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Abstract A data-driven approach insensitive to the initial conditions was developed to extract governing equations for the concentration of CO2 in the Altamira cave (Spain) and its two main drivers: the outside temperature and the soil moisture. This model was then reformulated in order to use satellite observations and meteorological predictions, as a forcing. The concentration of CO2 inside the cave was then investigated from 1950 to 2100 under various scenarios. It is found that extreme levels of CO2 were reached during the period 1950–1972 due to the massive affluence of visitors. It is demonstrated that it is possible to monitor the CO2 in the cave in real time using satellite information as an external forcing. For the future, it is shown that the maximum values of CO2 will exceed the levels reached during the 1980s and the 1990s when the CO2 introduced by the touristic visits, although intentionally reduced, still enhanced considerably the micro corrosion of walls and pigments.

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) are widely-used fungicides, to which humans are exposed and for which putative health risks are of concern. In order to identify human molecular targets for these agrochemicals, the interactions of 15 SDHIs with expression and activity of human cytochrome P-450 3A4 (CYP3A4), a major hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme, were investigated in vitro. 12/15 SDHIs, i.e., bixafen, boscalid, fluopyram, flutolanil, fluxapyroxad, furametpyr, isofetamid, isopyrazam, penflufen, penthiopyrad, pydiflumetofen and sedaxane, were found to enhance CYP3A4 mRNA expression in human hepatic HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes exposed for 48 h to 10 µM SDHIs, whereas 3/15 SDHIs, i.e., benzovindiflupyr, carboxin and thifluzamide, were without effect. The inducing effects were concentrations-dependent for boscalid (EC50=22.5 µM), fluopyram (EC50=4.8 µM) and flutolanil (EC50=53.6 µM). They were fully prevented by SPA70, an antagonist of the Pregnane X Receptor, thus underlining the implication of this xenobiotic-sensing receptor. Increase in CYP3A4 mRNA in response to SDHIs paralleled enhanced CYP3A4 protein expression for most of SDHIs. With respect to CYP3A4 activity, it was directly inhibited by some SDHIs, including bixafen, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, isofetamid, isopyrazam, penthiopyrad and sedaxane, which therefore appears as dual regulators of CYP3A4, being both inducer of its expression and inhibitor of its activity. The inducing effect nevertheless predominates for these SDHIs, except for isopyrazam and sedaxane, whereas boscalid and flutolanil were pure inducers of CYP3A4 expression and activity. Most of SDHIs appear therefore as in vitro inducers of CYP3A4 expression in cultured hepatic cells, when, however, used at concentrations rather higher than those expected in humans in response to environmental or dietary exposure to these agrochemicals.

Abstract We report on the existence of two phosphatidic acid biosynthetic pathways in mycobacteria, a classical one wherein the acylation of the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) precedes that of sn-2 and another wherein acylations proceed in the reverse order. Two unique acyltransferases, PlsM and PlsB2, participate in both pathways and hold the key to the unusual positional distribution of acyl chains typifying mycobacterial glycerolipids wherein unsaturated substituents principally esterify position sn-1 and palmitoyl principally occupies position sn-2. While PlsM selectively transfers a palmitoyl chain to the sn-2 position of G3P and sn-1-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), PlsB2 preferentially transfers a stearoyl or oleoyl chain to the sn-1 position of G3P and an oleyl chain to sn-2-LPA. PlsM is the first example of an sn-2 G3P acyltransferase outside the plant kingdom and PlsB2 the first example of a 2-acyl-G3P acyltransferase. Both enzymes are unique in their ability to catalyze acyl transfer to both G3P and LPA.

Abstract We describe here a new process for the synthesis of very high quality 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), such a C2N and CN carbon nitrides. This process relies on the use of a metallic surface as both a reagent and a support for the coupling of small halogenated building blocks. The conditions of the assembly reaction are chosen so as to leave the inorganic salts by-products on the surface, to further confine the assembly reaction on the surface and increase the quality of the 2D layers. We found that under these conditions, the process directly returns few layers material. The structure/quality of these materials is demonstrated by extensive cross-characterizations at different scales, combining optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The availability of such very large, high-quality layers of these materials opens interesting perspectives, for example in photochemistry and electronics (intrinsic transport properties, high gap substrate for graphene, etc...).

BackgroundWhile the effects of mask wearing/facial occlusion are known to impair facial expression recognition, little is known about the role of mental wellness on facial expression recognition, as well as the influence of sex on misattribution errors (i.e., confusions between emotions). In this large study, we aimed to address the relation between facial expression recognition and loneliness, perceived stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms in male and female adults.MethodsWe assessed the influence of mask-wearing on facial expression recognition [i.e., accuracy and response time (RT)] via an online study in N = 469 adult males and females across Canada.ResultsExpectedly, recognition was impaired under masked conditions (i.e., lower accuracy, longer RTs, more misattribution errors). Females were faster and more accurate than males, with less misattribution errors. A novel finding was that people with higher perceived stress were less accurate at identifying masked fearful faces. Perceived stress influenced the relation between sex and RT to masked happy faces; males with high stress scores were slower to recognize masked happy faces, the opposite was true for females. Finally, this study was among the first to show that higher loneliness predicted shorter RT to unmasked faces.ImpactOur results show that facial expression recognition is impaired by mask-wearing, and that sex and mental health features are important predictors of performance. Such insight could be detrimental in certain sectors of the population (e.g., health care or education), and inform policies being adopted in future pandemics.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La salud oral de los pacientes en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos suele deteriorarse, la tasa general de infección puede llegar al 50-60 % de pacientes que se encuentran internos por más de cinco días. Es por eso por lo que el personal de enfermería posee una responsabilidad especial en el mantenimiento de la higiene bucal y prevención de trastornos bucales. OBJETIVO: Establecer cuál es el protocolo del cuidado bucal que se ofrece a los pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) por parte del personal de enfermería. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de enfoque cuali-cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo transversal, observacional. La muestra está conformada por 72 licenciado(a)s y auxiliares en enfermería, de diseño descriptivo-analítico RESULTADOS: Se determinó que el 94.44% del personal de enfermería está muy de acuerdo en la prioridad del cuidado bucal, el 76.39% concuerdan en recibir más información sobre atención de salud bucodental y el 97.22%. en la necesaria asistencia a talleres de formación. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados manifiestan la necesidad de información y entrenamiento sobre la mejor forma de ofrecer atención profesional de higiene bucal por parte de las enfermeras del servicio del UCI.

We examined the potential effects of weed species on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in an organic winter wheat (Triticum durum) field in Lebanon. In this agroecosystem, the field and its surroundings were covered with spontaneous vegetation corresponding to local weeds. The coexistence between wheat and weeds did not modify AM fungal community diversity and colonization in T. durum but changed their composition. We evidenced 22 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) specifically shared between wheat associated with weeds (Tdw) and weeds, regardless of their localization and 12 OTUs with an abundance of variation between wheat without neighboring weeds (Td) and Tdw. The number of AM propagules and total C and N contents were higher in soil covered with wheat associated with weeds (TdWsoil) vs. wheat without neighboring weeds (Tdsoil). In greenhouse experiments, the shoot biomass and root mycorrhizal intensity of Medicago sativa, used as a trap plant, were higher using TdWsoil vs. Tdsoil as the inoculum. Positive correlations were observed between soil AM propagule numbers and M. sativa shoot biomass, on the one hand and M. sativa mycorrhizal intensity, on the other hand. Weeds seemed to exert significant effects on root AM fungal composition in T. durum and these effects may contribute to enhanced AMF development in the field.

In this article, the editors introduce the Digital Modern Languages Special Collection that results from an open call that sought out new and emerging research at the intersection of Modern Languages and digital culture, media and technologies. They explain the intentionally wide-ranging and transdisciplinary scope of the Collection, which reflects an openness to the many ways Digital Modern Languages research is practised. The Collection also includes research on a wide range of geographical and linguistic contexts, reflecting wider calls to move beyond the limited range of languages traditionally associated with “Modern Languages”. Through this combined transdisciplinary and cross-languages focus, the Collection seeks to contribute to the broader strategic identity transformation of the wider field.

INTRODUCTION: Among the diagnostic tests to evaluate sagittal maxillomandibular skeletal discrepancies and the different changes that occur during growth, the following are presented: ANB angle, (Riedel 1948); the Wits Assessment, (Jacobson 1975) of linear type and the A:B Ratio (Terreros 2020), study of geometric proportions, as alternative diagnostic tests to establish the intermaxillary sagittal relationship. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation of intermaxillary sagittal appreciation between angular diagnostic tests (ANB), linear (WITS) and A:B ratio (geometric proportional) in different facial types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comparative radiographic study with a quantitative, cross-sectional, retrospective approach in search of 55 cephalometric radiographs of boys and girls aged 8 to 13 years, descriptive-analytical design study, deductive method. RESULTS: In this study it was shown that between the ANB Angle and the A:B Ratio there is a moderate negative relationship of -0.59, between the Wits assessment and the A:B Ratio the correlation is -0.504, which indicates that there is a moderate negative relationship and Angle ANB with the Wits Rating the value is 0.501 which indicates that there is a moderate positive correlation. CONCLUSION: It is established that the ANB angle diagnostic test uses the Nasion point as a reference and that its position affects its diagnosis. There is a moderate to good correlation between the diagnostic tests ANB Angle, A:B Ratio and Wits Assessment in the determination of the intermaxillary sagittal relationship.

Abstract Based on the author’s experience of curating a collection of migrant community web objects within the UK Web Archive, this paper combines conceptual interrogation with empirical analysis. The central premise is that the incorporation of multilingual, diasporic micro-archives serves to queer the anglophone UK Web Archive, or “patriarchive”, by dismantling steadfast binaries and implicit postcolonial hegemonies. The article challenges Jacques Derrida’s contention that the mal d’archive is the result of the archive’s ‘troubling’ duality, and posits, on the contrary, that such boundary-crossings are the very incarnation of a positive, transgressive form of xenofeminism (XF). From the dualism at the origin of the archive itself, to that comprised in the concept of genre/gender, and from the spatiotemporal in-betweenness of the archived diasporic (web)site to the translanguaging present therein, the article demonstrates how the diasporic micro-archive is the embodiment of a non-binary, trans-inclusive XF ideology. Taking French migrant women’s blogs preserved in the London French Special Collection as a primary source and examining their transformation over time, the paper explores how blog repurposing can be apprehended as a technomaterialist XF act and how the blogs’ increasing multimodal translanguaging bears witness to a form of culturo-linguistic transitioning that transcends binary hybridity.

Abstract Background The Well Now health and weight course teaches body respect and health gain for all. The course validates peoples’ lived experiences and knowledge through group activities and discussion with the aim of helping people to better understand their food and body stories. Well Now explores different ways of knowing, including the use and limits of body signals, like energy levels, hunger, taste and emotions and helps people keep food and behaviours in perspective by drawing attention to other factors that impact on health and wellbeing. This study undertook a service evaluation of the Well Now course to understand its acceptability for participants and its impact on diet quality, food preoccupation, physical activity and mental wellbeing. Methods This service evaluation combined quantitative pre- and post-course measures with telephone interviews with previous attendees. Paired t-tests were used to determine if there were statistically significant differences in the intended outcomes. Semi-structured qualitative telephone interviews were undertaken with previous attendees 6–12 months after attendance to understand how participants experienced the Well Now course. Results Significant improvements were demonstrated in diet quality, food preoccupation, physical activity and mental wellbeing outcomes. Medium effect sizes are demonstrated for mental wellbeing and diet quality, with smaller effect sizes shown for physical activity and food preoccupation. The weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) of attendees remained stable in this timeframe. The qualitative data corroborates and extends elements of the quantitative outcomes and highlights areas of the course that may benefit from further development and improvement. The findings further indicate that the Well Now approach is largely acceptable for attendees. Conclusions Well Now’s non-judgemental holistic approach facilitates change for those who complete the course, and for those who do not. This health gain approach upholds non-maleficence and beneficence, and this is demonstrated with this service evaluation for both completers and partial completers.

Problema.- Aspectos éticos y legales en obtención de órganos dentales como estrategia pedagógica y en investigación, probabilidad de contaminación cruzada, medidas de bioseguridad y creación de banco de dientes. Material y Métodos.- Estudio descriptivo basado en Encuesta con variables cuali – cuantitativas dirigida a 172 estudiantes de último semestre de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Guayaquil; Resultados.- uso de dientes extraídos en las asignaturas de endodoncia(28%), operatoria dental(26%), morfología (23%); compra u obsequio es el tipo de adquisición de mayor frecuencia (77%); alumno conoce que diente es portador de elementos patógenos pero (92%) no conoce que diente adquirido proceda de persona con enfermedad infecciosa; guantes 86% o mascarilla 87% son las barreras de mayor uso; 70% realizó desinfección del diente antes de usarlo; 63% realizó proceso de limpieza y descontaminación; 41% los conservó en algún líquido; 58% sin líquido; 62% usa la esterilización en autoclave; 37% en formalina. Alumno considera aplicación de la Bioética en proceso quirúrgico al usar el consentimiento informado, pero la obtención de dientes solo fue a través de la compra u obsequio, no relaciona el proceso de donación al proceso de exodoncia. Conclusiones.- Es frecuente uso de dientes humanos en endodoncia, operatoria dental y morfología, su obtención es a través de compra u obsequio, conoce que diente es portador de elementos patógenos, pero no si procede de persona con enfermedad infecciosa; da importancia al consentimiento informado previa exodoncia, no se promociona proceso de donación de órganos dentarios

Introducción: Los defectos de esmalte (DDE) son un conjunto de alteraciones clínicamente visibles, debido a desórdenes ocurridos durante la biomineralización de la matriz del esmalte.1 Las alteraciones producidas durante la fase inicial de la secreción de la matriz en el proceso de amelogénesis pueden provocar defectos como hipoplasias y afectaciones en los procesos de maduración como las hipomineralizaciones .7 Objetivo: Analizar los defectos del desarrollo del esmalte y los factores asociados en dentición mixta en pacientes de clínica de odontopediatría clínica UCSG. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un trabajo de investigación observacional de enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo de tipo transversal, diseño descriptivo y analítico Se obtuvo un universo de 104 niños de sexo femenino y masculino con dentición mixta con una muestra de 80 según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, Resultados: La prevalencia de DDE en el grupo de estudio fue de 66.07%, opacidad lineal 21.43% y confluente 16.07%, el maxilar superior es el más afectado 17.88% en opacidad difusa con extensión grado 1, el presente estudió determinó que no existe relación entre factores como deficiencia de vitaminas durante el embarazo , infecciones del tracto urinario y bajo peso al nacer. Conclusiones: Según el tipo de defecto en el desarrollo del esmalte de la población pediátrica estudiada se identifica que existió un mayor porcentaje de opacidad difusa lineal, el DDE se presenta con mayor frecuencia en maxilar superior, de acuerdo a la extensión se determinó que presentan grado I y II en opacidad difusa confluente.

The epidemic of COVID-19 has shown different developments in Africa compared to the other continents. Three different approaches were used in this study to analyze this situation. In the first part, basic statistics were performed to estimate the contribution of the elderly people to the total numbers of cases and deaths in comparison to the other continents; Similarly, the health systems capacities were analysed to assess the level of underreporting. In the second part, differential equations were reconstructed from the epidemiological time series of cases and deaths (from the John Hopkins University) to analyse the dynamics of COVID-19 in seventeen countries. In the third part, the time evolution of the contact number was reconstructed since the beginning of the outbreak to investigate the effectiveness of the mitigation strategies. Results were compared to the Oxford stringency index and to the mobility indices of the Google Community Mobility Reports. Compared to Europe, the analyses show that the lower proportion of elderly people in Africa enables to explain the lower total numbers of cases and deaths by a factor of 5.1 on average (from 1.9 to 7.8). It corresponds to a genuine effect. Nevertheless, COVID-19 numbers are effectively largely underestimated in Africa by a factor of 8.5 on average (from 1.7 to 20. and more) due to the weakness of the health systems at country level. Geographically, the models obtained for the dynamics of cases and deaths reveal very diversified dynamics. The dynamics is chaotic in many contexts, including a situation of bistability rarely observed in dynamical systems. Finally, the contact number directly deduced from the epidemiological observations reveals an effective role of the mitigation strategies on the short term. On the long term, control measures have contributed to maintain the epidemic at a low level although the progressive release of the stringency did not produce a clear increase of the contact number. The arrival of the omicron variant is clearly detected and characterised by a quick increase of interpeople contact, for most of the African countries considered in the analysis.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y severidad de fluorosis dental y su relación con la presencia de flúor en el agua, tipo de alimentación, higiene oral y caries dental. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, transversal y descriptivo con una muestra de 112 niños y niñas de 6-12 años de edad matriculados en la Unidad Educativa ANDOAS, Parroquia Cubijíes , Provincia de Chimborazo, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y de exclusión previamente establecidos. Resultados: Se determinó que el 86% de la población de estudio padece de fluorosis dental, en sus diferentes niveles. La concentración de flúor en agua a nivel domiciliario, presentó valores de 1,88 mg/dl y 1,84 mg/dl de flúor, superando los niveles establecidos por la OMS (0,5-1,5 mg/dl). Además se estableció que la proporción de pasta dental que utiliza la población es excesiva y que la dieta de la población tiene una relación estrecha con los alimentos que contienen flúor, observándose que la mayoría de la población consume productos del mar entre muchas veces y casi siempre (27%),los cuales tienen alta concentración de flúor; en la categoría de productos con concentración moderada de flúor , se consumen con frecuencia, el arroz (60%), el queso (45%), el pan (37%) y el pollo (36%), y de forma regular alimentos con concentración leve de flúor como la leche, el pan, el guineo, el huevo, el tomate y además el pepino, la cebolla y el apio. La población de estudio presentó un índice CPO-D de 1.16 (muy bajo) y un índice ceo-d de 3.16 (moderado), analizados bajos los criterios de la OMS. Conclusión: La prevalencia de fluorosis dental en sus diferentes niveles es alta en la población de estudio. La concentración de flúor en el agua a nivel domiciliario supera los límites que establece la OMS. La proporción de pasta colocada en la parte activa del cepillo es excesiva y la dieta se relaciona con el consumo de alimentos que contienen flúor. La prevalencia de caries es muy baja en el índice CPO-D y moderada en el índice ceo-d.

CD1d is an atypical MHC class I molecule which binds endogenous and exogenous lipids and can activate natural killer T (NKT) cells through the presentation of lipid antigens. CD1d surveys different cellular compartments including the secretory and the endolysosomal pathway and broadly binds lipids through its two hydrophobic pockets. Purification of the transmembrane protein CD1d for the analysis of bound lipids is technically challenging as the use of detergents releases CD1d-bound lipids. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel approach based on Sortase A-dependent enzymatic release of CD1d at the cell surface of live mammalian cells, which allows for single step release and affinity tagging of CD1d for shotgun lipidomics. Using this system, we demonstrate that CD1d carrying the Sortase A recognition motif shows unimpaired subcellular trafficking through the secretory and endolysosomal pathway and is able to load lipids in these compartments and present them to NKT cells. Comprehensive shotgun lipidomics demonstrated that the spectrum and abundance of CD1d-associated lipids is not representative of the total cellular lipidome but rather characterized by preferential binding to long chain sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids. As such, sphingomyelin species recently identified as critical negative regulators of NKT cell activation, represented the vast majority of endogenous CD1d-associated lipids. Moreover, we observed that inhibition of endolysosomal trafficking of CD1d surprisingly did not affect the spectrum of CD1d-bound lipids, suggesting that the majority of endogenous CD1d-associated lipids load onto CD1d in the secretory rather than the endolysosomal pathway. In conclusion, we present a novel system for the analysis of CD1d-bound lipids in mammalian cells and provide new insight into the spectrum of CD1d-associated lipids, with important functional implications for NKT cell activation.

Utiliser les sédiments lacustres lors d’une vidange de barrage est un moyen d’enrichir le sol dans un contexte agropastoral de montagne. A partir d’une expérience menée dans les Alpes françaises du Nord (barrage du Mont Cenis), deux mélanges grainiers, dont l’un avec des semences sauvages d’origine locale, ont été testés selon deux modalités de reconstitution de sol (deux mélanges de sédiments, compost et fumier). Cinq années de suivi de végétation et d’analyses du sol ont permis d’observer l’évolution du cortège floristique et l’amélioration physico-chimique du sol. Il en résulte des solutions opérationnelles apportées aux agriculteurs pour reconstituer le sol, améliorer la biodiversité des prairies et optimiser les pratiques de pâturages.

Machine learning (ML) is becoming an integral part of networks security arsenal, where Internet of Things (IoT) structures play an increasingly important role. However, IoT networks have many specific requirements, mostly due to limited energy availability and stringent computing resources. This results in limitations for traditional ML approaches to security, in particular for anomaly detection. Consequently, new focuses for solutions that range from architectural to data processing ones are necessary. Therefore, appropriate lightweight ML algorithms have to be designed and deployed in appropriate architectural settings, which is the main contribution of this paper. In addition, insights into ML functioning are needed to better understand the observed anomalies. To enable these insights (and support a wider applicability of ML based approaches), the results have to be as explainable as possible. The research presented in this paper addresses this problem through the functional and data transparency of ML applications, tailored to the specifics of anomaly detection in IoT networks. To tackle accordingly also the architectural issues, the presented approach builds on the well-established layering principle from computer communications reference models. This principle not only supports flexibility but also increases security in these new environments of growing importance.

This paper presents a hybrid thermochemical process concept for the cogeneration of cold, electricity and thermal storage based on low temperature sources. Several innovative architectures of the process were defined at PROMES-CNRS and the ‘simultaneous mode’ architecture was chosen to be under study. It provides both cold and electricity productions in the discharging step of this storage system. A numerical model was developed at PROMES simulating the simultaneous mode of the hybrid cycle. Based on the results of the model, an experimental prototype was developed at the lab. The thermochemical reactor was tested and operated properly in the charging and discharging phase of the cycle, before its hybridization. The expander was set under the first experimental characterization using nitrogen before integrating it with the thermochemical reactor in the hybrid system to analyze the real performance of the cycle.

Staphylococcus pettenkoferi is a recently described coagulase-negative Staphylococcus identified in human diseases, especially in infections of foot ulcers in patients living with diabetes mellitus. To date, its pathogenicity remains underexplored. In this study, whole-genome analysis was performed on a collection of 29 S. pettenkoferi clinical strains isolated from bloodstream and diabetic foot infections with regard to their phylogenetic relationships and comprehensive analysis of their resistome and virulome. Their virulence was explored by their ability to form biofilm, their growth kinetics and in an in vivo zebrafish embryo infection model. Our results identified two distinct clades (I and II) and two subclades (I-a and I-b) with notable genomic differences. All strains had a slow bacterial growth. Three profiles of biofilm formation were noted, with 89.7% of isolates able to produce biofilm and harbouring a high content of biofilm-encoding genes. Two virulence profiles were also observed in the zebrafish model irrespective of the strains’ origin or biofilm profile. Therefore, this study brings new insights in S. pettenkoferi pathogenicity.

Staphylococcus aureus possesses a large arsenal of immune-modulating factors, enabling it to bypass the immune system’s response. Here, we demonstrate that the acid phosphatase SapS is secreted during macrophage infection and promotes its intracellular survival in this type of immune cell. In animal models, the SA564 sapS mutant demonstrated a significantly lower bacterial burden in liver and renal tissues of mice at four days post infection in comparison to the wild type, along with lower pathogenicity in a zebrafish infection model. The SA564 sapS mutant elicits a lower inflammatory response in mice than the wild-type strain, while S. aureus cells harbouring a functional sapS induce a chemokine response that favours the recruitment of neutrophils to the infection site. Our in vitro and quantitative transcript analysis show that SapS has an effect on S. aureus capacity to adapt to oxidative stress during growth. SapS is also involved in S. aureus biofilm formation. Thus, this study shows for the first time that SapS plays a significant role during infection, most likely through inhibiting a variety of the host’s defence mechanisms.

The aim of this study was to develop a robust methodology for evaluating the spatiotemporal dynamics of the inundation status in tropical wetlands with the currently available Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) data by proposing a new quality control technique called the “precision index”. The methodology was applied over the Mekong Delta, one of the most important rice-production systems comprising aquaculture areas and natural wetlands (e.g., mangrove forests, peatlands). Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CyGNSS) constellation data (August 2018–December 2021) were used to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the reflectivity Γ over the delta. First, the reflectivity Γ, shape and size of each specular footprint and the precision index were calibrated at each specular point and reprojected to a 0.0045° resolution (approximately equivalent to 500 m) grid at a daily temporal resolution (Lv. 2 product); then, the results were obtained considering bias-causing factors (e.g., the velocity/effective scattering area/incidence angle). The Lv. 2 product was temporally integrated every 15 days with a Kalman smoother (+/− 14 days temporal localization with Gaussian kernel: 1σ = 5 days). By applying the smoother, the regional-annual dynamics over the delta could be clearly visualized. The behaviors of the GNSS-R reflectivity and the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 Phased-Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 quadruple polarimetric scatter signals were compared and found to be nonlinearly correlated due to the influence of the incidence angle and the effective scattering area.

Introducción.- Existen diversas causas relacionadas con la variación en la cronología y secuencia de la erupción de los dientes permanentes, los cuales pueden ser: edad, género y estado nutricional. Objetivo.- Establecer la determinación de la cronología y secuencia de erupción de los incisivos permanentes y factores asociados en los niños de 5 a 9 años de edad que acuden a la clínica de Odontopediatría de la Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil durante el periodo académico B-2017. Materiales y métodos.- Estudio clínico y radiográfico de tipo transversal, descriptivo, analítico y observacional en 84 pacientes pediátricos de ambos sexos, de 5 a 9 años de edad, atendidos en la clínica de odontología de la UCSG; considerando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Conclusión.- La formación dentaria de la zona incisiva, en el género masculino presenta un ligero retraso en la formación dentaria a comparación con el género femenino. La secuencia de emergencia dentaria será primero en las niñas que en los niños. En cuanto a la relación del estado nutricional con la formación dentaria y la secuencia de erupción podemos determinar que no hubo relación ya que no se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas.

Problema. –La lengua apoya funciones fisiológicas de alimentación, fonación y masticación, contribuye a la higiene oral y al desarrollo de ambos maxilares. La protracción lingual, macroglosia, deglución atípica y dislalia, son problemas asociados a la disfunción lingual. Objetivo. – analizar los procesos fisiológicos bucales donde interviene la lengua, determinar procedimientos de diagnóstico de disfunción lingual, evaluar factores de riesgo que coadyuvan a su presencia y determinar su impacto en el complejo dentomaxilofacial Material y Métodos. – Investigación bibliográfica documental, retrospectiva en la búsqueda, cualitativa, descriptiva, analítica, de método deductivo. Uso de análisis P.I.C.O.S para obtención de palabras clave: disfunción lingual, frenillo lingual, mordida abierta, hábitos bucales, tipos faciales, diagnóstico; utilizando los buscadores Pubmed, Science Hub, Google académico, Web of Sciences, se encontraron 96 artículos relacionados, que por criterios de inclusión y exclusión quedaron en 32. Resultados. – La lengua cumple funciones fisiológicas de deglución, masticación, degustación, fonación y formación del bolo alimenticio. El diagnóstico a través del examen clínico y electromiográfico, permite observar sus movimientos inapropiados y relación con hábitos bucales, maloclusiones, mordidas abiertas dentoalveolares y dislalias. La disfunción lingual está asociada a hábitos deformantes. Los pacientes dólicofaciales, de estructura neuromuscular débil, son más propensos a deformaciones dentomaxilofaciales relacionadas a la disfunción. Deben ser tratadas desde temprana edad, con terapia miofuncional de ortodoncia, terapia del lenguaje y posible frenectomía. Conclusiones. – La lengua apoya funciones fisiológicas de masticación, deglución y fonación; el diagnóstico clínico – funcional y electromiográfico, permiten una buena apreciación de disfunciones relacionadas, los cuales deben ser tratados a temprana edad.

Pd-catalysed reactions are amongst the most important in current chemistry. Consequently, very reactive catalysts were developed during the last decades, allowing very high conversions at low catalytic rates. However, decreasing Pd leaching in final products without decreasing catalyst efficiency remains an unsolved issue, especially in the pharma industry. We recently showed that using calixarenes as platforms for Pd-based catalysts constitutes an efficient answer to this concern. In the present work, we show that using these calixarenic platforms in combination with suitably engineered ligands allows for an even more strongly decreased Pd leaching. It thus opens up interesting perspectives for the synthesis of new families of catalysts combining a very high reactivity and a very low Pd leaching in final products.

La etapa de dentición mixta es un fenómeno dinámico considerado como un periodo de relevancia para alcanzar una oclusión normal, paulatinamente con la erupción de los primeros molares e incisivos inferiores permanentes se establecen variaciones propias de la edad denominada Etapa del Patito Feo. Objetivo: Determinar dinamismo de la oclusión de transición en la relación molar y zona incisiva en periodo de dentición mixta de 8 a 12 años, clínica UG. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Muestra 50 pacientes, 8 a 12 años, dentición mixta que cumplieron criterios de inclusión. Resultados: De 8 a 10 años existe un predominio de clase II div.1 (24%), sobresaliencia normal (16%), sobremordida normal (20%), diastema interincisivo (22%), protrusión de los incisivos centrales superiores (28%), apiñamiento leve (32%); de 10 a 12 años existe un predominio de clase I (24%), clase II div.1 (24%), sobresaliencia intermedia positiva (24%), sobremordida aumentada (36%), cierre del diastema (50%), correcta posición de los incisivos centrales (34%) y laterales superiores (42%), apiñamiento cero (44%). Conclusiones: De 8 a 10 años existe una discrepancia negativa leve de la zona incisiva superior e inferior con clase II div. 1, mientras que de 10 a 12 años existe un predominio de plano terminal con escalón mesial, clase I y clase II división 1. Con el crecimiento se observa una disminución de la discrepancia dentoesqueletal de zona incisiva, existiendo leve dimorfismo sexual entre los rangos de edades.