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The experimental process of rebound testing of rubber material was simulated using finite element analysis software ABAQUS, and the energy changes during the rebound process were discussed, laying the foundation for further research on viscoelasticity of rubber materials. The results showed that the characterization results of the new method were basically consistent with the actual test results, proving that the fitted intrinsic equation was consistent with the properties of the material itself, and at the same time characterizing the accurate energy changes during the rebound process. During the impact process, the kinetic energy of the pendulum was mainly transformed into the elastic potential energy and dissipation energy of the specimen. In addition, by analyzing the changes in the temperature field of the sample model, it was more intuitive to observe the temperature rise due to the energy loss during rubber deformation, indicating that part of the lost kinetic energy was converted into thermal energy and dissipated into the environment.