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Objective: To determine whether certain groups of otolaryngologists (ORLs) are treating cohorts of patients with more comorbidities., Study Design: Cross-sectional population-based analysis., Setting: 2019 Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Dataset., Methods: Each ORL's average Medicare hierarchical condition category (HCC) risk score, a comorbidity index calculated from a patient's comorbidities, was collected. These were stratified and compared by various physician characteristics, including practice region and rurality, years in practice, gender, subspecialty, and setting (academic vs community)., Results: Among 8959 ORLs, the mean HCC risk score for Medicare patients was 1.35 ± 0.35. On univariate analysis, ORLs practicing in urban (compared to rural), ORLs in academic settings (compared to community), and early career ORLs all had a patient population with a higher HCC risk score (P < .001 for all). On multivariate analysis controlling for gender, rurality, graduation year, and region, rural setting was associated with decreased odds of having a high-risk patient population (odds ratio: 0.58 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.48-0.71]; P < .001), while those more recently graduated has an increased risk (2000-2009: 1.41 [1.01-1.96], P = .046; 2010-2015: 2.30 [1.63-3.25], P < .001). In a separate subgroup analysis, subspecialty differences were seen and community setting was associated with decreased odds of having a high-risk patient population (0.36 [0.23-0.55]; P < .001)., Conclusion: There is variability in patient comorbidity profiles among ORLs, with those in urban settings, those more recently graduated, and those in academic settings treating a group with more comorbidities. As the comorbidity burden may increase the cost of practice and complications, these findings may have important implications for health inequity., (© 2024 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.)

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of facility volume on outcomes following primary endoscopic surgical management of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC)., Methods: The 2010-2016 National Cancer DataBase (NCDB) was queried for patients diagnosed with T1-T4a SNSCC surgically treated endoscopically as the primary treatment modality. Factors associated with overall survival (OS) were evaluated, including facility volume., Results: A total of 330 patients who underwent endoscopic surgical management of SNSCC were treated at 356 unique facilities designated as either low-volume (LVC; treating 1-2 cases; 0-75th percentile), intermediate-volume centers (IVC; 3-4 cases total; 75th-90th percentile), or 144 high-volume (HVC; treating 5+ cases total; >90th percentile) centers. HVC treated patients with higher T staging (42.1 % vs. 29.8 %) and tumors in the maxillary sinus (26.9 % vs. 13.2 %) and ethmoid sinus (10.3 % vs. ≤8.3 %), while LVCs treated lower T stage tumors (70.2 % vs. 57.9 %) and tumors that were located in the nasal cavity (70.2-78.5 % vs. 62.8 %). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with decreased OS included higher T stage (T3/T4a vs. T1/T2; OR 1.92, 95 % CI 1.06-3.47) and older age (>65 vs. <65; OR 2.69, 95 % CI 1.62-4.49). Cases treated at high-volume centers were not associated with a higher likelihood of OS when compared to low-volume centers (OR 0.70, 95 % CI 0.36-1.35)., Conclusions: HVC are treating more primary tumors of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses and tumors with higher T stages with endoscopic approaches, although this does not appear to be associated with increased OS., Short Summary: Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) presents late in disease process with poor prognosis. We investigated the impact of facility volume on outcomes following endoscopic treatment of SNSCC. High-volume centers treat more advanced and complex disease with comparable OS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors do not have any potential competing interests and have all approved the manuscript for submission., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Microglia are implicated as primarily detrimental in pain models; however, they exist across a continuum of states that contribute to homeostasis or pathology depending on timing and context. To clarify the specific contribution of microglia to pain progression, we take advantage of a temporally controlled transgenic approach to transiently deplete microglia. Unexpectedly, we observe complete resolution of pain coinciding with microglial repopulation rather than depletion. We find that repopulated mouse spinal cord microglia are morphologically distinct from control microglia and exhibit a unique transcriptome. Repopulated microglia from males and females express overlapping networks of genes related to phagocytosis and response to stress. We intersect the identified mouse genes with a single-nuclei microglial dataset from human spinal cord to identify human-relevant genes that may ultimately promote pain resolution after injury. This work presents a comprehensive approach to gene discovery in pain and provides datasets for the development of future microglial-targeted therapeutics., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Retinal hemorrhages in pediatric patients can be a diagnostic challenge for ophthalmologists. These hemorrhages can occur due to various underlying etiologies, including abusive head trauma, accidental trauma, and medical conditions. Accurate identification of the etiology is crucial for appropriate management and legal considerations. In recent years, deep learning techniques have shown promise in assisting healthcare professionals in making more accurate and timely diagnosis of a variety of disorders. We explore the potential of deep learning approaches for differentiating etiologies of pediatric retinal hemorrhages. Our study, which spanned multiple centers, analyzed 898 images, resulting in a final dataset of 597 retinal hemorrhage fundus photos categorized into medical (49.9%) and trauma (50.1%) etiologies. Deep learning models, specifically those based on ResNet and transformer architectures, were applied; FastViT-SA12, a hybrid transformer model, achieved the highest accuracy (90.55%) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 90.55%, while ResNet18 secured the highest sensitivity value (96.77%) on an independent test dataset. The study highlighted areas for optimization in artificial intelligence (AI) models specifically for pediatric retinal hemorrhages. While AI proves valuable in diagnosing these hemorrhages, the expertise of medical professionals remains irreplaceable. Collaborative efforts between AI specialists and pediatric ophthalmologists are crucial to fully harness AI's potential in diagnosing etiologies of pediatric retinal hemorrhages.

In recent years, peer-assisted learning has emerged as a new and effective medical education modality. Near-peer tutoring utilizes a senior student serving as an instructor to a junior student. In 2019, the University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine (UCISOM) implemented a near-peer tutoring model beginning with first-year anatomy and physiology curricula. Following a successful pilot program, UCISOM launched a full-fledged near-peer tutoring program in 2020 named Collaborative Learning Communities (CLC) with Medical Students as Teachers. The rollout of CLC occurred in phases. In 2020, second-year medical students led the program for first-year students; in 2021, an additional program was led by third-year medical students for second-year students; in 2022, the program expanded to third-year medical students led by fourth-year students. Each program serves the unique learning needs of each student class, utilizing evidence-based teaching practices while allowing the opportunity for mentorship, interclass connectedness, and refinement of the tutor's teaching skills. In this paper, we describe the creation of CLC, its goals, leadership and curricular structure, and its various benefits, challenges, and limitations., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Chronic pain is a common and often debilitating problem that affects 100 million Americans. A better understanding of pain's molecular mechanisms is necessary for developing safe and effective therapeutics. Microglial activation has been implicated as a mediator of chronic pain in numerous preclinical studies; unfortunately, translational efforts using known glial modulators have largely failed, perhaps at least in part due to poor specificity of the compounds pursued, or an incomplete understanding of microglial reactivity. In order to achieve a more granular understanding of the role of microglia in chronic pain as a means of optimizing translational efforts, we utilized a clinically-informed mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and monitored microglial activation throughout pain progression. We discovered that while both males and females exhibit spinal cord microglial activation as evidenced by increases in Iba1, activation is attenuated and delayed in females. We further evaluated the expression of the newly identified microglia-specific marker, TMEM119, and identified two distinct populations in the spinal cord parenchyma after peripheral injury: TMEM119+ microglia and TMEM119- infiltrating myeloid lineage cells, which are comprised of Ly6G + neutrophils and Ly6G- macrophages/monocytes. Neurons are sensitized by inflammatory mediators released in the CNS after injury; however, the cellular source of these cytokines remains somewhat unclear. Using multiplex in situ hybridization in combination with immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that spinal cord TMEM119+ microglia are the cellular source of cytokines IL6 and IL1β after peripheral injury. Taken together, these data have important implications for translational studies: 1) microglia remain a viable analgesic target for males and females, so long as duration after injury is considered; 2) the analgesic properties of microglial modulators are likely at least in part related to their suppression of microglial-released cytokines, and 3) a limited number of neutrophils and macrophages/monocytes infiltrate the spinal cord after peripheral injury but have unknown impact on pain persistence or resolution. Further studies to uncover glial-targeted therapeutic interventions will need to consider sex, timing after injury, and the exact target population of interest to have the specificity necessary for translation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain disorder with a clear acute-to-chronic transition. Preclinical studies demonstrate that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), expressed by myeloid-lineage cells, astrocytes, and neurons, mediates a sex-dependent transition to chronic pain; however, evidence is lacking on which exact TLR4-expressing cells are responsible. We used complementary pharmacologic and transgenic approaches in mice to more specifically manipulate myeloid-lineage TLR4 and outline its contribution to the transition from acute-to-chronic CRPS based on three key variables: location (peripheral vs central), timing (prevention vs treatment), and sex (male vs female). We demonstrate that systemic TLR4 antagonism is more effective at improving chronic allodynia trajectory when administered at the time of injury (early) in the tibial fracture model of CRPS in both sexes. In order to clarify the contribution of myeloid-lineage cells peripherally (macrophages) or centrally (microglia), we rigorously characterize a novel spatiotemporal transgenic mouse line, Cx3CR1-Cre ERT2-eYFP ;TLR4 fl/fl (TLR4 cKO) to specifically knock out TLR4 only in microglia and no other myeloid-lineage cells. Using this transgenic mouse, we find that early TLR4 cKO results in profound improvement in chronic, but not acute, allodynia in males, with a significant but less robust effect in females. In contrast, late TLR4 cKO results in partial improvement in allodynia in both sexes, suggesting that downstream cellular or molecular TLR4-independent events may have already been triggered. Overall, we find that the contribution of TLR4 is time- and microglia-dependent in both sexes; however, females also rely on peripheral myeloid-lineage (or other TLR4 expressing) cells to trigger chronic pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The contribution of myeloid cell TLR4 to sex-specific pain progression remains controversial. We used complementary pharmacologic and transgenic approaches to specifically manipulate TLR4 based on three key variables: location (peripheral vs central), timing (prevention vs treatment), and sex (male vs female). We discovered that microglial TLR4 contributes to early pain progression in males, and to a lesser extent in females. We further found that maintenance of chronic pain likely occurs through myeloid TLR4-independent mechanisms in both sexes. Together, we define a more nuanced contribution of this receptor to the acute-to-chronic pain transition in a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome., (Copyright © 2021 the authors.)

Many diseases display unequal prevalence between sexes. The sex-specific immune response to both injury and persistent pain remains underexplored and would inform treatment paradigms. We utilized high-dimensional mass cytometry to perform a comprehensive analysis of phenotypic and functional immune system differences between male and female mice after orthopedic injury. Multivariate modeling of innate and adaptive immune cell responses after injury using an elastic net algorithm, a regularized regression method, revealed sex-specific divergence at 12 h and 7 days after injury with a stronger immune response to injury in females. At 12 h, females upregulated STAT3 signaling in neutrophils but downregulated STAT1 and STAT6 signals in T regulatory cells, suggesting a lack of engagement of immune suppression pathways by females. Furthermore, at 7 days females upregulated MAPK pathways (p38, ERK, NFkB) in CD4T memory cells, setting up a possible heightened immune memory of painful injury. Taken together, our findings provide the first comprehensive and functional analysis of sex-differences in the immune response to painful injury., (Copyright © 2020 Tawfik, Huck, Baca, Ganio, Haight, Culos, Ghaemi, Phongpreecha, Angst, Clark, Aghaeepour and Gaudilliere.)