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Sex trafficking is a prominent human rights issue that has been increasingly associated with the hosting of large-scale sport events. Despite insufficient evidence demonstrating a causal or correlative link, event stakeholders have implemented antitrafficking efforts in attempts to prevent and promote awareness of sex trafficking. Using Google Trends data to measure audiences' information-seeking behavior online and Twitter data as a proxy for antitrafficking efforts on social media, we employed a difference-in-differences approach to estimate the change in online demand for sex-trafficking information among the residents of Miami-Dade, the host city of Super Bowl LIV (54). Findings highlight an increase in the online demand for sex-trafficking information in the host city during and after the event. This increased demand attributed to the Super Bowl may offer support for host communities utilizing sport events to promote awareness of pressing social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Human trafficking (HT) is a public health issue that adversely affects patients well-being. Despite the prevalence of trafficked persons in health care settings, a lack of educational modules exists for use in clinical contexts. We developed a 50-minute train-the-trainer module on HT. METHODS: After piloting the workshop for faculty, fellows, and residents (n = 19) at the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) national conference, we implemented it in medical students curricula during their emergency medicine clerkship at the University of Iowa (n = 162). We evaluated the worskhop by (a) a retrospective pre-post survey of self-reported ability to (1) define HT, (2) recognize high-risk signs, (3) manage situations with trafficked persons, and (4) teach others about HT, and (b) a 3-month follow-up survey to assess longitudinal behavior change. RESULTS: In both contexts, results demonstrated improvement across all learning outcomes (pre-post differences of 1.5, 1.3, 1.9, and 1.7 on a 4-point Likert-type scale for each learning objective above, respectively, at the SAEM conference and 1.2, 1.0, 1.3, and 1.3 at the University of Iowa; p < .001 for all). In the 3-month follow-up, we observed statistically significant changes in self-reported consideration of and teaching about HT during clinical encounters among learners who had previously never done either (p < .001 and p = .006, respectively). DISCUSSION: This train-the-trainer module is a brief and effective clinical tool for bedside teaching about HT, especially among people who have never previously considered HT in a clinical context.

Background: Research in recent years has increasingly highlighted the relationship between exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and poor mental health outcomes. Human trafficking survivors often report exposure to many traumatic and PMIEs and given the complexities of trafficking exploitation, survivors may be especially vulnerable to moral injury. Despite this, no research has investigated experiences of PMIEs and moral injury in human trafficking survivors. The objective was to explore survivors' experiences of PMIEs, the impact of PMIEs on wellbeing and functioning and the factors that may influence outcomes following PMIEs. Method: Participants were seven human trafficking survivors from diverse backgrounds who had settled in the UK. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted via telephone. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Human trafficking survivors were found to experience multiple PMIEs, including transgressive acts committed by others and betrayal by trusted loved ones or those in positions of authority. Experiencing PMIEs contributed towards considerable psychological distress, including intense feelings of shame, anger and worthlessness, and negatively impacted survivors daily functioning. Formal support, especially practical help (e.g. warm clothing) and social support groups, were experienced as particularly beneficial. Conclusions: This study provides some of the first evidence that human trafficking survivors may be vulnerable to moral injury and indicates the impact that exposure to PMIEs can have on functioning. Future work is needed to ensure that statutory organisations consider the potential for causing moral injury when interacting with human trafficking survivors and clinical care teams are equipped to provide tailored guidance and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand is one of the most popular outbound destinations for Chinese tourists. However, the conspiracy theory about trafficking Chinese in Thailand has negatively affected the resilience of the Chinese outbound market after the COVID-19 pandemic. The issue of how beliefs in the conspiracy theory affect Chinese tourists' intention to visit Thailand is investigated in this study. An online survey with a valid sample of 452 Chinese was conducted in July and August 2023. The measurement model and structural model were tested via WarpPLS 8.0. The results of this study indicate that beliefs in the conspiracy theory arouse Chinese tourists' distrust towards Thailand and signify that tourism boycott is a form of negative political consumption. Furthermore, the respondents react differently to the conspiracy theory based on their age and past visit experience. This study highlights conspiracy beliefs as a psychological factor affecting tourist behaviour. It also suggests that relevant conspiracy theories overshadow tourism resilience in destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People who use psychoactive substances that are illicit have increased chances of coming into contact with the law enforcement and criminal justice systems for different reasons. The problem statement in terms of the need for healthcare services for such people is yet to be defined and quantified in India. Methods: We used the data collected by the National Crimes Record Bureau for the years 1986 to 2021. We assessed the profile of offences registered under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS), 1985 over the successive years in India. We also made comparisons between the offences for possession for personal use/consumption and for trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances at the national level and at the level of states and union territories in the country. Results: The percentage of these arrests, charge sheets and convictions as part of total Special and Local Laws (SLL) has increased over the years, showing a positive monotonic trend. A large percentage of those arrested were males. A higher percentage of females were arrested and charge-sheeted for trafficking than for personal use or consumption. The percentage of total persons arrested, charge-sheeted and convicted for possession of drugs for personal use/consumption was greater than that of those arrested for possession of drugs for trafficking for all years from 2017 to 2021. There were significant associations between gender and the types of offense. The highest rates of offences were reported from some north-western states, north-eastern states and Kerala. Conclusion: The findings help us make a strong argument in favour of strengthening the health sector response for people who use psychoactive substances and are in contact with the law enforcement and criminal justice systems in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada's anti-trafficking efforts deploy security mechanisms through a diffused set of actors, including police and prosecutors, but also non-governmental organisations (NGOs), health care providers, educators, the travel and hospitality industry, private corporations, the media, and the public, to name a few. This article brings together two large research studies to focus on the particular and complex ways in which police and NGOs in the province of Ontario, Canada carry out anti-trafficking security tasks in cooperation, negotiation, and contention with each other, while simultaneously producing knowledge around trafficking, exploitation, and consent. We rely on Marc Schuilenburg's (The Securitization of Society: Crime, Risk, and Social Order, New York University Press, New York, 2015) work on the securitisation of society and 'security assemblage' to make sense of anti-trafficking risk management functions, considering how, where, and to what extent police and NGOs negotiate on-the-ground security work in their practices, revealing the contradictions and tensions that unfold in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses 'human trafficking' with a focus on the unique vulnerabilities and experiences of Cameroonians who migrated to the Gulf Cooperation Council states to work, including those coerced into domestic roles. It critically examines 'human trafficking' as a migration category and scrutinises-related binaries. Ethnographic findings informed by the concept of 'infrastructural violence' indicate that exploitation is embedded in gendered macro-structures and institutions regulating labour migration, intersecting with micro-level interactions that either reinforce or mitigate the structural/institutional impacts. Furthermore, there are discrepancies between policy-induced migrant categories and migrants' navigation of multiple categories, undermining categorical rigidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Istanbul prohibited the trade of enslaved Africans in 1857, the Ottoman local authorities expanded efforts to curb human trafficking throughout the imperial realm. These endeavours also included Libya, which lies at the frontiers of the Greater Sahara, a major slave-raiding zone in the nineteenth century. The historiography devoted to modern Libya maintains that the Porte took action to curb slavery only in response to British pressure. In this article, I seek to situate the prohibition of human trade in Libya within the larger scope of the end of slavery in the imperial realm. I argue that the Ottomans conducted an abolitionist policy in Libya that was embedded in the reforms undertaken in these peripheral provinces, namely, to foster the Porte's sovereignty at its imperial frontier. I further argue that the enslaved population gained agency in the manumission process and in their integration into Ottoman society after their liberation. This bottom-up approach to the end of human bondage reveals the entanglement of old and new patterns of manumission in the era of abolition as well as the social integration of these emancipated slaves into Ottoman society during the Reform period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survivors of child sex trafficking (SCST) experience high rates of adverse health outcomes. Amidst the duration of their victimization, survivors regularly seek healthcare yet fail to be identified. This study sought to utilize artificial intelligence (AI) to identify SCST and describe the elements of their healthcare presentation. An AI-supported keyword search was conducted to identify SCST within the electronic medical records (EMR) of ∼1.5 million patients at a large midwestern pediatric hospital. Descriptive analyses were used to evaluate associated diagnoses and clinical presentation. A sex trafficking-related keyword was identified in.18% of patient charts. Among this cohort, the most common associated diagnostic codes were for Confirmed Sexual/Physical Assault; Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders; Depressive Disorders; Anxiety Disorders; and Suicidal Ideation. Our findings are consistent with the myriad of known adverse physical and psychological outcomes among SCST and illuminate the future potential of AI technology to improve screening and research efforts surrounding all aspects of this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory study underscores the value of human trafficking hotlines as an important data source for understanding and responding to trafficking at the micro level. Drawing on data from the Tennessee Statewide Human Trafficking Hotline between 2017 and 2021, 2,316 tips were analyzed and revealed a 219% tip increase over five years, with minimal impact noted due to COVID-19. The most common trafficking tips relate to minors (57%), adult sex trafficking (21%), and labor trafficking (4%). Women and minor victims were overrepresented in tips, and only 3% of victims self-reported to the hotline. Tips were concentrated in counties with larger populations; however, tips also indicated human trafficking presence in rural areas. Multiple victims and trafficking suspects were described in 11.5% of cases, and as the number of victims increased, so did the number of suspected traffickers. When suspects operated together, there tended to be one male and one female in the reported trafficking operations. The findings of this study provide insight into the landscape of human trafficking in Tennessee and can inform policy development and enhanced responses by law enforcement and service providers to human trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking is a worldwide problem, affecting millions across the globe. With deepening globalization and widening economic disparities, migration is rising, and research is needed to understand the relationship between human trafficking and migration, and the ways traffickers exploit migrants. This study examines the following two questions: (1) What is the relationship between citizenship and the various means of control used by traffickers in destination countries? (2) Do non-citizen victims experience more coercive and deceptive tactics from the traffickers than victims with citizenship in the countries of exploitation? This exploratory study uses data from the 2017 Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative, which contains 25,064 human trafficking cases from 52 countries, to explore the relationship between 14 different means of control and citizenship. The results indicate that victims reported that traffickers use more means of control on non-citizen victims. Specifically, non-citizen victims are more likely to report being controlled through 12 of the 14 means of control – debt bondage, taking earnings, threats, psychological abuse, physical abuse, false promises, restricting movements, restricting medical care, excessive working hours, threats of law enforcement, withholding necessities, and withholding documents. Victims with citizenship are more likely to report being controlled through sexual abuse and psychoactive substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, the problem of human trafficking has risen to prominence on governmental and advocacy agendas worldwide. This phenomenon has prompted a rapid proliferation of international and national anti-trafficking laws. Within the broad landscape of human trafficking law, there remain many unexplored areas. The enforcement of these laws, in particular, requires further investigation, given the breadth of the subject matter. It remains unclear whether victims' protection and human rights are being adequately upheld according to the law. Hence, this study was conducted using a qualitative approach to analyze anti-trafficking stakeholders' interviews and police investigation documents. The findings reveal that police investigations tend to be narrowly focused on the severity of the offense and the corresponding punishment, using a harmonized legal framework. Meanwhile, victim-centered provisions such as rescue, rehabilitation, compensation, financial assistance, and the privacy of the victim are often overlooked and not effectively implemented within the legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing body of literature on the barriers and facilitators to exiting the commercial sex industry, but little empirical research on how this process may be different for those who have experienced sex trafficking. In this study, we explored the barriers that people who have experienced sex trafficking encountered when they considered leaving their trafficker or leaving the commercial sex industry, as well as facilitators that helped them overcome those barriers. To address these questions, we used qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with 158 people who had experienced sex trafficking. Among study participants, the circumstances of leaving a trafficking situation incredibly varied. Most participants faced complex barriers to exiting their trafficking situation and their exit pathways reflected these differences. Despite these barriers, most study participants had left their traffickers. We found that there were two broad ways that study participants left their trafficking situations: either actively or passively. We discuss implications for service providers, law enforcement, and policymakers to help support individual agency and decision-making to better facilitate trafficking exit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little research has examined survivors' experiences in human trafficking specialty docket courts, particularly related to their trauma bonds. This CBPR phenomenological study sought to fill this gaps by asking: What are the experiences of trauma bonded survivors of sex trafficking in a human trafficking specialty docket? The sample consisted of 19 female survivors of sex trafficking who were all participants in or graduates of a human trafficking specialty docket. Three themes emerged from the data: (a) love and support, (b) views on change, and (c) depends on the individual. These findings contain significant implications for practice and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of emerging trends on trafficking of human beings in Italy shows not only an extremely heterogeneous phenomenon but also a complex overlapping of experiences and need of protection of every single victim. In the context of mixed migration flows, persons reaching Italy through the Central Mediterranean and the Balkan routes have often experienced or are at risk of trafficking, and they also apply for international protection upon arrival. Legal categories such as "victims," "asylum seekers," and "refugees" are increasingly interconnected and not exhaustive in describing individual experiences and multifaceted vulnerabilities. Against this background, ensuring early identification and assistance for victims of trafficking among asylum seekers is extremely relevant. In Italy, this has led to the development of good practices aimed at implementing the coordination between the asylum and the anti-trafficking systems. In particular, specific Guidelines for Asylum authorities have been adopted to preliminarily identify potential victims of trafficking within the asylum procedure and enable their effective access to protection measures. To comply with specific provisions of the European Trafficking Directive and its transposition into the Italian legal framework, the Guidelines have created a referral mechanism among the asylum authorities and the anti-trafficking system that is unique in the European context. For this reason, the present contribution aims at describing this good practice, its implementation and effects--also at the juridical level--and its limits. Indeed, after the adoption of the instrument, a higher recognition rate of international protection for victims of trafficking has been registered in Italy, both at the administrative and judicial levels; asylum seekers and refugees have also increased their access to the specific protection program for trafficking survivors. In general, the system has strengthened its capacity to fulfill the legal obligation of identifying victims through a multi-agency approach. On the other hand, the ability to conduct screening and preliminary identification of victims of trafficking among asylum seekers is still limited to the "victim model" in terms of gender (women) and form of exploitation (sexual), and to certain stages of the asylum procedure (the first instance before the asylum authorities). With reference to this latter, a comprehensive protection response at the borders is missing despite the political debate on sea and land arrivals to Italy and the recent introduction of border procedures for the assessment of asylum applications. Given the geographical and political centrality of the south-Mediterranean situation in the current migration agenda, the goal of this paper is to analyze the Italian experience on referral mechanisms among trafficking and asylum as an experience that would help to shape future European prospects. The ongoing evolution of mixed migration flows--with particular reference to secondary movement across European countries--and the revised European Directive on trafficking in persons impose the promotion of a reflection on referral mechanisms with a transnational perspective enabling effective protection and the meeting of specific human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organized crime is a significant and persistent threat to the global economy, affecting financial stability, economic development and social cohesion. This article examines the profound impact of organized crime on the world economy, highlighting the mechanisms by which it operates and its long-term consequences. Money laundering destabilizes financial systems by introducing illicit funds into the legal economy, affecting the integrity of financial institutions and investor confidence. Corruption allows criminal groups to infiltrate state institutions, undermining governance, eroding public trust and affecting the efficient allocation of resources. The distortion of economic markets by counterfeiting and smuggling affects fair competition, innovation and tax revenues, impacting key industries such as pharmaceuticals, luxury goods and technology. Human trafficking has serious consequences for the labor market, leading to the exploitation of individuals, lowering wages and eroding labor standards. Cybercrime compromises the security of critical infrastructure and sensitive data, generating significant economic costs and threatening the digital economy. To effectively combat organized crime, a multidimensional approach involving governments, international organizations, the private sector and civil society is required. Proposed strategies include strengthening the legal framework, promoting transparency, international cooperation, using technology to detect and prevent crime, and tackling the root causes of crime, such as poverty and inequality. In conclusion, organized crime is a global problem that requires global solutions, and only through firm commitment and close collaboration can we reduce its impact and ensure a safer and more prosperous future for the global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International governmental organizations have brought issues of forced labour, child labour, and human trafficking into the realm of corporate social responsibility with voluntary principles and guidelines for businesses to follow. Such efforts have been characterized differently by world society scholars, who see them as mechanisms for the diffusion of global norms, and critical scholars, who seem them as reflections of corporate power. I contribute to this debate by analyze framings of labour exploitation in the United Nations Global Compact’s written and verbal communication, exploring what is being conveyed. I find that the texts emphasize western businesses as the ‘real’ victims, threatened by human traffickers, suppliers, and consumers, while workers themselves are de-centered. The findings lend weight to critical scholars’ views, suggesting that the framings reflect business interests and support a status quo in which the political economy of labour exploitation can continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India is home to 14 million survivors of human trafficking, with most being trafficked for sexual exploitation. Trafficking constitutes crimes that violate the rights of survivors, and despite its psychological consequences, there is little evidence-based guidance to meet the needs of these individuals. Aim: The current study aimed to examine the outcome of narrative exposure therapy (KIDNET) among adolescent survivors of sex trafficking in improving trauma-related symptoms, along with psychological distress, dissociation, depression, and anxiety. Methods: A pre-post study design was used with 20 adolescent female survivors of trafficking aged 13 to 17 years, with ten participants in the KIDNET group and ten participants in a waitlist control group. Trafficking Victim Identification Tool and Standard Progressive Matrices were administered as screening measures. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents, Kessler's Psychological Distress Scale, Shutdown Dissociation Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were administered as outcome measures. Fourteen sessions of KIDNET were conducted for the clinical group, while sessions were conducted for the control group post delivery of intervention for the clinical group. Results: Findings suggest an overall improvement in the severity of trauma-related symptoms in the KIDNET group, with significant improvement in psychological distress, depression, and anxiety. Conclusion: Results indicate that KIDNET may be a promising and acceptable treatment for adolescent survivors of sex trafficking, and this intervention module may be safely delivered in further randomised controlled trials to ensure that the holistic needs of this vulnerable group are appropriately addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful identification of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) remains challenging. Laypersons could play a significant role in identifying victims, but only if laypersons recognize trafficking situations as such and do not incorrectly attribute responsibility to victims. In the current study, we examined laypersons' perceptions of situations highly suggestive of DMST. Participants (N = 320), recruited from an internet-based crowd-sourcing platform, read a vignette describing a highly suspicious situation involving a minor and adult in a hotel room with cash on the minor's person. Participants answered questions about what they thought was happening and about their general knowledge of trafficking. The vignette systematically varied the age (13, 15, 17 years) and gender (boy, girl) of the victim to include the most common ages and genders of known DMST victims. Overall, just over half (61%) of participants recognized that a crime occurred, more often with younger (70%) than older (55%) minors. Participants tended to place some responsibility on older minors for their situation, as did participants who exhibited lower levels of general knowledge of trafficking. Overall, the results reveal substantial limitations in laypersons' understanding of DMST, including who is responsible, highlighting the need for targeted educational campaigns to improve that understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the spatial distribution of commercial sex activities (CSA) in urban environments is important in addressing the harms against sex workers and identifying sex trafficking operations. Guided by crime pattern theory, using Census data and New York Police Department (NYPD) prostitution-related arrests data (N = 29,075) from 2010 to 2019, this study examines the "hot spots" of CSA in New York City. Local Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis (LISA) identified distinctive spatial clusters of CSA, whereas logistic regression explained their significant congregation in immigrant and racial-ethnic enclaves. The heterogeneity of clusters by boroughs portrays the convergence of activity space of sex workers, patrons, and sex business opportunities reflecting the high-demand locations of CSA and human trafficking in NYC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters have increased in frequency and severity in recent years. Emerging research also suggests that natural disasters increase the risk of human trafficking. This confluence of phenomena makes it critically important to better prepare communities for preventing and responding to human trafficking during and after a natural disaster. Yet, there is no available synthesis of the extant research to inform these preparations. The present scoping review aims to fill this gap by outlining the existing literature on the nexus of disasters and human trafficking. The review follows the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis—Scoping Review guidelines. Sources were identified through manual reference checking and in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, APA PsychINFO, and EBSCO Discovery Service. In total, 46 sources met the inclusion criteria, that is, they focused on the nexus between human trafficking and natural disasters, demonstrated scientific rigor, and were published after 2000 and in English. Overall, the reviewed literature provided initial evidence on the association between natural disasters occurrences and increases in national and transnational human trafficking activity, understanding of the compounding vulnerabilities conducive to trafficking following disasters, and recommendations for the prevention and response to human trafficking in the wake of disasters. Future studies should evaluate prevention initiatives, including awareness campaigns and interventions that mitigate trafficking vulnerabilities. In practice, it is crucial to integrate anti-trafficking efforts into disaster relief protocols, empower vulnerable populations, and advocate for enhanced legal protections for displaced and migrant individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism (SECTT), also referred to as child sex tourism, involves engaging in sexual activity with someone under the age of 18 in the context of travel and/or tourism. Research on the perpetration of SECTT is vastly underdeveloped. The present review considers the operationalization of SECTT, its prevalence, and existing theoretical models. Existing theory on SECTT provides a good overview of environmental factors that contribute to SECTT, but the model is insufficient in fully accounting for individual-level risk factors related to sexual offending against children. The present paper expands an existing theoretical model of SECTT, the ecosystem model, to account for these individual risk factors and considers their interaction with environmental factors. The paper concludes by highlighting different avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze criminal law enforcement related to organ trafficking cases. This research includes examining the conformity between existing legal regulations and practices in the field, identifying obstacles in law enforcement, and evaluating the effectiveness of measures that have been taken to deal with organ trafficking. The research method used is empirical. The results show that the main obstacles in handling this case include recovery and rehabilitation services for victims from health and social aspects that are appropriate to the needs of victims. This research concludes that legal regulations related to Organ Trafficking Crime are still incomplete. In addition, handling victims is not only the responsibility of the Police but also the Government and community institutions. It is suggested that the prevention and handling of Organ Trafficking should be optimized and integrated through synergistic cooperation between the community, Government, and community institutions in combating this crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trauma bonds between sex trafficking survivors and their traffickers or other perpetrators are one of the most complex and least understood concerns facing survivors. This community-based participatory research phenomenological study sought to understand how survivors have experienced trauma bonding. The sample consisted of 19 female survivors who were all participants in or graduates of a human trafficking specialty docket. Two themes emerged from the data. The first theme is the source of the trauma bond, namely who survivors had trauma bonds with. The second theme is features of trauma bonds, which included three subthemes: survivors have experienced trauma bonds (a) as involuntary, (b) as having lingering power, and (c) as consisting of both love and hate. These findings contain significant implications for practice, policy, and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the experiences of service providers working with youth who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). In this qualitative study, 12 service providers shared their experiences working with youth who have experienced CSE. Thematic analysis was used to develop key themes that included the challenges posed by working with this population, including the breadth of necessary services and the type of support that is needed for this work. Participants shared the importance of being prepared to work with this population and learn from those with lived experience. The complexity of cases and the difficulty engaging youth who had experienced CSE were also themes. These results can inform service providers who work with youth about the common challenges in working with this population and prepare the next generation of service providers for this difficult work. Training service providers, managing their expectations, and getting them ready for their role will be critical for successful intervention with youth who have experienced CSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking, the recruitment and transportation of persons by use of force, coercion, or deception for exploitation is one of the largest illicit industries worldwide. In the execution of anti-trafficking policies to combat this phenomenon, nation-states have assigned a decisive role to criminal justice actors as they are not only responsible for the detection, investigation, and prosecution of perpetrators but also for the identification and (legal) protection of victims of human trafficking. However, research has shown that criminal justice actors encounter many challenges whilst carrying out their tasks, which is also reflected in the low numbers of successful prosecutions and identified victims. To our knowledge, the reasons behind this observation have never been studied systematically. This systematic review aims to collect and synthesise empirical literature on factors that influence the criminal justice response to human trafficking to better understand and identify gaps in knowledge. In total, 35 empirical studies were included. Findings were discussed in light of theory and previous research and were used to provide recommendations for policy and future research. These studies suggest that factors such as prevailing stereotypes, an absence of legal guidance and a lack of capacity and expertise interact and even amplify each other and that strengthening the criminal justice response to human trafficking requires a multi-layered approach that simultaneously addresses several challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating organised human trafficking criminality is neither easy nor straightforward. Among the complexity is the need to balance and secure multiple, and often competing, investigative goals. Using case studies of actual human trafficking investigations in England, the present exploratory study provides insights into the tensions between safeguarding victims while also (at the same time) building up evidence against those who exploit them in order to secure a successful prosecution. Findings reveal that factors associated with the assessed level of risk of victims, the intelligence available at the start of the investigation and police resources (balanced with opportunities and risk to secure the investigative goals) influence the investigative approach followed and strategies implemented, particularly those aiming to engage with victims. The exploratory findings illustrate the importance of intelligence in risk assessment and decision-making processes during police operations, but also the need to conduct yet further research on risk assessment within the context of human trafficking investigations to inform policy and decision-making policing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish pay for sex scene has varied significantly in the last decades and most of the European literature has focused on the active role of women in human trafficking networks. However, there is scarce research examining the stories of women holding managerial positions in the pay for sex organizations in the South of Europe. By questioning the often binarized perceptions of the madams, this study aims to demonstrate the distinct roles that female decision-makers in the brothels can occupy. Data comes from two samples of business owners and traffickers. Research methods include qualitative techniques such as in-depth interviews, informal interviews and ethnographic observations. By combining the analyzed data with the previous literature, a Mediterranean model of madams is proposed. Results show the need for more critical research analyzing the experiences of women with significant roles in the Southern European sex market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the regulatory framework related to human trafficking in Hong Kong and identifies its deficiencies as the lack of an accepted internationally compliant definition of trafficking and the absence of any specific criminal offence of trafficking as a result. The article compares the approach taken in Hong Kong to efforts undertaken in Europe by the Council of Europe, the UK, and the European Union and identifies several lessons from the European experience that could help rectify failures observed in Hong Kong. In particular, effective combatting of human trafficking requires not only a definition of the offence that recognises the essential elements--an "act," a "means," and a "purpose" of exploitation--but also the establishment of sufficient state institutions and agencies dedicated to identifying and protecting trafficking victims. Without the detection of trafficking victims, criminals engaged in the act of trafficking perceive their chances of being caught and prosecuted as low and operate with impunity. This necessitates the adoption of a consistent and readily identifiable criminal offence of "trafficking" aligned with the approach taken by the Palermo Protocol, just as the EU and UK have done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHuman trafficking is globally widespread, however establishing its scope and context remains difficult. With limitations on understanding human trafficking coupled with sensational media portrayals, misperceptions of the problem persist. To that end, a campus wide educational initiative to share survivor stories and offer students a more authentic understanding of human trafficking was developed. An approach driven by the principles of public pedagogy, m-learning, and the use of earned media to support messaging informed project development. Entitled “Out of the Shadows,” the project sought to engage students using unconventional public displays related to human trafficking. In this case, novel presentation of blue figures across the campus space invited curiosity, drove media interest, and encouraged viewers to explore these presentations through integrated m-learning. Project outcomes, limitations, and the viability for this approach for criminal justice education are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the transformations in European welfare states and social rights, focusing on the regulation of social rights through framework law and the impact of neoliberalism and institutional austerity. It discusses the enforcement of social security legislation and the behavior of front-line officials, as well as the process of asylum adjudication in Sweden and the challenges faced by victims of trafficking and labor exploitation. The text also examines the changing character of the Dutch welfare state and the role of social networks and intermediaries in helping individuals access their rights. Overall, it provides valuable insights into the complexities and challenges of European welfare systems. [Extracted from the article]

In this interview, Corban Addison exposes the harsh reality of child sex trafficking in India and across borders with his first-hand experiences with victims, survivors, and activists. Addison has written books on human rights, injustice in the world, and its culture. His works include A Walk Across the Sun (2012), The Garden of Burning Sand (2013), The Tears of Dark Water (2015), A Harvest of Thorns (2017), and Wastelands: The True Story of Farm Country on Trial (2022). Addison, being an engineer, lawyer, and author, began experimenting with writing at the age of fifteen years. He has used his profession as a lawyer in his writing to depict human atrocities, provide validity to victims, and advocate the abolition of modern slavery through his narratives. In this conversation, Addison talks about how he ended up writing A Walk Across the Sun while discussing sexual slavery, his background research, and how he was able to understand the experiences and trauma of sexual violence. He shares anecdotes of his journey to tsunami-affected areas, brothels, and meetings with victims and activists and how he portrays the sexual violence, trauma, and redemption from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking, as an illegal movement of people using coercions, frauds, and forces, is considered modern-day slavery. The world nowadays is experiencing severe socio-economic and cultural problems as a result of human trafficking. This study examines the trends of human trafficking in Metema Woreda, Ethiopia. The study also investigates actors and modus operandi of human trafficking in Metema woreda. A qualitative research method was employed—both descriptive and case study research designs were also used. Accordingly, primary data were collected by conducting key informant interviews with residents, victims, and public officials. Secondary data were collected from state documents, records, reports, articles, and official statistics. The collected data were thematically analysed. The study finally concludes that despite there had been increasing trends in the past, the current trend of human trafficking in Metema shows slight decreasing. The study identified traffickers, political leaders, shekaba, shekama, residents of transit places, government officials, and security forces as actors facilitating the human trafficking process. Moreover, extreme poverty and high unemployment rates are driving forces that make individuals, particularly young women, become victims of human trafficking. Generally, the study recommends the local and higher governments to address human trafficking by enforcing laws more effectively, implementing robust local security measures, generating employment prospects, and alleviating poverty. The study also recommends the local community to stop collaborating the illegal traffickers and stand for fight against the human trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In her 2002 book Taboo: The Hidden Culture of Red Light Area, Fouzia Saeed explains how patriarchal norms in Pakistani society rigidly categorise women into 'pure' and 'polluted', shaping perceptions of prostitution and human trafficking. This article argues that patriarchy has its roots in materiality, and plays an indispensable role in pushing many women into the dreadful practice of prostitution or trafficking for sexual slavery through the structural and institutional flaws threaded within Pakistani culture. Women in Pakistan yet also have internalised the deep-rooted patriarchal ideologies and sexism that lead to a holistic understanding of what this patriarchal culture entails. Focusing on Heera Mandi - Lahore's traditional red light district as depicted in Saeed's ethnographic book, this textual cum descriptive analysis contributes to unveil the dilemmas of women engaged in prostitution who are constantly under threat from patriarchy and other institutions. While unfolding men formulated cultural norms through radical feminist analysis of Taboo, this article concludes that the patriarchal metamorphosing of women into valueless commodities perpetuates the practice of prostitution and trafficking in Heera Mandi. The study also suggests that, to eliminate female inferiority, feminist activism in Pakistan requires measures to restructure patriarchy together with consciousness-raising and political education of women in all respects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labour migration, other than being a key driver of economic growth and development, is also associated with inconsistent human rights practices. This paper furthers the understanding of links between migration and human trafficking in Andhra Pradesh, India. It applies IOM's Determinants of Vulnerability Framework to assess and analyse the various ways in which vulnerabilities of the migrant unorganised and casual labourers are constructed as they are forced to migrate for livelihood security. The study employed a mixed-methods approach which included a survey of 5888 individuals, seven case studies, five focus group discussions and 121 key informant interviews. The paper confirms that migration, by itself, does not lead to trafficking. A number of intersecting, inter-related factors at individual, household, community, and structural levels add to risks or provide protection against trafficking to a migrant before, during or after the process of migration. Relatedly, the paper argues that the process of migration is a continuum between vulnerability, unsafe migration, and trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative studies in the United States that identify involvement in the sex trades predominantly use a single item to address a complex, stigmatized phenomenon. This item typically does not differentiate between in-person or virtual forms, nor does it assess the associated compensation types, circumstances, and perceived consequences. University students' involvement in the sex trades is also critically understudied. Therefore, we sought to adapt, develop, and refine a multiitem measure from the perspectives of undergraduate and graduate students who were familiar with sex trading. We conducted 34 cognitive interviews with students to understand how they perceived items on our measure. Results indicated that language used in single item studies may not reflect participants' views of the sex trades. Participants suggested the necessity of introducing survey items with inclusive introductory statements that recognize the range of circumstances, benefits, and potential harms. Items that address the circumstances of sex trading (including economic needs, wants, exploitation, empowerment/pleasure) were important in capturing diverse experiences. We make recommendations for multi-item measures to identify involvement in and circumstances of the sex trades. Implications for future research using this measure to broaden the field's understanding of the sex trades are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of digital technologies has enabled the creation of online platforms for sex workers to share, create, and gather information. To elucidate how this community leverages social media, the current study analyzed how sex workers and related groups (e.g. clients) communicate in a pseudonymous online space – r/SexWorkers. A content analysis of 103 posts and 967 comments submitted to r/SexWorkers between March 13, 2021, and February 22, 2022 was performed, evaluating 1) the prevalence of risk (i.e. to sex workers and clients) within the community's discourse, 2) types of information shared within the community (e.g. legal, health, and support), 3) features of information exchange (e.g. seeking and providing), and 4) the emergence and confrontation of stigma. The findings of this study indicate that users took specific interest in the risks sex workers face (as opposed to clients), providing information predominantly about economic and health concerns, discussing potential abuses, and providing support to one another. Moreover, while stigma was not commonly discussed by the community, users who did engage with stigma (especially professional stigma) sought to counteract prevailing beliefs about sex work. Accordingly, r/SexWorkers seemingly provides a beneficial online space for sex workers and clients to discuss risk, safety, and stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex trafficking of minors is a significant problem across North America, with sizeable numbers of youth being directly or indirectly manipulated into being exploited or trafficked. Identification of these youth remains difficult, in part because of a lack of knowledge about common characteristics and in part because of victims' reluctance engaging with and trusting law enforcement enough to disclose their experiences. Given that many youth are trafficked during school‐aged years, school settings may represent an ideal location to target prevention and identification efforts, especially by health‐related school professionals, whose training, professional duties, and often positive relationships with youth may make the professionals trustworthy disclosure recipients. Whether such professionals are effective, though, depends on their knowledge of who is at risk for trafficking, characteristics that distinguish trafficking from other forms of harm, and effective questioning approaches to elicit disclosures from victimized youth. To document whether this knowledge exists, we surveyed 361 school‐based professionals concerning their ability to identify trafficking and knowledge of trafficking, adolescent development, and interviewing youth. Although nearly all (97%) school professionals recognized general student risk in the vignettes, only 18% identified that risk as trafficking. Professionals who had prior experience with trafficked youth were more likely to recognize trafficking than those without such experience. Finally, professionals evidenced some general knowledge about the existence of trafficking, adolescent development, and interviewing, but demonstrated more limited knowledge in the most common characteristics of trafficked minors and nuanced aspects of best‐practice questioning approaches. Results highlight important directions for training of school‐based professionals to improve prevention and identification of a highly vulnerable and often overlooked population of victims, namely trafficked minors. Practitioner Points: Practitioners should seek out training about sex trafficking in youth, particularly about how signs may manifest in youth, given that the majority of professionals in our study did not recognize the signs of sex trafficking in our vignettes.Practitioners should also seek out training, or ensure they have received training, on how to ask questions and engage youth in discussions (e.g., motivational interviewing, building rapport) particularly when they may be resistant or when discussing sensitive topics.Few professionals in our study made reference to external resources for youth and despite practitioners' best efforts, some youth may still not disclose being sex trafficked. Thus, practitioners should also familiarize themselves with local (e.g., local child welfare or police resources) and national (e.g., national human trafficking hotline) resources that can be shared with youth, empowering them to act once they are ready. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UK efforts to prevent modern slavery and sexual exploitation online include assessing Adult Service Websites' (ASWs) moderation and prevention responsibilities. Yet little is known about the role of sex buyers, as the political rhetoric assumes they are sexual offenders within the neo-abolitionist context (Serughetti 2013). Drawing from a large-scale study looking at ASWs' responsibilities in preventing sexual exploitation online, this article shares findings from a survey with 142 sex buyers, understanding their role in this arena. Buyers possess detailed knowledge of sex working practices and indicators of exploitation. Thus, as actors in the prevention puzzle, they are uniquely positioned to understand how regulation can assist in crime prevention but equally create unintended consequences for the consensual sex industry online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking continues to be a profitable multi-billion dollar business. People are either callous toward human rights or they are unaware of the crime occurring. Many businesses may unknowingly facilitate human trafficking by providing services, such as transportation, hotels, or haircuts, or purchasing products from unfamiliar sources that secretly use forced labor. To be socially responsible, a business must establish effective enterprise governance policies that help prevent and detect trafficking. A business can incur legal fines, damage to its reputation, incur lost business, and be subject to litigation, all as a result of human trafficking. Worldwide, estimates are that 50 million people are being trafficked. Human trafficking is especially harmful to females, both adult women and girls, who comprise about 70 percent of all trafficking victims. Gender theory helps explain this disproportionate impact on women. This study provides an overview of human trafficking, an empirical analysis of the relationship of gender inequality to trafficking, and specific steps that a business can take to help prevent this crime, protect its reputation, and avoid fines and lost business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses the phenomenon of sexual violence related to the practice of human trafficking and how the provisions of commercial law play a role in this context. Sexual violence is often part of the exploitation experienced by victims of human trafficking, where women and children are the most vulnerable groups. This study highlights how trade law regulations, both national and international, can affect human trafficking practices and efforts to prevent and enforce sexual violence. This analysis involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining legal, social, and economic aspects to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between sexual violence, human trafficking, and commercial law. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of more effective policies in preventing and tackling human trafficking and protecting victims of sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human urine and its detection are of interest in forensic studies in numerous contexts. Both crystalline urea and 1.0 M solutions of urea, as synthetic analog endmember components of human urine, were investigated as a proof-of-concept study to determine if detailed lab spectroscopy would be viable. Urea was reliably detected on Ottawa sand at concentrations of approximately 3.2% in dried experiments. Urea was detectable after 1 week of solution evaporation under lab conditions, at 9.65 wt.% 1 M solution. This investigation successfully establishes urea as a material of interest for reflective spectroscopy and hyperspectral remote sensing/image spectroscopy on a wide range of spatial scales, from specific centimeter-scale areas in a crime scene to searching large outdoor regions > 1 km2. In addition, this investigation is relevant to improving the monitoring of human trafficking, status and condition of refugee camps, and monitoring sewage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breaking the demand chain for sex from minors would render supply worthless, contributing to the elimination of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). Using a novel sampling technique, this study reports on actual and potential adult customers of CSEC in two areas in Kathmandu (n = 466). Controlling for refusal conversion, age, education, and income, higher scores on a new Love-Fantasy Scale (LFS) were associated with increased odds of purchasing sex from young girls, as were patriarchal norms emphasizing the power of men. Further research is needed to design interventions that include aspects related to sexual fantasy for young girls to combat demand for CSEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines supports available to trafficked migrants in Canada, namely access to a residence permit, income support, healthcare, housing and legal assistance. We demonstrate that supports are limited and unevenly available across Canada and argue that these gaps are correlated with the nature of government anti-human trafficking discourse, which pays limited attention to the circumstances of trafficked migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of the mixed migration flows, the identification of the victims of trafficking in persons has become a delicate and challenging process, especially in the period 2015–2019, when the European Union experienced an unprecedented surge in migrant arrivals. Through a qualitative case study approach, the paper draws on interviews of street-level bureaucrats (Lipsky, 1980) responsible for the identification of potential or actual women victims of trafficking in persons within mixed migration flows2. The paper analyses how the European Union policies are implicated in the identification procedures adopted in Italy and to what extent a human rights-based and intersectional approach is applied in the Italian experience in 2015–2019. Issues related to the effective management of migration flows, including respect for the human rights of migrants and the prevention of discrimination for their treatment in terms of status, are closely intertwined with the process of early identification. The key findings were essentially threefold. First, a human rights-based approach – albeit with some critical issues – is applied during the identification procedures, as the multi-agency work is adopted as much as possible. Second, Italy did not completely implement some measures envisaged by the European Union policies, daunting early identification. Third, Italy seems to lack a comprehensive and coherent strategy, and policymaking is outsourced to a local policy network of agencies and institutions with their policy style. The paper sheds light on the need to change the approach used to identify victims of trafficking in persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-driven research is key to creating evidence-based collaborative systems that meet the multifaceted needs of human trafficking survivors and address oppressions that create vulnerabilities to human trafficking. Programmes and solutions require money and evidenced-informed processes, or they risk investing in systems that will not meet the needs of the intended target populations. This paper reflects on how a community-initiated research project influenced funding to enhance anti-trafficking work in a Midwestern US state. We urge other regions to adopt this model of research and resource allocation in their own anti-trafficking efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short paper argues that to address the exploitation of survivors' labour in anti-trafficking work, it is essential to allocate funds towards compensating survivors for their contributions. This funding should prioritise paying survivors for sharing their expertise and lived experiences, which are invaluable for effective anti-trafficking efforts. Establishing a standard pay rate, commensurate with other expert consultants, would validate survivors' roles and contributions, promoting sustainable engagement and preventing further exploitation within the anti-trafficking movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]