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Mitochondrial donation to reduce the risk of primary mitochondrial disease transmission from mother to child is now permitted under Australian law as part of a clinical trial. The energy demands of pregnancy have the potential to worsen mitochondrial disease symptoms and severity in affected women. We conducted a systematic literature review on mitochondrial disease in pregnancy; five cohort studies and 19 case reports were included. For many women with mitochondrial disease, pregnancy does not have a negative effect on health status. However, serious adverse outcomes may occur. We provide suggested guidelines for preconception counselling and antenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the indications for maternal TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV)) serology, with a focus on the yield in isolated fetal growth restriction (FGR). Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of antenatal TORCH testing between January 2014 and December 2018 was carried out at two hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. TORCH testing ordered for pregnancy losses and stillbirth was excluded. Results: Medical records of 718 pregnancies were reviewed, representing 760 fetuses. Isolated FGR was the indication for TORCH screening in 71.2% of pregnancies. Screens ordered for isolated FGR were positive in 7.4% (95% CI 5.5–10.0%). There were 49 positive maternal immunoglobulin M (CMV = 34, Toxoplasma = 15). Two acute maternal infections during pregnancy were diagnosed (CMV = 1, Toxoplasma = 1), with both screens ordered to assess symptomatic maternal illness. There was one neonatal CMV infection, born to a woman with symptomatic primary CMV. No maternal or neonatal rubella or HSV infections were identified. We found a diagnostic yield of TORCH screening for isolated FGR of 0.0% (95% CI 0.00–0.8%). An estimated AUD$64 269.75 was expended on maternal TORCH screens in this study. Conclusion: Maternal TORCH testing for isolated FGR is of no diagnostic yield and should be abandoned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence supporting the use of valaciclovir to reduce fetal infection after maternal primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has stimulated interest in routine CMV serological screening in pregnancy. It is important to understand the healthcare consumer perspective of a CMV infection during pregnancy to minimize unintended harms of screening. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews with Australian women who had a lived experience of CMV infection following serological testing during pregnancy. Participants were recruited via social media and healthcare consumer networks, and purposively selected to capture a range of perinatal outcomes. Interview transcripts were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results: Twelve participants were interviewed: 6 had a live birth, 4 had terminations of pregnancy, 1 had a neonatal death and 1 was pregnant at the time of interview. Four major categories emerged from the analysis. Women reported a lack of CMV awareness among themselves, their social networks, and among their health care providers. The participants described their experience as "hard" and "stressful". Uncertainty and variability characterized their clinical decision‐making process. The pregnancy and postpartum periods were marked by ongoing anxiety about the long‐term impacts of CMV. Women supported screening for CMV, decision making and reproductive choice, but acknowledged that routine testing may not be desired by everyone and may increase stress and terminations of pregnancy. Important coping strategies included obtaining support from partners, family, and other families with lived experience of CMV, as well as having access to knowledgeable and sensitive healthcare professionals. Conclusion: Serological diagnosis of maternal CMV infection during pregnancy can have severe and prolonged psychological impacts on parents, regardless of the pregnancy outcome. Improving healthcare professionals' knowledge and public awareness are essential before widespread serological screening can be responsibly introduced. Healthcare administrators that are considering implementing a prenatal screening program for secondary prevention of fetal CMV infection should pay attention to consumer perspectives to minimize unintended harms to women and their families. Key points: What do we already know? Congenital CMV (cCMV) occurs following maternal infection and is the most common infectious cause of sensorineural hearing loss and cerebral palsy.CMV serology can detect maternal infection during pregnancy, but the accurate prediction of long‐term childhood outcomes can be difficult.Valaciclovir has emerged as an effective treatment to reduce fetal infection after first trimester maternal primary infection, raising interest in routine serological screening in pregnancy. However, the patient experience of a suspected serological diagnosis of CMV during pregnancy has not been well studied to date. What does this study add? The psychological impact of a suspected CMV infection during pregnancy can be profound and prolonged.Participants' feelings of shock and fear were compounded by their own lack of knowledge about CMV as well as among their social networks and health care professionals.Medical decision making following the diagnosis was a complex and isolating experience, and women did not always receive the information and support they needed.Suggestions for future care prioritized increasing awareness of cCMV, improving healthcare delivery and communication, and promoting research into CMV prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to investigate human fetal exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) by analyzing amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood. Study Design Concentrations of four NNS (acesulfame-potassium [ace-K], saccharin, steviol glucuronide, and sucralose) were measured in amniotic fluid (n = 13) and cord blood samples (n = 15) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Amniotic fluid samples were obtained for research purposes at the time of term elective cesarean birth or clinically indicated third trimester amnioreduction at Mercy Hospital for Women (Melbourne, Australia). All except four women were in the fasting state. Cord blood samples were obtained from an independent cohort of newborns whose mothers were enrolled in a separate clinical trial at the National Institutes of Health. Results Ten of 13 amniotic fluid samples contained at least one NNS (ace-K, saccharin, steviol glucuronide, and/or sucralose). Maximum amniotic fluid NNS concentrations of ace-K, saccharin, steviol glucuronide, and sucralose were 78.9, 55.9, 93.5, and 30.6 ng/mL, respectively. Ace-K and saccharin were present in 100% and 80% of the cord blood samples, with maximal concentrations of 6.5 and 2.7 ng/mL, respectively. Sucralose was not detected and steviol glucuronide was not measurable in any of the cord blood samples. Conclusion Our results provide evidence of human transplacental transmission of NNS. Based on results predominantly obtained from rodent models, we speculate that NNS exposure may adversely influence the offsprings' metabolic health. Well-designed, prospective clinical trials are necessary to understand the impact of NNS intake during pregnancy on human development and long-term health. Key Points NNS consumption during pregnancy has increased in recent years. Maternal NNS intake during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth and higher infant weight gain in epidemiologic studies. In rodents, in utero NNS exposure induces metabolic abnormalities in mothers and their offspring, alters offspring gut microbiota composition, and promotes sweet taste preference in adulthood. It is presently unknown whether and to what degree maternal NNS ingestion in humans leads to direct in utero exposure. This study provides the first evidence of in utero NNS exposure in humans and highlights the urgent need to investigate clinical consequences of early life NNS exposure on metabolism, weight, taste preference, and general health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the sound development of ASEAN, more and more attention is paid to hub ports that support cargo and information flows in this marine region. However there are few studies on river and feeder ports. To fill this gap, this study takes a river port as an example to illustrate how to utilize the Balanced Scorecard for evaluating the Core Competences of river and feeder ports. Core competences are helpful for terminal operators when focusing on core strategies, core business and core products / services development for resource limitation. The business pattern which regards core competences as a foundation is beneficial for terminal operators to achieve sustainable competitive advantages. A questionnaire survey has been conducted. The Cronbach alpha method confirms testing reliability of the questionnaire. Study results reveal that two core competences are “capabilities of valuing employee and organization improvement” and “national and municipal government support” for a river port.

Background: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the most common congenital infection worldwide. cCMV can lead to severe long‐term sequelae, including neurological impairment and developmental delay. We performed a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines containing recommendations concerning serological screening for CMV during pregnancy. Method: We performed a search of MEDLINE, Turning Research into Practice (TRIP) database and the grey literature for clinical practice guidelines or consensus statements published in the English language from Jan 2010 to June 2022. The quality of the included guidelines was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument. Textual synthesis was used to summarise and compare the recommendations on CMV serological screening in pregnancy. Results: Eleven guidelines and two consensus statements were included. None recommended universal serological screening for CMV in pregnant women; five recommended screening for high‐risk women (those with frequent contact with young children). The overall quality of the guidelines varied; most were medium or low. Conclusions: Although clinical practice guidelines do not actively recommend routine serological screening in pregnancy, most did not meet standard processes for development and predated the emerging data on valaciclovir as a potential intervention. Existing recommendations are underpinned by limited, low‐level evidence, exposing the lack of robust data in this area of practice. Further high‐level evidence and methodologically robust guidelines are needed to guide clinical practice in this rapidly changing field. Key points: What's already known about this topic? Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common infectious cause of neurodisability and cerebral palsy.There is emerging data to support maternal therapy with high dose valaciclovir to reduce foetal infection after the first trimester maternal primary infection.The role of routine serological screening to determine maternal susceptibility to primary CMV infection is of increasing relevance with the prospect of antiviral therapy. What does this study add? We present a systematic review of English‐language clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements on CMV screening in pregnancy.None currently recommends universal prenatal serological screening for CMV.Existing recommendations are underpinned by limited, low‐level evidence, exposing the paucity of robust data in this area of practice.Further high‐level evidence and methodologically robust guidelines are needed to guide clinical practice in this rapidly changing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prenatal screening for aneuploidy has undergone immense changes over the past two decades. In 2013 cell‐free DNA‐based non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) became a new self‐funded option primarily for Down syndrome screening, but also other aneuploidies and genetic conditions. The numbers of Medicare item claims for prenatal diagnostic procedures have halved since the introduction of NIPT, while billings for serum screening fell by 40% over the same period, on a background of steady births. Australia is now observing historically low rates of prenatal diagnostic testing. These data provide an informative snapshot of historic changes in prenatal screening and diagnosis, as our sector prepares for the impending impacts of other advances in genomics on maternity care. They also highlight the need to address equity and quality issues that arise when consumers must bear the full costs of improved genomic tests in the absence of Medicare funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points: What is already known about this topic?Through the introduction of the nuchal translucency scan at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks gestation for aneuploidy screening in the 1990s, the role of the first trimester scan has evolved to include an assessment of fetal anatomy.Advances in ultrasound technology and expertise now mean that many fetal anomalies that were previously detected on the routine second trimester anatomy scan are now detected in the first trimester. What does this study add?This report summarizes the oral debate that was presented at the 22nd International Conference on Prenatal Diagnosis and Therapy in Montreal, Canada, on 21 June 2022.Our maternal–fetal medicine experts argue for and against the proposition that a detailed review of fetal anatomy should be included in all scans performed at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks gestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]