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The solubilities of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in 1-butanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl tert-butyl ether, and 2-propanol + water binary solvent systems at different temperatures were deter...

Due to complex circumstance, decision makers may have difficulty in offering complete intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations (IFPRs) in the decision making process, so that it will lead to loss of important information. By applying the existing additive consistency to estimate missing preference values, some obtained values may conflict with the defined domain. To address this issue, we present a new approach to group decision making (GDM) problems with incomplete IFPRs. Firstly, we introduce the concept of additive consistency for IFPRs. Then, two different conditions are provided in theorems, under these two conditions, missing preference values can be estimated such that they are expressible and consistent. Subsequently, for the incomplete IFPR which does not satisfy the conditions in two theorems, a new algorithm is put forward to revise the inconsistent preference values. Furthermore, based on the mean consensus index, the weights of decision makers can be determined in the process of GDM. Finally, an illustrative example is chosen to demonstrate the validity and practicality of the proposed method.

The natural-product-based low-molecular-weight supramolecular hydrogels (LMWSHs) induced by heating are rarely reported. In this work, a simple salt of oleanolic acid (OA) and choline ([choline][OA]) was used as the natural product hydrogelator (NPHG) to form LMWSHs. Unlike common sol-gel transitions, the OA-based LMWSH displayed a unique property with which the system could undergo a phase transition from the sol state to the gel state upon heating. Moreover, the phase separation was observed in sol and gel states when the temperature was elevated with nonreversible transparent-turbid transitions. LMWSHs showed good stability and injectability and the potential to be a drug delivery vehicle for sustained release of drugs. In this regard, this work provided a facile approach to designing an OA-based NPHG for preparing heat-induced LMWSHs.

Objective Liver is uniquely vulnerable during sepsis. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is confirmed to play crucial roles in septic liver injury. The present study aims to investigate the mechanisms of miR-155 in septic liver injury. Methods The sepsis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. Mice were divided into four groups: Vehicle, miR-155 antagomir, LPS, LPS+ miR-155 antagomir. The survival rate and body weight were monitored. Liver injury was assessed by H&E staining. The levels of serum ALT and inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA kits. Oxidative stress was detected by MDA and SOD detection kits. The miR-155, Nrf-2, and markers related to oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial injury and apoptosis were detected by western blotting and qPCR. Apoptosis in liver tissues was detected by TUNELstaining. Results MiR-155 antagomir alleviated liver injury as evidenced by enhancing survival rate and body weight, inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration, liver cells necrosis and decreasing ALT level. The productions of TNF-α, IL-6 were suppressed, while anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was promoted by miR-155 antagomir. Oxidative stress was inhibited by miR-155 antagomir via enhancing nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf-2) expression. ER stress and Cytochrome C (Cyto-C) release were restrained by miR-155 antagomir. Sepsis-induced apoptosis was repressed by miR-155 antagomir as manifested by the decreased levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-12, 9 and 3, and increased levels of Bcl-2 and uncleaved PARP. Conclusion MiR-155 antagomir relieved septic liver injury through inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via targeting Nrf-2, suggesting miR-155 as a therapeutic target for septic liver injury.

Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) which is produced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans causes apoptosis in lymphocytes. But the specific mechanism is not clear. The aim of our research was to investigate the effect and mechanism during this process. The wild-type CdtA, CdtB, CdtC (CdtAW, CdtBW, CdtCW) and mutant CdtB (CdtBM) were expressed and purified respectively and the purity of each subunit was examined by BandScan software. And the type I deoxyribonuclease and PI-3,4,5-triphosphate (PI-3,4,5-P3, PIP3) phosphatase activity were detected by DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. The cell apoptosis rates were analyzed by flow cytometry. The morphological changes of apoptosis cells were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was examined by western blot. Differentially expressed apoptosis-related proteins were identified based on isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation technology. In the present study we found that: (i) recombinant wild-type CdtA, CdtB and CdtC (CdtAW, CdtBW, CdtCW) and mutant CdtB (CdtBM) were correctly expressed and the purity of each protein was higher than 80%, (ii) the average apoptosis rate in wild-type CDT (CDTW) treated groups was 50.54%, which was significantly higher than the controls (4.71%) and mutant CDT (CDTM) treated groups (5.58%) (p

In order to reveal the dynamic changes of nitrogen-transforming and phosphorus-accumulating bacteria in the process of cyanobacterial bloom formation, bacterial community structure and functional genes associated with nitrogen cycling were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The high-throughput sequencing results showed that the diversity of bacterial communities decreased during cyanobacterial blooms, and the lacustrine free-living and bloom-attached bacterial communities varied with increased bloom density. With increasing density of cyanobacteria, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreased, whereas that of Firmicutes increased. Moreover, the growth of phosphate-accumulating organisms was increased in the phycosphere of cyanobacterial blooms, while that of nitrifiers was inhibited. Denitrifiers increased significantly under moderate blooms. The qPCR data also revealed that the abundance of nitrification and denitrification genes decreased or disappeared with the development of cyanobacterial blooms, indicating that the nitrogen transformation process might be inhibited, which showed a positive feedback of bacterial community to the development of

Based on traditional microbiological methods, a novel denitrifier

Formation of ionic derivatives from drugs provided a simple tool to tune physical properties including water solubility and biological activity of the drugs. Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) are two ubiquitous isomeric triterpene phytochemicals with many pharmacological effects. But the poor water solubility greatly limits their clinical application. In order to improve the solubility of OA and UA, this research exploited a non-covalent synthetic approach to prepare a series of novel ionic derivatives of OA and UA by a simple acid-base neutralization method for converting them into simple organic salts. The OA/UA based ionic derivatives were characterized by HRMS, FTIR, NMR, XRPD, and TGA-DSC, their solubilities and apparent 1-octanol/water partition coefficients were measured under different conditions. The solubility of the ionic derivatives turned out to be higher than that of OA/UA under most of experiment conditions, which indicated our aim to improve the solubility was attained. The apparent 1-octanol/water partition coefficients indicated that the ionic derivatives of OA/UA had higher hydrophilicity than OA/UA under most of the experiment conditions. Moreover, the human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2) growth inhibitory activity of the derivatives was also evaluated by MTT assay. The results suggested that UA based ionic derivatives exhibited significantly lower IC50 values than OA based ionic derivatives under the same conditions, indicating stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of HepG2 cells.

Sustainable supply chain management has been studied in the past. However, the previous studies lack proper justification for a multi-criteria decision-making structure of the hierarchical interrelationships in incomplete information. To fill this gap, this study proposes a hierarchical grey decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method to identify and analyze criteria and alternatives in incomplete information. Traditionally, the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method does not address a hierarchical structure and involves incomplete information within its analytical method. However, the grey theory compensates for incomplete information. This study's purpose is to apply the proposed hierarchical structure to identify aspects of and criteria for supplier prioritization. This includes an original set of criteria for structuring the following: aspects as a sustainable plan, communities for sustainability, sustainable operational process control and sustainable certification and growth. The results present the recycle/reuse/reduce option as a tool to increase the material savings percentage, which is the top criterion for supplier selection. This study concluded that the hierarchical analytical method provides a strong basis for future academic and practitioner research.

Travel time uncertainty has significant impacts on individual activity-travel scheduling, but at present these impacts have not been considered in most accessibility studies. In this paper, an accessibility evaluation framework is proposed for urban areas with uncertain travel times. A reliable space-time service region RSTR model is introduced to represent the space-time service region of a facility under travel time uncertainty. Based on the RSTR model, four reliable place-based accessibility measures are proposed to evaluate accessibility to urban services by incorporating the effects of travel time reliability. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework, a case study using large-scale taxi tracking data is carried out. The results of the case study indicate that the proposed accessibility measures can evaluate large-scale place-based accessibility well in urban areas with uncertain travel times. Conventional place-based accessibility indicators ignoring travel time reliability can significantly overestimate the accessibility to urban services.

Background: Death with dignity (DWD) refers to the refusal of life-prolonging measures for terminally ill patients by “living wills” forms in advance. More and more oncology physicians are receiving DWD requests from advance cancer patients in mainland China. Objective: The study objective was to investigate the attitudes of Chinese oncology physicians toward the legalization and implementation of DWD. Methods: A questionnaire investigating the understanding and attitudes toward DWD was administered to 257 oncology physicians from 11 hospitals in mainland China. Results: The effective response rate was 86.8% (223/257). The majority of oncology physicians (69.1%) had received DWD requests from patients. Half of the participants (52.5%) thought that the most important reason was the patients' unwillingness to maintain survival through machines. One-third of participants (33.0%) attributed the most important reason to suffering from painful symptoms. Most oncology physicians (78.9%) had knowledge about DWD. A fifth of respondents did not know the difference between DWD and euthanasia, and a few even considered DWD as euthanasia. The majority of oncology physicians supported the legalization (88.3%) and implementation (83.9%) of DWD. Conclusions: Many Chinese oncology physicians have received advanced cancer patients' DWD requests and think that DWD should be legalized and implemented. Chinese health management departments should consider the demands of physicians and patients. It is important to inform physicians about the difference between DWD and euthanasia, as one-fifth of them were confused about it.

In this work, a novel freestanding flexible reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite membrane was prepared, using polystyrene microspheres as the spacer to decrease the GO sheet self-stacking, silane coupling agents as the cross-linker to enhance the toughness, and treatment with ammonia followed by hydrochloric acid to partially reduce GO and increase the adsorption capacity. The morphologies and structures of the materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity toward genistein of the rGO composite membrane was 367.5 μmol g−1, which was much higher than other adsorbents under similar conditions in literature. Moreover, the rGO composite membrane had much higher adsorption capacity toward genistein and daidzein than the other three isoflavones (genistin, daidzein, and puerarin) due to hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond. Separated only once by the rGO composite membrane, the mass purity of daidzein and genistein in the purified extract was 31.31 % and 5.89 %, respectively, which was about 6 times of their mass purity in the crude extract of Radix Pueraria lobata.

This study proposes an efficient deviation path algorithm for finding exactly k shortest simple paths without loops in road networks. The algorithm formulates the deviation path calculation process as repeated one-to-one searches for the shortest path in a dynamic network, where only a node and a link are restored at each search. Using this formulation, the proposed algorithm maintains and updates a single shortest path tree rooted at the destination. A re-optimization technique, lifelong planning A*, is incorporated into the algorithm to efficiently calculate each deviation path by reusing the shortest path tree generated at the previous search. To verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, computational experiments were conducted using several real road networks, and the results showed that the proposed algorithm performed significantly better than state-of-the-art algorithms.

Inventory repositioning or pooling to efficiently align demand and supply is a strategic tool widely used in the car rental industry. This technique produces optimal results when demand is negatively correlated between locations within a pool. In practice, effective pricing decisions are expected to complement capacity adjustment, so activities of inventory repositioning can be minimised. Although matching demand increases profit, inventory repositioning unavoidably increases cost; thus, this investigation explores a different aspect of inventory repositioning, namely, effectiveness. The study utilises live pricing data from the US car rental industry, an industry where price is a major differentiator in the market, to detect whether any unwarranted inventory repositioning activity can be removed. Hypotheses are formulated to test whether discrete pricing between weekdays and weekends indeed exists within each pool. Consequently, if rivals do not follow this dogma of discrete pricing strategy, then there must be some invaluable insights. This exploration reveals numerous unforeseen factors such as the size of a rival, the volume of the demand, the destination character (leisure vs. business city) and a constant exorbitant daily rental rate, etc., make inventory repositioning ineffective. Ultimately, an effective repositioning model is proposed.

In order to improve the accuracy of news recommendation, this paper established a comprehensive user interest model. First,this paper established a stable user interest model based on user browsing habits .Then,the paper also advanced freshness-based tentative recommendations on the basis of news timeliness and mainstream to get the user's temporary interest model. Finally,the paper combined these two models to establish a comprehensive user interest model. Experimental results proved that the proposed method can recommend specific news articles that best meet the user's reading preferences from a large number of the latest published news.

Refined instruments of multidimensional country image scale are applied along with structural equation modeling (SEM), paired-samples t-test, and compared means statistical techniques to analyze 203 structured questionnaires collected by combining mall-intercept with online surveys to study whether country image effectively influences consumers’ quality evaluation of intangible services. The context is airlines from three sourcing countries categorized as developing and developed economy entities. The stream of country image research to date has been disproportionately focused on products. The results of this investigation, based on the theory of reasoned action by using the hierarchy-of-effects model, demonstrate that a single cue, country image, positively affects consumers’ evaluation of intangible services. These results supplement the long disregarded research in services; especially in the ever-increasing globalization of the service sector in the new information-based economy.

In this work, a novel electrospun β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)/chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber membrane was prepared to simultaneously and rapidly remove organic and heavy metal micropollutants. The preparation conditions were optimized by multi-objective response surface methodology, and obtained as follows: 100% of the amount of β-CD (relative to PVA), 49.49% of the amount of CS (relative to PVA), 20 cm of the distance between the needle tip and the collector drum, 0.23 mL h−1 of the flow rate of the spinning solution, and 8.72% of the amount of PVA (relative to water). The characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a well cross-linked β-CD/CS/PVA nanofiber membrane was formed. In the static and dynamic adsorption experiments, the results demonstrated that the β-CD/CS/PVA nanofiber membrane was highly efficient in simultaneous and rapid removal of organic and heavy metal micropollutants in water treatment process.

Real-life service frequency data from markets with duopoly or oligopoly structure in the U.S. domestic airline industry is analyzed to understand whether the nature of airline competition is similar to one described by Hotelling’s law, as applied to a perishable goods market. The paired-samples t test statistic technique is employed to analyze 43,380 observations collected from thirty days worth of daily service frequencies in 1,000 largest U.S. city-pair markets. The results indicate that minimum differentiation competition behavior indeed prevails in duopoly markets. Firms are willing to locate far from the dominant player to capture consumer surplus in oligopoly markets.

Cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been rarely reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features, renal biopsy findings in patients with HBV-associated cryoglobulinaemia.Twelve patients with HBV-associated cryoglobulinaemia were identified in this study. The demographic, clinical, pathological characteristics, treatment and follow-up data were analyzed.Renal involvement was characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria with microscopic haematuria in all patients, and impaired renal function in nine patients (75%). Purpuric rash was the main extrarenal manifestation (58.3%). Type II cryoglobulinaemia was presented in three patients and type III in nine patients. Hypocomplementaemia and positive of rheumatoid factors were present in all patients. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) was observed in all kidney specimens. Seven patients also had evidence of prominent cryoglobulins thrombi on renal biopsy, but only three patients had HBV antigen deposits in renal tissues. Antiviral and steroids or immunosuppressive agents have been used in most of patients. During follow-up, two patients died, and four reaching end-stage renal disease; three patients had complete remission, and three patients had renal function improved after therapy.Nephrotic syndrome with haematuria and renal insufficiency are the main clinical manifestation; cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis are the main renal lesion in patients with HBV-Associated cryoglobulinaemia; half of patients have poor outcome even with antiviral and immunosuppressive therapy. The results of this study indicate that cryoglobulins should be detected in hepatitis B virus-Associated nephropathy in endemic area.

PurposeElectronic learning (e‐learning) has gradually become an important part of university education. There is a trend among universities in Taiwan to offer more and more e‐learning courses. The effectiveness of teaching or learning in an e‐learning system can be quantified by multi‐criteria measures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching or learning in an e‐learning system measures in linguistic preferences.Design/methodology/approachA generalized quantitative evaluation model that considers both the interdependence among measures and the fuzziness of subjective perception is currently lacking in the literature. The results indicated that the fuzzy analytical network process is a simple, suitable, and effective method of identifying the primary measures that influence the effectiveness of e‐learning, specifically in the context of interdependent measures and varying linguistic preferences.FindingsThe most significant measures of e‐learning effectiveness were the quality of the e‐learning system and learner attractiveness. Enhanced usage of multimedia features can attract learner attention and may eventually increase learner attractiveness. Reducing the waiting time for learning materials to load may improve the quality of the system. Furthermore, the management should actively maintain and improve the responsiveness of instructors to learner inquiries.Originality/valueThe main contributions of this study are twofold. First, the evaluation can be considered as a complex‐dependence, hierarchical decision‐making problem. This study contains a review of the literature and identifies 21 criteria and five aspects to measure e‐learning system effectiveness. Second, this study integrates fuzzy set theory and the ANP to develop an evaluation model that prioritizes the relative weights of the proposed measures. The proposed method can be used to handle dependence within a set of measures and to construct a hierarchical structure.

With the development of palliative care, a signed do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order has become increasingly popular worldwide. However, there is no legal guarantee of a signed DNR order for patients with cancer in mainland China. This study aimed to estimate the status of DNR order signing before patient death in the cancer center of a large tertiary affiliated teaching hospital in western China. Patient demographics and disease-related characteristics were also analyzed.This was a retrospective chart analysis. We screened all charts from a large-scale tertiary teaching hospital in China for patients who died of cancer from January 2010 to February 2015. Analysis included a total of 365 records. The details of DNR order forms, patient demographics, and disease-related characteristics were recorded.The DNR order signing rate was 80%. Only 2 patients signed the DNR order themselves, while the majority of DNR orders were signed by patients' surrogates. The median time for signing the DNR order was 1 day before the patients' death. Most DNR decisions were made within the last 3 days before death. The time at which DNR orders were signed was related to disease severity and the rate of disease progression.Our findings indicate that signing a DNR order for patients with terminal cancer has become common in mainland China in recent years. Decisions about a DNR order are usually made by patients' surrogates when patients are severely ill. Palliative care in mainland China still needs to be improved.

This study addresses two kinds of competitive behaviour simultaneously: one from action – mobility barriers vs. the other, from reaction – mutual forbearance. We study service frequency and pricing strategy that the US domestic airlines have used against rivals. We attempt to show whether deliberately aggressive strategic action necessarily serves its purpose to deter rivals, or inadvertently stimulates retaliatory reaction. The Pearson correlation statistical method was employed to analyse the relationship between service frequency and price dispersion based on 79,080 observations of real time panel population data over the period of 1–30 September 2016, where the results were compared to the effects of mutual forbearance. The findings reveal that value contributed to coalitions by rivals from stronger leagues cannot overpower the effects of industry structure. On the other hand, collective security is a rational defence for weaker leagues to sustain their performance.

The aim of this study was to examine the resin bond strength on enamel treated with different fluoridated bleaching agents. Forty-eight bovine incisors were divided into four groups to receive bleaching treatments, over a 14-d period, as follows: no treatment; 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) bleaching; 10% CP containing 0.11% fluoride; and 10% CP containing 0.37% fluoride. Immediately, and 7 and 14 d after bleaching, the enamel surfaces were respectively bonded with composite and sectioned to create resin-enamel beams. These beams were subjected to the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) test, then assessed for failure mode under scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the 0.37% fluoridated group demonstrated a microTBS equivalent to that of the unbleached group at all stages. Non-fluoridated and 0.11% fluoridated groups showed a weaker microTBS after bleaching but regained the bond strength after 14 or 7 d of storage, respectively. In the non-fluoridated group, adhesive failure was the predominant fracture pattern that comprised the enamel prism demineralization change and widely dispersed voids on the resin-enamel interfaces. No evident enamel erosion and fewer microporosities were found in the 0.37% fluoridated group. Accordingly, treatment with 0.37% fluoridated CP maintained the microTBS as effectively as the unbleached enamel. Additional fluoride in the bleaching agents may facilitate subsequent restorative treatment by inhibiting enamel demineralization.

The BRAF mutation V600E (BRAF(V600E)) is the most common genetic alteration in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), while overexpression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) has been found in various tumors. Both of these events are implicated in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, recurrence, etc. There are few reports, however, of the BRAF(V600E) mutation and XIAP overexpression in PTC patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of the BRAF(V600E) mutation in PTC and its relationship to clinicopathological parameters and the expression of XIAP.Genomic DNA was extracted from 123 paraffin-embedded PTC tumor tissue samples and amplified for analysis of the V600E mutation in exon 15 of the BRAF gene by polymerase chain reaction. XIAP expression was examined by immunohistochemical methods in 46 PTCs, 18 benign nodular goiters, and 10 Hashimoto's thyroiditis samples.The BRAF(V600E) mutation was found in 34.1% of PTC, and was especially prevalent in the classic type. BRAF(V600E) was significantly correlated with younger age at diagnosis (p = 0.026), tumor size (p = 0.009), and histological variants (p = 0.024). There was a trend towards association with extrathyroidal invasion (p = 0.067). By logistic regression analysis, a significant relationship was found between tumor size and the BRAF(V600E) mutation (p = 0.03). XIAP was expressed in 82.6% of PTCs, which was a higher percentage than observed in the group of benign thyroid disorders (35.7%, p0.001). Neither the intensity (p = 0.611) nor the extent (p = 0.723) of XIAP staining was correlated with the presence of BRAF(V600E) in PTC patients.These data indicate that BRAF(V600E) is associated some of the aggressive clinicopathological features of PTC including younger age at diagnosis, larger tumor size, and classic histological type, as well as also extrathyroidal invasion. XIAP-positive staining was more prevalent in PTCs than in the benign thyroid disorders. Although BRAF(V600E) and XIAP expression are commonly seen in PTC, their presence together seems unrelated.

Background Abnormal expression of serum TGF-β1 was found in patients with diabetic nephropathy. However, the association of TGF-β1 with the risk of diabetic nephropathy remains unknown. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether such an association exists. Methods We searched the Chinese VIP, Wangfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases for relevant studies and extracted all eligible data. Stata12 software was used for statistical analysis. Results Nine reports met our criteria and were used for data extraction. There were 264 patients and 227 healthy controls from qualified reports in this meta-analysis. The results suggested that serum TGF-β1 levels were significantly up-regulated in patients with diabetic nephropathy; the instrumental variable was 3.94 (95% confidence interval 3.20–4.68, p

Objective We aimed at studying information needs of patients and their families, and their attitude towards the counterparts’ information needs. Factors influencing psychological status of patients were investigated. Methods Self-designed questionnaires for information needs and attitude were delivered to participants. Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale were used to evaluate psychological status of patients. Results 183 eligible pairs of patients and families were involved. Except for the patients’ expected life span, most patients and families needed information for all other subscales of disease-related information. Most patients wished families know more information; however, caregivers tended to prevent this. The occurrence of patients’ psychiatric disorders was related to their needs for expected life span (OR 3.06 95%CI 1.36–6.93), as well as the attitude of caregivers about whether to provide more information about treatment outcomes (OR 0.24 95% CI 0.10–0.63). Conclusions Information discordance between cancer patients and their families tended to happen when it came to patients’ prognostic information. The psychological status of cancer patients was found in association with their information needs and families’ attitude towards it. Practice Implications To guide oncology professionals and cancer patients’ families for information provision.