most sensitive to the three architectural performance goals of EUI, PVP, and CGR are floor area ratio and average number of floors. The research results will provide quantifiable references for scientific decision-making in the design practice of high-rise residential blocks in the Changsha area and even in regions with hot summers and cold winters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particle size of hard carbon used as an anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) directly affects critical physical properties, including specific surface area and conductivity of the electrode, thereby influencing the electrode's sodium storage performance. However, related research is limited. In this work, lignite‐derived hard carbons with various particle sizes were investigated as anode materials for SIBs. The electrochemical performance and Na+ diffusion capability were evaluated. The results show that smaller particle sizes in hard carbon anodes lead to reduced mesopore volumes, specific surface areas, and coating densities, which effectively improve cycle stability, initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), and rate capability of the electrode. Specifically, hard carbon anodes within a 1–15 µm particle size distribution exhibited a reversible capacity of 251 mAh g−1 and an ICE of 73.67% at a current density of 25 mA g−1. Even after 100 cycles at 0.2 C, these anodes maintained a reversible capacity of 238 mAh g−1, achieving a capacity retention rate of 99.85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pump as turbine (PAT) is widely used in micro hydropower stations and chemical industries as an economical energy recovery device. The special impeller with forward-curved blades can significantly improve the efficiency of PAT and expand its high-efficiency range due to the suitable blade profile, which is more appropriate for PAT's operation mode than the backward-curved blades. To study the influence of the forward blade on a double-suction centrifugal PAT performance, three forward-curved blade schemes with different blade angle conditions are compared with the original backward-curved blade scheme. The three forward-curved blade schemes have the highest efficiency when the inlet angles are 60°, 90°, and 120°, respectively, and the appropriate blade outlet angle. The results showed that the forward-curved blade is suitable for high-flow rate operating conditions in double-suction centrifugal PAT. The PAT with a forward-curved blade impeller has higher efficiency and a broader high-efficiency region than the backward-curved blade impeller. The double-suction centrifugal PAT's main energy loss comes from the impeller's turbulent loss. The forward-curved blade reduces the impeller's turbulence loss and improves the PAT's efficiency at large flow rates. The research in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the design and application of double-suction centrifugal PAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in the amount of actual operating data on electric vehicles, how to analyze and process useful information from existing battery charging and discharging data and apply it to subsequent state estimation is worthy of in-depth thinking and practice by researchers. This article proposes a collaborative estimation architecture for SOC and SOH based on the 1RC equivalent circuit model, recursive least squares, and adaptive extended Kalman filtering algorithms (AEKF), which combine offline data processing with online applications. By applying offline data processing, OCV–SOC polynomial fitting and average polarization resistance were determined, which reduced the time required for basic data measurement and improved the accuracy of model parameter identification, while a recursive estimation combining micro- and macro-time-scales of AEKF was used for the online real-time estimation of the SOC and actual available capacity of batteries, in order to eliminate interference from measurement and process noise. The results of the simulated and experimental data validation indicate that the proposed algorithm is applicable to the lithium-ion batteries studied in this paper, the average SOC deviation is less than 1.5%, the maximum deviation is less than 2.02%, and the SOH estimation deviation is less than 1% under different driving conditions in the multi-temperature range. This study lays the foundation for further utilizing offline data and improving SOC and SOH collaborative estimation algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated dual-channel pathway is regarded as an ideal process for photocatalytic H2O2 production. However, it is a key scientific challenge to rationally design photocatalysts for achieving H2O2 production through such a dual-channel pathway. Here, we designed surface oxygen vacancy-modified BiOIO3 (BIO-OVs-x) with spatially separated redox reaction centers by constructing a facet heterojunction for directly utilizing O2 and H2O to photosynthesize H2O2. Under white light irradiation, optimal BIO-OVs-2 exhibited the highest H2O2 production rate of 215.5 μmol g–1 h–1, which was 3 times more than that of BiOIO3, as well as an apparent quantum yield of 5.76% at 350 nm. Photoelectrochemical experiments confirmed that the introduction of oxygen vacancies boosted the efficiency of charge separation and transfer and adjusted the band structure. Control experiments and theoretical studies elucidated photocatalytic reaction active sites and the charge transport mechanism of BIO-OV catalysts. More importantly, the introduction of oxygen vacancies in BiOIO3 reduced the free energy for OH* of the water oxidation reaction and promoted the occurrence of the water oxidation reaction. This work provides a valuable basis for the fine design of a high-performance photocatalyst and for understanding the mechanism of hydrogen peroxide production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus barbatus linn. is widely used in gardens, mainly as flower beds and flower borders. The effects of different gradients of P on the growth and root morphology of Dianthus barbatus were studied to explore its morphological and physiological responses and adaptive strategies. Hence, this study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for D. barbatus production. Two soil substrates, namely loess and vegetable soil, and five phosphorus concentration gradients were set; no phosphorus application was used as the control. The morphology and physiology of D. barbatus were also investigated. Low-to-medium- and low-phosphorus treatments promoted the growth of D. barbatus in the above and underground parts of the plants grown on both substrates. Chlorophyll content, flower quantity, and acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil were significantly increased in the H1 and H2 treatments of loess and in the C4 treatment of vegetable soil. Thus, D. barbatus seems to reduce the damage caused by phosphorus stress by increasing chlorophyll content and root acid phosphatase activity. The latter was significantly higher in vegetable soil than in loess. Vegetable soil was more conducive to D. barbatus growth than loess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the accuracy of internal temperature estimation in batteries, a 10-parameter time-varying multi-surface heat transfer model including internal heat production, heat transfer and external heat transfer is established based on the structure of a lithium iron phosphate pouch battery and its three directional anisotropic heat conduction characteristics. The entropy heat coefficient, internal equivalent heat capacity and internal equivalent thermal resistance related to the SOC and temperature state of the battery were identified using experimental tests and the least square fitting method, and were then used for online calculation of internal heat production and heat transfer in the battery. According to the time-varying and nonlinear characteristics of the heat transfer between the surface and the environment of the battery, an internal temperature estimation algorithm based on the square root cubature Kalman filter was designed and developed. By iteratively calculating the estimated surface temperature and the measured value, dynamic tracking and online correction of the internal temperature of the battery can be achieved. The verification results using FUDS and US06 dynamic working condition data show that the proposed method can quickly eliminate the influence of initial temperature deviations and accumulated process errors and has the characteristics of a high estimation accuracy and good robustness. Compared with the estimation results of the adaptive Kalman filter, the proposed method improves the estimation accuracy of FUDS and US06 working conditions by 67% and 54%, respectively, with a similar computational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately obtaining the state of charge (SOC) and health (SOH) of all individual batteries in a battery pack can provide support for data acquisition, state estimation, and fault diagnosis. To verify the real-time performance and accuracy of the joint estimation algorithm for high-voltage battery packs composed of 96 individual cells in series, this article applies Simulink to develop a joint estimation algorithm for SOC and SOH based on the first-order RC equivalent circuit model (1RC ECM) and implements the algorithm's cyclic calling for series nodes, enhancing the algorithm's scalability. In the algorithm, the recursive least square method with fitting factor (FFRLS) is applied to calculate OCV, R0, and R1 in the time domain, and dual adaptive extended Kalman filter (DAEKF) is applied to joint estimation of SOC and SOH at multiple time scales. Finally, with the help of dSPACE and FASECU controllers, hardware in the loop (HIL) testing was completed in multiple scenarios. The results showed that the algorithm can accurately calculate the state of individual cells in real time, and even under various initial value deviations, it still has good regression performance, laying the foundation for future applications of electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an economical energy recovery device, pump as turbine (PAT) is widely used in micro-hydropower stations and the chemical industry. The inlet and outlet pipelines connected to the double-suction pump are on the same horizontal line. As the pipeline layout is very convenient, in some chemical industries, the way of residual pressure energy utilization is increasing using the double-suction pump as a turbine. Based on numerical simulation, experimental verification, and entropy generation theory, the energy loss rule of each flow component in the pump mode and turbine mode under different flow rates is compared and analyzed. The results show that when the double-suction pump is used as a turbine, the flow rate at the best efficiency point (BEP) in the turbine mode shifts to a large flow rate by 30.89% and the BEP efficiency decreases by 1.30%. In the pump mode and turbine mode, the main energy loss component is the impeller, and the turbulent entropy generation power and the wall entropy generation power are the main sources of energy loss. The energy loss in the suction chamber and impeller increases sharply, and the energy loss is primarily enhanced in the blade trailing edge and the tongue near due to the unsteady flow in the turbine mode. Due to the complex structure, the spiral suction chamber is not suitable for the flow direction of the fluid flow out of the impeller, and the flow state inside the impeller is negatively affected by the suction chamber in the turbine mode. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the design and application of double-suction centrifugal PAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]