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C19H25N5O, monoclinic, P21 (no. 4), a = 16.0600(2) Å, b = 5.3992(1) Å, c = 19.8514(2) Å, β = 94.260(1)°, V = 1716.58(4) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt (F) = 0.0350, wRref(F2) = 0.0908, T = 100.00(10) K.

This study aimed to explore the genetic basis of muscle development in goats. The transcriptome dataset for differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of goat muscle at different developmental stages were obtained using RNA-Seq. A total of 447,806,481 and 587,559,465 clean reads in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Dazu black goats between 75d embryonic stage and 1d after birth were generated through Illumina paired-end sequencing, and their mapping rates were 89.82 and 90.99%, respectively. Moreover, 4517 DEGs and 648 DELs were identified, and 4784 lncRNA-mRNA targeting relationships were predicted. Gene function annotation results showed that 4101 DEGs were significantly enriched to 1098 GO terms, and 2014 DEGs were significantly enriched to 40 KEGG pathways, including many GO terms and pathways related to muscle development, such as cell differentiation and Wnt signaling pathway. Then, 10 DELs and 20 DEGs were randomly selected for RT-qPCR verification, and the agreement rate between the verification and RNA-Seq results was 90%, indicating the high reliability of the RNA-Seq data analysis. In conclusion, this study obtained several mRNAs and lncRNAs related to the muscle development of Dazu black goats and identified several targeted regulatory pairs of lncRNA–mRNA. This study may serve as a reference to understand the genetic basis and molecular mechanism of muscle development in goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared and analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of exon 2 of the DQB1 gene and 13 autosomal neutral microsatellite markers from 14 Chinese goat breeds to explore the potential evolutionary mechanism of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). A total of 287 haplotypes were constructed from MHC-DQB1 exon 2 from 14 populations, and 82 nucleotide polymorphic sites (SNPs, 31.78%) and 172 heterozygous individuals (79.12%) were identified. The FST values of the microsatellites and MHC-DQB ranged between 0.01831–0.26907 and 0.00892–0.38871, respectively. Furthermore, 14 goat populations showed rich genetic diversity in the microsatellite loci and MHC-DQB1 exon 2. However, the population structure and phylogenetic relationship represented by the two markers were different. Positive selection and Tajima's D test results showed the occurrence of a diversified selection mechanism, which was primarily based on a positive and balancing selection in goat DQB. This study also found that the DQB sequences of bovines exhibited trans-species polymorphism (TSP) among species and families. In brief, this study indicated that positive and balancing selection played a major role in maintaining the genetic diversity of DQB, and TSP of MHC in bovines was common, which enhanced the understanding of the MHC evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AMH, KISS1R and GDF9 genes play a vital role in human and animal reproduction and might be used as the genetic markers for the reproduction traits selection. The aim of this study was to screen the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the AMH, KISS1R and GDF9 genes and to determine the correlations between these SNPs and the litter size in goats. Nine single SNPs within these genes were used for genotyping of the 190 Dazu black goat populations by SNaPshot technique. The polymorphisms of nine SNPs within these genes were detected in Dazu black goats. The significant correlation was observed between one SNP (g.89172108A > C) within the AMH gene and the litter size of second born in Dazu black goats (p < 0.05). The SNP was located in exon 4 (XM_018050765.1) of the AMH gene and was one nonsynonymous substitution, which resulted in a change of an amino acid from Glutamine to Proline (Gln38Pro). These results suggested that the nonsynonymous SNP g.89172108A > C of AMH gene could be used as a potential genetic marker for Marker-assisted selection (MAS) in goats breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to explore the combination of fermentation strains and solid-state fermentation technology to improve the nutritional value of Maotai-flavor liquor grains and the application effect of distiller's grains on lambs. Using Maotai-flavor liquor lees as a single fermentation substrate, using eight combinations of six microbial strains for solid-state fermentation, using orthogonal experiment design to further optimize the conditions of the fermentation substrate moisture, fermentation temperature and fermentation time, to carry out solid-state fermentation scale-up test in production workshop, and the relevant nutritional indicators and mycotoxins were detected. 27 weaned female lambs with similar body weight and age were randomly divided into three groups, with three replicates in each group and three lambs in each replicate. The lambs in control group were fed with a basal diet, the lambs in group I were fed with a basal diet + 50 g/d MFFDG, and the lambs in group II were fed with a basal diet + 150 g/d MFFDG. The experiment lasted for 13 w. The results showed that the eight strains combinations could significantly increase the true protein content in distiller's grains (P<0.05). Group E (0.10% S. cerevisiae + 0.20% C. utilis + 0.0,5% B. subtilis+ 0.05% A. niger+ 0.05% A. oryzae), group G (0.10% S. cerevisiae + 0.05% A.niger+ 0.05% A. oryzae) and group F (0.10% S. cerevisiae + 0.25% C. utilis+ 0.05% B. subtilis + 0.05% B. licheniformis + 0.05% A. niger + 0.05% A. oryzae) had the better improvement effect. The optimum fermentation process was 38 1C with 55% water content for 5 d. The content of true protein, crude protein and calcium in Maotai-flavor distiller's grains were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the contents of crude fibre and organic matter were significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with those before fermentation, and emetic toxin was significantly increased compared with before fermentation (P<0.05), but the content was far lower than the limit level of feed production. Feeding fermented lees to weaned lambs could significantly increase average daily gain (P<0.05) and decrease feed to gain ratio (P<0.05), but it had no significant effect on average daily feed intake (P>0.05). The experiment indicates that the combination of S. cerevisiae, A. niger and A. oryzae and the optimized conditions can significantly improve the nutritional value of white distiller's grains. Adding MFFDG in basal diet can effectively improve the performance of weaned lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C19H25N5O, monoclinic, P21 (no. 4), a = 16.0600(2) Å, b = 5.3992(1) Å, c = 19.8514(2) Å, β = 94.260(1)°, V = 1716.58(4) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt (F) = 0.0350, wRref(F2) = 0.0908, T = 100.00(10) K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]