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Simulium (Simulium) taichungense sp. nov. Female. Body length 2.8 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons dark brown, shiny, with bluish reflection when illuminated at certain angles, with several dark stout hairs along lateral margins; frontal ratio 1.3:1.0:1.1; frons:head ratio 1.0:3.6. Fronto-ocular area well developed, short, directed laterally, and pointed apically. Clypeus dark brown, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark-brown medium-long hairs (though mediolongitudinal portion of upper half widely bare). Labrum 0.83 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres; scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow, rest medium to dark brown, when viewed dorsally (first flagellomere entirely yellow or ochreous when viewed ventrally); first to eighth flagellomeres each with pit-like depressions with many sensilla on inner and outer sides. Maxillary palp with five segments, light to medium brown; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.0:2.4; third segment (Fig. 1A) with medium-sized ellipsoidal sensory vesicle (0.3 times length of third segment) having medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 13 inner and 15 or 16 outer teeth. Mandible with 29 inner and 11���13 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 1B) with 46 minute processes near posterodorsal margin. Thorax. Scutum brownish black except anterolateral calli ochreous, shiny and grayish pruinose except large submedian area on each side not shiny and nonpruinose when illuminated posterodorsally and viewed dorsally, moderately covered with whitishyellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with several dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum dark brown, covered with dark-brown upright long hairs and yellow short hairs. Postnotum brownish black, bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum dark brown, longer than deep, bare, and slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish yellow; trochanter and femur yellow; tibia whitish except apical cap dark brown; tarsus brownish black to black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.1 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown except posterolateral surface brownish black; trochanter and femur yellow; tibia white to yellowish white except apical cap yellow; tarsus dark brown except basal half of basitarsus yellow (though its border not well defined). Hind leg: coxa medium to dark brown; trochanter yellow; femur yellow except apical cap medium brown; tibia white to whitish yellow except apical cap medium brown; tarsus dark brown except basal two-thirds of basitarsus and basal two-fifths of second tarsomere dark yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 1C) nearly parallel-sided, 5.6 times as long as wide, and 0.8 and 0.7 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 1C) moderately developed, slightly shorter than its basal width, and 0.37 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 1C) well developed. Claw simple, without basal or subbasal tooth. Wing. Length 2.4 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta haired except near apex bare; basal section of radius bare; R1 with dark-brown spinules and hairs; R2 with dark-brown hairs; hair tuft on base of radius dark brown; basal cell absent. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale medium brown, with fringe of lightbrown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium to dark brown except basal half of segment 2 yellow; tergite 2 shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and tergites 6���9 shiny. Ventral surface light brown except segments 2���4 white; segment 7 with large median sternal plate. Terminalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 1D) with 11 dark-brown medium-long to long stout hairs and five or six yellow short hairs on each lateral surface. Ovipositor valve (Fig. 1D) wide, somewhat thick except areas along inner and posterior margins thin and transparent, somewhat rounded ventrally, densely covered with microsetae (except transparent portions along inner and posterior margins bare) interspersed with 16���18 yellow short hairs; inner margins somewhat concave, moderately separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 1E) of inverted-Y form, with narrow well sclerotized stem; arms of moderate width, each with heavily sclerotized lateral portion, with short projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 1F) nearly quadrate, with 25���30 short to medium-long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces, and with anterior surface strongly sclerotized and pigmented with seven or eight short sensilla; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 1G) 0.8 times as long as wide, and protruding ventrally beyond ventral margin of cercus. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 1G) short, rectangular, 0.6 times as long as wide, with numerous short to medium-long hairs. Spermatheca (Fig. 1H) nearly ovoid, 1.36 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except ducts and small portion of junction with duct unpigmented, with faintly defined reticulate surface patterns; internal setae present; accessory ducts unpigmented, subequal in thickness to each other, and twice as thick as major duct. Male. Body length 3.0 mm. Head. As wide as thorax. Upper eye medium brown, with large facets in 18 or 19 vertical columns and in 20 horizontal rows. Clypeus brownish black, thickly white pruinose, covered with darkbrown hairs along lateral margins and near ventral margin (medial portion widely bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, medium to dark brown except scape, basal half of pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.7 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown except segments 1 and 2 lighter; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.2:2.9���3.0; third segment (Fig. 2A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2A) small, ellipsoidal (0.22���0.24 times as long as third segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum black, with white pruinose pattern, i.e., anterior pair of large spots on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins connected near base of wings to large transverse posterior spot entirely covering prescutellar area; these pruinose areas silvery iridescent when illuminated at certain angles; scutum uniformly and moderately covered with yellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with medium-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum brownish black, with several medium-brown long upright hairs and yellow short hairs. Postnotum brownish black to black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish yellow; trochanter whitish yellow with some lateral portions light brown; femur yellow with apical cap medium brown; tibia widely white on outer surface except extreme base light brown and apical one-fourth dark brown, though light brown medially, medium brown on base, and apical cap dark brown on inner surface; tarsus dark brown to brownish black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.1 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown except posterolateral surface brownish black; trochanter light to medium brown except base yellowish white; femur yellow with apical tip dark yellow; tibia yellowish white to yellow with apical tip dark yellow; tarsus medium brown except basal three-fifths of basitarsus yellow. Hind leg: coxa dark brown; trochanter yellow; femur yellow except apical cap dark brown; tibia dark brown except base whitish yellow; tarsus (Fig. 2B) medium to dark brown except basal half of basitarsus yellow (though extreme base darkened) and basal half of second tarsomere yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 2B) much enlarged, gradually widened from base to apical one-third or little more, then narrowed to apex, 4.3 times as long as its greatest width, and 0.90 and 0.87 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 2B) small, nearly as long as wide, 0.27 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 2B) well developed. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Wing. Length 2.3 mm. Other features as in female except subcosta bare. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish black, with fringe of dark long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish black except basal one-third of segment 2 yellow, with dark short hairs; segments 2 and 5���7 each with pair of silvery iridescent spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 broadly connected in middle to each other. Ventral surface yellow except sternites 3���8 medium brown. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 2C) quadrate, nearly as long as wide. Style in ventral view (Fig. 2C) elongate, 1.8 times as long as coxite, widest near base, tapered toward apical two-fifths, then slightly widened to near round apex, and without apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 2D) tapered near basal one-third, nearly parallelsided medially, then slightly widened toward near apex, with round apex; style in medial view (Fig. 2E) with elongate triangular basal projection having several small spines on anterior surface; style in caudal view (Fig. 2F) with elongate narrow projection having pointed apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 2C) well sclerotized, with body nearly flat, rounded posteriorly, 0.7 times as long as wide, and covered with many minute setae medially; arms divergent outward; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 2G) covered with many microsetae medially; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 2H) with body triangular. Median sclerite in lateral view (Fig. 2G) arising slightly anterior to anterior margin of body of ventral plate, directed posteriorly; median sclerite in ventral view (Fig. 2I) plate-like, nearly parallel-sided in middle, then somewhat widened apically. Paramere in caudal view (Fig. 2J) with enlarged basal portion and with several distinct hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane (Fig. 2J) moderately covered with minute setae, and with moderately pigmented dorsal plate in form of horizontal bar (Fig. 2K). Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 2L, M) without distinct hairs on ventral surface. Cercus (Fig. 2L, M) small, rounded, with 10 distinct hairs. Pupa. Body length (excluding gill filaments) 3.1���3.5 mm. Head. Integument ochreous to medium brown except ventral surface yellow and bare: frons (Fig. 3A) with two bifid medium-long trichomes on each side, though one female pupa with additional unbranched trichome between frontal trichomes and facial one on left side; face with bifid medium-long trichome (Fig. 3A) on each side. Thorax (Fig. 3B, C). Integument ochreous except anterior narrow portion medium brown, with large anterolateral ridge on each side, and bare except small portion near base of gill on each side densely covered with tubercles, and posterior half of dorsal surface sparsely or moderately covered with small tubercles; thorax with three quadrifid or quinquefid (rarely trifid) anterodorsal trichomes, two quadrifid or quinquefid anterolateral trichomes, one unbranched or bifid mediolateral trichome, and three ventrolateral trichomes (three bifid, or two bifid and one unbranched), on each side; all trichomes long or mediumlong. Gill (Fig. 3B, C) with six slender short thread-like filaments in pairs arising from base; dorsal and ventral pairs short stalked and middle pair almost sessile; all filaments unpigmented, subequal in length (1.0 mm or little shorter), slightly widened for short distance from base, nearly parallel-sided up to more or less basal one-third, then gradually tapered toward apex, and most of apical half flattened; outer filament of dorsal pair and outer filament of ventral pair divergent basally at angle of 160 degrees when viewed laterally; cuticular surface with well-defined annular ridges and furrows throughout their length except apical portions less distinct, covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, entire surface of segment 1 and anterior one-third of segment 2 light brown, other segments unpigmented; segment 1 smooth (without tubercles), with one unbranched slender medium-long seta on each side; segment 2 smooth, with one unbranched slender short seta, five unbranched short setae, of which four are stout, on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four unbranched hooked spines and one unbranched short seta on each side; segments 7���9 each with distinct spine-combs in transverse row on each side; segments 5���9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 9 without terminal hooks. Ventrally, all segments unpigmented; segment 4 with one unbranched hook and few short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of unbranched hooks submedially and few unbranched short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of unbranched inner and outer hooks widely spaced and few unbranched short setae on each side; segments 4���8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Cocoon (Fig. 3D). Wall-pocket-shaped, thickly woven, with several small open spaces anterolaterally, ochreous, not extended ventrolaterally; individual threads invisible; 3.5 mm long by 2.0 mm wide. Mature larva. Unknown. Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) in 80% ethanol, reared from a pupa collected from a stream (24��15'46.3" N, 121��15'54.9" E), Fuxing Road, Heping District, Taichung City, Taiwan, 4-X-2013, by Y.- T. Huang. PARATYPE: One male (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) in 80% ethanol, same data as those of the holotype. These type specimens are deposited at Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya. Biological notes. The pupae of this new species were collected from grasses trailing in the water of a moderately flowing stream (width 2 m, water temperature 20.5˚C, partially shaded, elevation 958 m above sea level). The associated species was S. sakishimaense Takaoka. Distribution. Taiwan. Etymology. The species name taichungense refers to the city, Taichung, where this new species was collected. Remarks. Simulium taichungense sp. nov. is assigned to the S. crocinum species-group of the subgenus Simulium, defined by Takaoka (2017), based on the female cibarium without a median process (Fig. 1B), claw simple, ovipositor valve broad, triangular and thick, with bare and transparent portions along the inner and posterior margins (Fig. 1D); the male style with a long basal protuberance (Fig. 2E), ventral plate with its body nearly quadrate and flat, and lacking teeth on its posterior margin (Fig. 2C); and the pupal gill with six filaments (Fig. 3B, C) and pupal abdomen without terminal hooks. This new species is characterized by the pupal gill with six unpigmented filaments and pupal abdomen with distinct spine-combs on the dorsal surface of segments 7���9, by which it is easily distinguished from all 21 species (except S. vietnamense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Chen from Vietnam, of which the pupa is unknown) in the S. crocinum species-group including S. serenum and S. ufengense, both from Taiwan (Huang and Takaoka, 2009a, b; Takaoka, 1979). The pupae of the known species in this species-group have the gill with six filaments, of which at least two or three are pigmented, and spine-combs only on segment 8 or on segments 7 and 8. This new species is distinguished from S. ufengense in the female by the mid tibia entirely yellow (yellow except the apical cap light brown in S. ufengense) and in the male by the fore femur yellow except the apical cap medium brown (entirely yellow in S. ufengense); and from S. (S.) serenum in the female by the fore femur and mid tibia entirely yellow (yellow with the apical cap medium brown or light brown in S. serenum) and in the male by the fore basitarsus 5.1 times as long as its greatest width (6.0���6.5 times in S. serenum). The female of S. vietnamense is readily distinguished from this new species by the scutum covered with brassy short recumbent hairs, basal portion of the radial vein with hairs on the apical half to three-fourths, and hind tibia darkened on the apical three-fifths of the outer surface (Takaoka et al., 2014)., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki & Huang, Yao-Te, 2018, A new black fly species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan, pp. 141-150 in Zootaxa 4422 (1) on pages 142-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4422.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1251075, {"references":["Takaoka, H. (2017) Morphotaxonomic revision of species-groups of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Oriental Region. Zootaxa, 4353 (3), 425 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4353.3.2","Huang, Y. T. & Takaoka, H. (2009 a) Simulium (Simulium) serenum, a new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 60 (1), 33 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 60.33","Huang, Y. T. & Takaoka, H. (2009 b) Description of the female and mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) ufengense (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 60 (2), 91 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 60.91","Takaoka, H. (1979) The black flies of Taiwan (Diptera: Simuliidae). Pacific Insects, 20 (4), 365 - 403.","Takaoka, H., Sofian-Azirun, M., Ya'cob, Z., Chen, C. D., Lau, K. W. & Pham, H. T. (2014) Female black flies of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) collected on humans in Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam: Description of a new species and notes on four species newly recorded from Vietnam. Tropical Biomedicine, 31 (4), 742 - 748."]}

Simulium (Simulium) chungi Takaoka & Huang, 2006 Simulium (Simulium) chungi Takaoka & Huang, 2006: 219 –227 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Specimens examined. Two males (with their associated pupal exuviae and cocoons) in 80% ethanol, reared from pupae collected from Yunei River (24°47'26.3" N, 121°22'30.6" E), Yisheng Village, Fuxing District, Taoyuang City, Taiwan, 30-IX-2013, by Y.- T. Huang. Remarks. This species was described from Taiwan (Takaoka and Huang, 2006) and recorded from Vietnam based on adult females attracted to a human (Takaoka et al., 2014). It is placed in the S. chungi species-group (Takaoka, 2017). Two males of S. chungi show the following intraspecific variations (characters in the original description in parentheses): body length 2.7–2.8 mm (2.5–2.6 mm); upper-eye large facets in 18 vertical columns and 18 horizontal rows (in 19 or 20 vertical columns and 19 or 20 horizontal rows); antenna almost yellowish except the apical half of flagellomere 9 light brown in one male, or yellow except the apical three flagellomeres light brown in another male (dark brown except the scape, pedicel and the base of the first flagellomere pale), and first flagellomere elongate, 1.8 times as long as second one (1.5–1.6 times); mid femur and tibia entirely yellow (yellow except the apical cap light brown); fore basitarsus 5.5–5.9 times as long as its greatest width (6.1 times); and hind basitarsus 4.4 times as long as its greatest width (4.1 times).

Simulium (Simulium) serenum Hunag & Takaoka, 2009 Simulium (Simulium) serenum Hunag & Takaoka, 2009: 33 –37 (Female and pupa). This species was described from Taiwan and was placed in the S. griseifrons species-group (Huang and Takaoka, 2009). It was later transferred to the S. crocinum species-group (Takaoka, 2017). The male of this species is here described for the first time based on four males reared from pupae collected from Taiwan. The pupa of S. serenum is easily identified by its cocoon bearing a deep anterodorsal cleft medially and a large anterolateral window on each side. Male. Body length 3.0– 3.4 mm. Head. As wide as thorax. Upper eye medium brown, with large facets in 19 vertical columns and in 20 horizontal rows. Clypeus brownish black, thickly white pruinose, moderately covered with dark-brown hairs along lateral margins and near ventral margin except medial portion widely bare. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark yellow to light brown except scape and base of first flagellomere whitish yellow and apical four or five flagellomeres medium brown; first flagellomere elongate, 2.0 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.1–1.2:3.2; third segment (Fig. 4A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 4A) small, ellipsoidal (0.21–0.23 times as long as third segment), and with small opening. Thorax. As in male of S. taichungense sp. nov. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish yellow; trochanter yellow to dark yellow; femur yellow to dark yellow with apical cap medium brown; tibia widely white on outer surface except extreme apical cap dark brown, though medium to dark brown on inner surface; tarsus dark brown to brownish black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 6.0–6.5 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown except posterolateral surface brownish black; trochanter dark yellow except base yellowish white; femur yellow; tibia yellowish white to yellow; tarsus medium brown except basal three-fifths of basitarsus yellow. Hind leg: coxa dark brown; trochanter yellow; femur yellow except apical cap dark brown; tibia dark brown except base whitish yellow; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal half of basitarsus yellow (though extreme base slightly darkened) and basal half of second tarsomere yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 4B) much enlarged, gradually widened from base to apical two-fifths, then narrowed to apex, 4.6–4.9 times as long as its greatest width, and 0.8 and 0.8 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 4B) small, nearly as long as wide, 0.35 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 4B) well developed. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Wing. Length 2.4– 2.5 mm. Other features as in male of S. taichungense sp. nov. Abdomen . Basal scale brownish black, with fringe of dark long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish black, with dark short hairs; segments 2 and 5– 7 each with pair of silvery iridescent spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 broadly connected in middle to each other. Ventral surface dark brown except segments 2–6 grayish. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 4C) quadrate, nearly as long as wide. Style in ventral view (Fig. 4C) elongate, 1.7–1.9 times as long as coxite, widest near base, tapered toward middle, then slightly widened to round apex, and with short slender subapical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 4D) tapered in basal one-third or little more, then slightly widened toward near apex, with round apex; style in medial view (Fig. 4E) with elongate triangular basal projection having several small spines on anterior surface. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 4C) well sclerotized, with body nearly flat, rounded posteriorly, 0.6 times as long as wide, and covered with many minute setae medially; arms divergent; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 4F) covered with many microsetae medially; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 4G) with body somewhat produced ventrally and dorsally. Median sclerite in lateral view (Fig. 4F) arising slightly anterior to anterior margin of body of ventral plate, directed posterodorsally; median sclerite in posteroventral view (Fig. 4H) plate-like, nearly parallel-sided in middle, then somewhat widened apically. Paramere in posterolateral view (Fig. 4I) with enlarged basal portion and with several distinct hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane (Fig. 4J) moderately covered with minute needle-like setae, and with moderately pigmented dorsal plate in form of horizontal bar (Fig. 4K). Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 4L, M) without distinct hairs on ventral surface. Cercus (Fig. 4L, M) small, rounded, with 10–18 distinct hairs. Specimens examined. Four males (with their associated pupal exuviae and cocoons) in 80% ethanol, collected from a small stream (width 0.5 m, water temperature 21˚C, shaded, elevation 761 masl, 23°42'11.3" N, 120°46'56.3" E), No.47, Xingchan Road, Lugu Township, Nantou County, Taiwan, 5-X-2013, by Huang, Y.T. Remarks. The male of S. serenum is similar to those of S. ufengense and S. taichungense sp. nov. in many characters but is barely distinguished from S. ufengense by the length ratio of the first antennal flagellomere against the second one, 2.0 (1.6 in S. ufengense), and the length ratio of the body of the ventral plate against its greatest width, 0.6 (0.8 in S. ufengense); and from S. taichungense sp. nov. by the length ratio of the fore basitarsus against its greatest width, 6.0–6.5 (5.1 in S. taichungense sp. nov.) and the style with a subapical spine (absent in S. taichungense sp. nov.).

Huang, Yao-Te (2017): A new black fly species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan, with keys to all 13 species of the Simulium varicorne species-group. Zootaxa 4312 (3): 438-448, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.2

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) huangi Takaoka sp. nov. Female. Body length 1.9 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than width of thorax. Frons black, thinly gray pruinose, not shiny, densely covered with white or yellowish-white scale-like recumbent short hairs; frontal ratio 1.55:1.00:1.98; frons:head ratio 1.00:4.22. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus black, densely covered with whitish-yellow hairs interspersed with about 10 dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.54 times as long as clypeus. Antenna (Fig. 1 A) composed of scape, pedicel and eight flagellomeres, medium to dark brown except scape, pedicel, and basal one-third of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light to medium brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.00:1.30:2.74; third segment (Fig. 1 B) somewhat swollen; sensory vesicle (Fig. 1 B) elongate (0.49 times as long as third segment), with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 12 or 13 inner and 17 or 18 outer teeth. Mandible with 30 inner teeth and six or seven outer teeth at some distance from tip. Cibarium (Fig. 1 C) with pair of well-sclerotized triangular projections at posterodorsal margin, which are in front covered by unpigmented transverse thin structures arising from both sides. Thorax. Scutum black except anterolateral calli dark brown, thinly gray pruinose, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and densely covered with white or yellowish-white scale-like recumbent hairs. Scutellum brownish black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, covered with yellowishwhite short hairs and brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum brownish black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum dark brown to brownish black, longer than deep, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish yellow; trochanter whitish yellow except posterior portion somewhat darkened; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia white or yellowish white except apical one-fourth medium to dark brown, and with light to medium brown subbasal band; tarsus brownish black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.5 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown; trochanter dark yellow or light brown; femur medium brown, with base somewhat light brown and apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia yellowish white on basal one-fourth or little more, with light brown subbasal spot, light to medium brown on rest, with apical cap dark brown; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal three-fifths of basitarsus yellowish white. Hind leg: coxa medium brown; trochanter yellowish white; femur medium brown, with base yellowish white and apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip yellowish white); tibia (Fig. 1 D) white on basal three-fifths or little more, with light-brown subbasal spot, and brownish black on rest; tibia covered with whitish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces of basal two-thirds, masking subbasal dark spot; tarsus dark brown to brownish black except basal two-thirds of basitarsus and basal one-half of tarsomere 2 white; basitarsus (Fig. 1 E) narrow, slightly tapered toward apex, 6.41 times as long as wide, and 0.64 and 0.53 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 1 E) slightly longer than width at base, and one-half as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 1 E) well developed. Claw (Fig. 1 F) with large basal tooth 0.53 times as long as claw. Wing. Length 2.0 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except basal patch of hairs yellow. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein yellow. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R1 with dark spinules and hairs; R2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. White except basal stem darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale medium brown, with fringe of whitish-yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish black, moderately covered with dark short to long hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 5���9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of abdomen darkened except segment 2 mostly whitish yellow; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Terminalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 1 G) bare medially, with 13���17 medium-long to long hairs together with four to six slender short hairs on each side. Ovipositor valve (Fig. 1 G) triangular (though posteromedial corner rounded), thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with three or four short hairs; inner margins sinuous, somewhat sclerotized, and moderately separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 1 H) of usual inverted-Y form, with slender stem; arms gradually widened apically, moderately folded medially, and with triangular lobe directed posteromedially. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 1 I) slightly concave anterolaterally, with three or four sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 1 J) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.67 times as long as wide, with 15���19 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 1 J) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.47 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 1 K) ellipsoidal, 1.77 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized even near juncture with duct, and with many longitudinal fissures on outer surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Male. Body length 2.4 mm. Head. Somewhat wider than thorax. Upper eye dark brown, consisting of large facets in 12 or 13 vertical columns and in 13 or 14 horizontal rows. Face black, grayish white pruinose. Clypeus black, grayish white pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (mostly directed upward) interspersed with several dark-brown longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and eight flagellomeres, medium to dark brown except scape and pedicel yellow or dark yellow and base of first flagellomere whitish yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.60 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with five segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.00:1.17:2.56; third segment (Fig. 2 A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2 A) ellipsoidal, small (0.24 times as long as third segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Nearly as in female except fine hairs on scutum and scutellum yellowish, intermixed with dark short hairs near anterior margin of scutum. Legs. Color and shape nearly as in female except following characters: fore basitarsus moderately dilated, 7.27 times as long as its greatest width; mid basitarsus dark brown except basal half white, hind tibia (Fig. 2 B) white on little less than basal half, with light-brown subbasal spot, light brown on middle one-fifth and brownish black on apical one-third; hind basitarsus (Fig. 2 C) 6.31 times as long as wide, and 0.65 and 0.59 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 2 C) slightly longer than wide, and 0.46 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 2 C) well developed. Wing. Length 1.8���1.9 mm; other features as in females except subcosta without hairs. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light-brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to brownish black, covered with dark-brown short to long hairs; segments 2 and 5���8 each with pair of shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 2 D) nearly rectangular, 1.77 times as long as its greatest width, and 1.31 times length of style. Style in ventral view (Fig. 2 D) bent inward, slightly tapered from base toward middle, then nearly parallel-sided toward near apex, and with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 2 E) gradually narrowed from base toward near middle, nearly parallel-sided to apical one-fifth, and then tapered toward apex; style in end view (Fig. 2 F) with apex slightly protruded close to apical spine to half length of apical spine. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 2 D) with body transverse, 0.62 times as long as wide, widest in middle, then narrowed posteriorly, with anterior margin produced anteromedially, and posterior margin nearly straight, densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface except anterior half widely bare on each side; basal arms of moderate length, directed forward; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 2 G) moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 2 H) triangular, tapered ventrally, with lateral margins slightly sinuous and dorsal margin deeply concave, and densely covered with microsetae medially on posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 2 G, I) thin, plate-like, slightly narrowed toward apex. Paramere (Fig. 2 J) of moderate size, each with three medium-long and several short hooks. Aedeagal membrane (Fig. 2 K) moderately setose. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus (Fig. 2 L, M) small, rounded, with 11 hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.0��� 2.5 mm. Head. Integument light yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath without any protuberances; frons with three pairs of unbranched long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices (Fig. 3 A); face with pair of unbranched long trichomes with uncoiled apices (Fig. 3 B), and three frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and much longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles, with three long anterodorsal trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices (anterior and middle trichomes subequal in length to each other, and slightly longer than posterior one) (Fig. 3 C), two long anterolateral trichomes (one with coiled apex, one with uncoiled apex) (Fig. 3 D), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 3 E), and three ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one medium-long, two short) (Fig. 3 F) on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 3 G, H) composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1+2) +(1+2)]+2 from dorsal to ventral, with short common basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent basal fenestra ventrally (often partially broken) at base; common basal stalk 0.67���0.68 times as long as interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplets sharing short stalk; three filaments of dorsal and middle triplets each composed of one filament and two paired filaments with medium-long primary stalk and short to long secondary stalk; ventral paired filaments with medium-long stalk 1.02���1.57 times as long as common basal stalk; stalk of ventral pair 1.07���1.10 times as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet, 1.07���1.18 times as thick as primary stalk of dorsal triplet, and 0.83���0.94 times as thick as common stalk of middle and dorsal triplets; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against that of lower pair at angle of 90 degrees when viewed laterally; all filaments light brown, gradually tapered toward apex, subequal in length to one another (2.4���2.5 mm including their own stalks and common basal stalk); two filaments of ventral pair subequal in thickness to each other, and somewhat thicker than six other filaments when compared basally; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though becoming less marked apically, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments light yellow, segments 1���5 each sparsely covered with minute spines; segment 1 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta (Fig. 3 I) on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta and five short setae (Fig. 3 J) submedially on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one short seta on each side; segment 5 with five short setae on each side; segments 6���9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 9 slightly smaller than those on segment 8) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segments 6���8 each with one short seta on each side; segment 9 with pair of wide flat terminal hooks of which outer margin is 5.0���5.2 times as long as inner margin and crenulated (Fig. 3 K). Ventrally, segment 4 with one unbranched hook and few slender short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few slender short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few slender short setae on each side; segments 4���8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with three grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon (Fig. 3 L). Wall-pocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally; anterodorsal margin not thickly woven, often somewhat produced anteriorly forming short bulge when viewed dorsally; posterior one-half with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 3.0��� 3.1 mm long by 2.0��� 3.1 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 3.9 mm. Body color creamy, with reddish-brown markings: thoracic segment 1 encircled with distinct broad band, though tapered from dorsal to ventral, and disconnected dorsomedially and ventromedially; thoracic segment 1 ventrally with distinct broad band posterior to base of thoracic proleg; abdominal segment 1 encircled with distinct broad band though disconnected dorsomedially and ventromedially; abdominal segments 2 and 3 each dorsally with thin transverse band though disconnected dorsomedially, abdominal segment 4 with thin transverse band dorsally, though disconnected dorsomedially, and lateral spot on each side; abdominal segment 5 with distinct broad band dorsally, though disconnected dorsomedially, and distinct lateral spot on each side; abdominal segments 6���8 each with color markings on dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces, though dorsomedial portion of each of segments 6 and 7 widely unpigmented; abdominal segments 6 and 7 each with thin transverse band ventrally, though two bands are connected to each other by thin narrow longitudinal band. Cephalic apotome pale yellow with somewhat darkened transverse band along posterior margin; head spots faintly positive; densely covered with unbranched colorless minute setae. Lateral surface of head capsule pale yellow except eye-spot region whitish and moderately covered with unbranched colorless minute setae; spots indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule pale yellow except somewhat darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft, and sparsely covered with unbranched colorless setae. Antenna composed of three articles and apical sensillum, somewhat longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of first, second, and third articles 1.00:0.84:0.84. Labral fan with 32 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 4 A) with three comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third; mandibular serration composed of two teeth (one medium-sized and one small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 4 B) with row of nine apical teeth; median tooth subequal in length to corner teeth, which are slightly longer than three intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margin smooth; four or five hypostomal bristles per side lying nearly parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 4 C) medium-long, 1.29 times as long as postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerite composed of two pale small pieces, not fused to occiput, widely separated medially from each other. Thoracic segments 1���3 and abdominal segments 1���5 each covered with few to several unbranched colorless setae (Fig. 4 D) on each dorsolateral surface, and abdominal segments 6���9 moderately or densely covered with bifid to quadrifid branched minute dark setae (Fig. 4 E) on dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces interspersed with few unbranched colorless setae on each dorsolateral surface, and last segment moderately or densely covered with unbranched colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales absent. Rectal papilla compound, each of three lobes with finger-like secondary lobules, though their number uncountable. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms 0.8 times length of posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 65 rows of up to 13 hooklets per row. Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female (with associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) (in 80% ethanol) reared from pupa, collected from Keelung River, Section 2, Jing���an Road, Pingxi District, New Taipei City, TAIWAN, 25- X-2012, by Y.T. Huang. PARATYPES: One male, reared from pupa, one pupa, one pupal exuviae, and one larva (all in 80% ethanol), data same as those of the holotype. Distribution. Taiwan. Etymology. The species name, huangi, is in honor of Dr. Yao-Te Huang, who collected this new species and greatly contributed to studies of black flies in Taiwan. Biological notes. The pupae and larva of this new species were collected from grass leaves trailing in the current of a river (width 2���3m, water temperature 14˚C, elevation 300���310 m, 25��01���15.1��� N, 121��42���49.9��� E). Associated species were Simulium (Simulium) chungi Takaoka & Huang, S. (S.) quinquestriatum (Shiraki), S. (S.) tani Takaoka & Davies (complex) and S. (S.) sp. nr. bidentatum (Shiraki). Discussion. Simulium (G.) huangi sp. nov. is assigned to the S. varicorne species-group because it has eight flagellomeres on its adult antenna (Fig. 1 A), and is further placed in the S. burtoni subgroup by having the female subcosta haired, spermatheca ellipsoidal (Fig. 1 K), and male ventral plate moderately produced ventrally (Fig. 2 H), as defined by Takaoka (2012). Among the four known species of this subgroup, S. (G.) burtoni Takaoka & Davies, originally described from Peninsular Malaysia (Takaoka & Davies 1995) and also recorded from Thailand (Takaoka and Choochote 2004), appears to be most similar to this new species by having a shiny tergite 5 of the female abdomen, broad terminal hooks (Fig. 3 K) on the pupal abdomen, and reddish-brown markings on the larval body. However, S. (G.) huangi sp. nov. is distinguished from S. burtoni by the following morphological characters (those of S. burtoni in parentheses): in both female and male by flagellomeres of antennae almost uniformly darkened except the basal one-third of the first flagellomere yellow (Fig. 1 A) (third and fifth to eighth flagellomeres darkened and other flagellomeres entirely or partially yellow or dark yellow); in the female by the mandible with 30 inner and six or seven outer teeth (24 inner and three outer teeth), relative length of the fore basitarsus against its greatest width 6.5 (4.7), relative length of the hind basitarsus against its greatest width 6.41 (7.2), relative length of the claw tooth against the claw 0.53 (0.50), and stem of the genital fork with a wi, Published as part of Huang, Yao-Te, 2017, A new black fly species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan, with keys to all 13 species of the Simulium varicorne species-group, pp. 438-448 in Zootaxa 4312 (3) on pages 439-446, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/855697, {"references":["Takaoka, H. (2012) Morphotaxonomic revision of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Oriental Region. Zootaxa, 3577, 1 - 42.","Takaoka, H. & Davies, D. M. (1995) The Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of West Malaysia. Kyushu University Press, Fukuoka, viii + 175 pp.","Takaoka, H. & Choochote, W. (2004) A list of and keys to black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand. Tropical Medicine and Health, 32 (2), 189 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.2149 / tmh. 32.189","Takaoka, H., Sofian-Azirun, M., Ya'cob, Z., Chen, C. D., Lau, K. W. & Pham, X. D. (2015) The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3961 (1), 1 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3961.1.1","[Bentinck, W.] (1955) THE BLACK FLIES OF JAPAN AND KOREA (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE). Contributions of the 406 th Medical General Laboratory, US Department of the Army, Tokyo, 23 pp.","Chen, H. B. & An, J. Y. (2003) The Blackflies of China (Diptera: Simuliidae). Science Press, Beijing, 448 pp.","Takaoka, H., Srisuka, W., Saeung, A. & Choochote, W. (2014) A new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand, with keys to 11 species of the Simulium varicorne species-group. Journal of Medical Entomology, 51, 314 - 322."]}