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The rapid expansion of home health care has raised many unresolved issues and will have far-reaching consequences that can only be overcome with a holistic approach to help build and use collective intelligence in a structured, systemic way to anticipate developments. In this frame, the set of issues covered by the human factors research field will significantly impact the safety, quality, and effectiveness of home health care. However, only with a gaze of strategic foresight will we be capable of exploring, anticipating, and shaping the future. A group of researchers from the Italian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors (SIE) has developed a road map to help all the stakeholders involved in this process. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: A Strategic Foresight study was conducted to define a preferred scenario of home care in the next 20 years. A hybrid survey method called Human-Centred Foresight was applied. The results achieved in the study show a possible scenario of home care that can define medium- and long-term goals from today until 2041. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionThe purpose of this study was to document, understand, and communicate the daily activities and associated risks faced by artisanal fishers working on Lake Victoria, Tanzania, in order to identify opportunities for intervention design.Established human-centered design techniques were combined with drowning risk analysis to create a process that visually captured and analyzed the risks to fishers in two lakeside communities engaged in long-line fishing (mostly by day) and net fishing at night.Two visual journey risk maps were developed. One map detailed the long-line fishing process for larger fish like Tilapia and Nile Perch, while the other focused on seine net fishing for dagaa at night. Each journey map covered the “before,” “during,” and “after” stages of fishing activities. For long-line fishers, preparation began early in the morning, including food and equipment collection, launching the boat, and setting long lines at the fishing site. Risk scenarios, such as storms or boat capsizing, were identified, with fishers often relying on makeshift flotation devices. For seine net fishers, the journey began in the afternoon with preparatory tasks at the fishing camp. Night fishing required the deployment of solar lamps to attract fish, followed by net casting. Risk factors like boat collisions, crew fatigue, and engine failure were noted. Both groups identified common risks and discussions around these journey risk maps emphasized the need for holistic safety interventions, including access to accurate weather forecasts, buoyancy devices, and formal safety training. The participatory mapping approach enabled fishers to provide valuable insights into how risks can be mitigated.Small-scale artisanal fishers working on Lake Victoria face significant drowning risks. The design-led co-creation of visual journey risk maps with fishers and drowning prevention experts allows a deep understanding of livelihood journeys and associated risks. Opportunities for risk mitigation and intervention design are presented visually. Further research combining other design tools with scientific analysis could highlight points where control measures can be most effectively implemented, but this must be documented, and its impact and effectiveness evaluated. Interventions suggested by the process will be co-created and evaluated for effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have ushered in a new era of innovative applications, while also prompting concerns regarding risks and adverse consequences. In light of the growing interest in comprehending AI's impact on society and its alignment with human values and needs, Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence (HCAI) has emerged as a potential approach to address questions and concerns. In this Systematic Literature Review, we aim to contribute to conceptual clarity around the definition, conceptualisation, and implementation of HCAI. The first part of our review addresses how HCAI is defined in the existing literature, culminating in a novel comprehensive HCAI definition. Subsequently, we delve into the identified constituent elements of HCAI, namely ‘purpose’, ‘values’, and ‘properties’. Purposes include augmentation, AI autonomy, and automation. Values relate to ethics, safety, and performance. Properties cover oversight, comprehension, and integrity. The third part of the review explores Human-Centred Design processes, methods, and tools and their applicability for HCAI. In conclusion, we discuss the characteristics and critiques of HCAI and provide a research agenda. This literature review contributes to advancing the discourse on HCAI, thus enhancing human welfare and societal well-being.Abbreviations: AI: artificial intelligence; AI-HLEG: high-level expert group on artificial intelligence; GenAI: generative AI; HCAI: human-centred artificial intelligence; HCD: human-centred design; HCI: human-computer interaction; ISO: international organization for standardization; OECD: organisation for economic co-operation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the socio-psychological impact of living in high-rise, densely populated urban areas is essential for evaluating the quality of interior urban spaces within vertical urbanism, a field commonly known as 'Urbanology'. This area combines urban psychology, anthropology and social science, often utilizing empirical methods such as surveys and interviews. This research offers scientific research methods that utilize electroencephalogram (EEG) and an artificial intelligence (AI) generator to establish a system and formula for accessing neuroscientific datasets. The goal is to establish a connection between emotions and the spatial conditions of urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We adopt a tripart approach in describing the human-centred challenges with human–swarm interaction. First, the results of large-N laboratory studies will be discussed which found evidence of trust biases (e.g. system-wide trust (SWT)), uncertainties regarding appropriate control strategies and timing, and inaccuracies of perceived swarm reliability. Second, the results of a small-N subject-matter expert study will be discussed, highlighting evidence for component-specific trust (CST) and will highlight concerns from expert operators regarding: understanding appropriate inputs for swarm control, transfer of control, general transparency for swarms including the need for understanding why errors might occur and concerns regarding the effects of command latency. Third, human-centred challenges from the use of swarms in the real world will be discussed. These challenges include lessons learned regarding human–swarm interfaces, the intense challenges of logistics when using swarms in the real world, and otherwise hidden challenges of using swarms for real-world scenarios such as the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) OFFensive Swarm-Enabled Tactics (OFFSET) programme and the use of swarms for monitoring operations for the Air Force Marathon. This article will close with a brief discussion of the opportunity space within human–swarm interaction if the research community is able to close the gap on these human-centred challenges. This article is part of the theme issue 'The road forward with swarm systems'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The deteriorating mental health of children and young people in the United Kingdom poses a challenge that services and policy makers have found difficult to tackle. Kailo responds to this issue with a community-based participatory and systemically informed strategy, perceiving mental health and well-being as a dynamic state shaped by the interplay of broader health determinants. The initiative works to explore, define and implement locally relevant solutions to challenges shaping the mental health and well-being of young people. Kailo unfolds in three stages within each locale. These stages encompass: "early discovery", "deeper discovery and co-design" and "implementation". This document delves into the participatory group model building and design protocol occurring in the "deeper discovery and co-design" stage of the project. Methods: Participatory methods, such as group model building, are effective in articulating and building consensus on complex issues like the social determinants of adolescent mental health. This paper describes the protocol for application of group model building within the Kailo design process to develop causal loop diagrams and pinpoint leverage points for improving adolescent mental health. It also suggests a method for considering modifications to delivery within a unique project context and in alignment with participants' needs. This paper sets out to define the approach and clarify the objectives these engagements aim to fulfil. The method adapts existing group model building (GMB) protocols for use in a community setting. The engagements will involve groups of local young people and existing community members. To assess the success of the session's implementation post-delivery, the study utilizes existing frameworks for fidelity evaluations, which define a core and flex model. Discussion: The method described enables an integration of diverse local understandings of complex processes which provides a platform for creating co-designed interventions. This protocol can be used to further strengthen research and design through incorporating complexity and participation into the formulation of contextually relevant policies and practices. The strengths and limitations of the approach are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery of Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Programs (ICAPs) via telerehabilitation is a potential solution to the ongoing geographical, transport, and mobility barriers that people with aphasia (PWA) face in accessing this service model. To ensure the ICAP retains its evidence-based elements, configuration of the telerehabilitation system requires consideration of user and therapy task requirements. The human-centred design (HCD) process incorporates user and task considerations when developing technological systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use the HCD process to translate the Comprehensive High-dose Aphasia Therapy (CHAT) program for delivery via telerehabilitation (TeleCHAT). Methods: The HCD translation process used consisted of five iterative stages. Relevant literature was reviewed, and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) experienced in delivering ICAPs were consulted to understand the therapy context. Researchers gathered therapy task and user requirements of PWA, support people (SP) and SLPs to engage in therapy. Technology that met user and therapy task requirements were identified and a preliminary technology configuration was tested in a simulated environment. The finalised system was tested in a pilot trial of TeleCHAT with a cohort of four PWA, two SPs, and two SLPs. Feedback and technical and user issues were collated from users and analysed to inform improvements to the TeleCHAT configuration and protocol. Results: User and therapy task requirements to deliver TeleCHAT were identified with consideration of communication and participation supports for PWA. The configured technology system comprised of Zoom© as the videoconferencing platform of choice, and additional critical technical functions including screen and audio sharing of therapy content, and multi-point interaction using remote control and annotation tools. Simulation testing and a pilot trial of the configuration confirmed system operability and identified modifications to optimise functioning. Conclusion: The HCD framework was used to successfully configure an optimal technology system for the delivery of TeleCHAT. The HCD framework can be used by clinicians to identify patient needs and configure optimal telerehabilitation systems for delivery of complex interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to understand how COVID-19 affected social connection, barriers to connection, and generated ideas for creating pro-connection activities and spaces. The approach was guided by design principles and included generative interviews and a group workshop with young people aged 16–24 years. COVID-19 allowed young people to recognize the importance of face-to-face and incidental social contacts and appreciate deeper connections to friends, family, and community. Young people identified barriers and enablers to forming quality social connection as confidence, the time and effort taken to build meaningful friendships, mental health, and cultural identity. Programmes that overtly tackle social connection were considered unappealing and usually reach only those who are already engaged. Instead, social connection is a by-product of other activities that take a 'mild structure, low pressure' approach and focus on strengths and interests. Activities and spaces must be free and easy to access and involve multiple engagements over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study site, a major teaching hospital in Dublin, Ireland, addressed significant challenges within its dermatology service through a comprehensive improvement initiative using a person-centred Lean Six Sigma methodology. Initially, the hospital's dermatology department faced excessive outpatient waiting times, with 3736 patients awaiting appointments, and 1615 waiting over 12 months. The person-centred Lean Six Sigma approach, which combines Lean techniques to reduce non-value add and Six Sigma methods to eliminate variation through a person-centred lens, was applied to overhaul the referral, triage, and scheduling processes. Key interventions included standardising triage categories, centralising the triage process, and redistributing referrals equitably among consultants. A new centralised triage system was established, leading to a more efficient allocation of appointments and better management of urgent cases. Post-implementation data showed a 40% reduction in the overall waiting list and a 60% reduction in the number of patients waiting over 12 months. The initiative significantly decreased the wait times across all urgency categories, with the most notable improvements in soon and urgent referrals. These changes were also the impetus for a follow-up design-led innovation phase, where the team worked with partners across the educational and healthcare system to enable disruptive change. The success of this project provides a scalable model for improvements in similar healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION DOCUMENT\nPRACTITIONER SUMMARYPurpose of the article: As technologies continue to advance, designing wearable exoskeletons that are comfortable, safe, reliable, and engaging for users is an arduous task. The integration of HCD principles in exoskeleton development significantly contributes to ensuring that the product meets the needs and preferences of users. This study systematically reviews the application of human-centred design (HCD) principles in the development of wearable exoskeletons.Methodology: It synthesizes existing literature, identifies key HCD concepts and assesses their impact on exoskeleton usability, comfort, and safety. The findings of the study revealed a moderate application of HCD in many of the studies; however, the concepts were found to play a crucial role in enhancing the usability, safety, and comfort of wearable exoskeleton technology implementation. Challenges revealed in the study include limited stakeholder involvement, a lack of standardized evaluation metrics, non-consideration of ethical, legal, and social issues, and a lack of studies on the potential adverse effects of exoskeleton use. Besides identifying the challenges faced in integrating HCD principles into exoskeleton development, the study also proposed pragmatic approaches to overcome them.Results: The study underscores the significance of incorporating human-centred design principles in the design and development of wearable exoskeletons. This has implications for industry, rehabilitation, health, and agriculture to churn out positive outcomes. The research contributes to the expanding literature on wearable exoskeletons and HCD, offering valuable insights into the advancement of this technology in various domains and suggesting areas for future studies to address identified gaps.Wearable exoskeleton use in rehabilitation can revolutionize the field by providing enhanced support and assistance to individuals with mobility impairments.Applying HCD to exoskeleton development for rehabilitation ensures their effectiveness and can significantly improve the user’s ability to walk, regain independence, and participate in daily activities.The HCD approach enables the customization of exoskeletons to meet the unique needs and abilities of users, which in turn promotes comfort, usability, and overall user satisfaction.Rehabilitation professionals can create soft exoskeleton devices that are cost-effective, accessible, and sustainable for users to improve overall outcomes.Enhanced marketability and profitability of wearable exoskeletons can result in heightened investment and innovation within the sector.Wearable exoskeleton use in rehabilitation can revolutionize the field by providing enhanced support and assistance to individuals with mobility impairments.Applying HCD to exoskeleton development for rehabilitation ensures their effectiveness and can significantly improve the user’s ability to walk, regain independence, and participate in daily activities.The HCD approach enables the customization of exoskeletons to meet the unique needs and abilities of users, which in turn promotes comfort, usability, and overall user satisfaction.Rehabilitation professionals can create soft exoskeleton devices that are cost-effective, accessible, and sustainable for users to improve overall outcomes.Enhanced marketability and profitability of wearable exoskeletons can result in heightened investment and innovation within the sector.Our systematic literature review focused on applying HCD principles to develop wearable exoskeletons. The findings emphasized the significance of prioritizing user needs and preferences. The study has practical implications, for guiding product development, enhancing user experience, innovation, healthcare/rehabilitation, and some livelihood practices, influencing policy and regulation, and advancing future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how the examination of additively manufactured auxetic componentry can be applied in human-centred design settings with particular focus on biomedical products. Firstly, the design applications of auxetics are detailed followed by a review of the key problems facing practical researchers in the field with the treatment of boundary conditions identified as a key issue. The testing setup that is then introduced utilises a novel method of part mounting and facilitates optical analysis and real-time force–displacement measurements. A study is advanced that analyses three different auxetic structures (re-entrant, chiral, and semi-rigid), a set of samples of which were additively manufactured in flexible TPU material. A range of parameters were varied across the three designs including interior geometry and wall thicknesses in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the setup for the examination of the different structures. The results from these examinations are subsequently discussed and a number of suggestions made regarding how this kind of analysis may be integrated into novel design development workflows for achieving human-centred biomedical devices which often require detailed consideration of ergonomic and usability factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Anticipated, internal, and enacted stigma are major barriers to tuberculosis (TB) care engagement and directly impact patient well-being. Unfortunately, targeted stigma interventions are lacking. We aimed to co-develop a person-centred stigma intervention with TB-affected community members and health workers in South Africa. Methods Using a community-based participatory research approach, we conducted ten group discussions with people diagnosed with TB (past or present), caregivers, and health workers (total n = 87) in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Group discussions were facilitated by TB survivors. Discussion guides explored experiences and drivers of stigma and used human-centred design principles to co-develop solutions. Recordings were transcribed, coded, thematically analysed, and then further interpreted using the socio-ecological model and behaviour change wheel framework. Results Intervention components across socio-ecological levels shared common functions linked to effective behaviour change, namely education, training, enablement, persuasion, modelling, and environmental restructuring. At the individual level, participants recommended counselling to improve TB knowledge and provide ongoing support. TB survivors can guide messaging to nurture stigma resilience by highlighting that TB can affect anyone and is curable, and provide lived experiences of TB to decrease internal and anticipated stigma. At the interpersonal level, support clubs and family-centred counselling were suggested to dispel TB-related myths and foster support. At the institutional level, health worker stigma reduction training informed by TB survivor perspectives was recommended to decrease enacted stigma. Participants discussed how integration of TB/HIV care services may exacerbate TB/HIV intersectional stigma and ideas for restructured service delivery models were suggested. At the community level, participants recommended awareness-raising events led by TB survivors, including TB information in school curricula. At the policy level, solutions focused on reducing the visibility generated by a TB diagnosis and resultant stigma in health facilities and shifting tasks to community health workers. Conclusions Decreasing TB stigma requires a multi-level approach. Co-developing a person-centred intervention with affected communities is feasible and generates stigma intervention components that are directed and implementable. Such community-led multi-level intervention components should be prioritised by TB programs, including integrated TB/HIV care services.

Attention to children's emotional health and wellbeing (EHWB) has increased over the last decade due to a decline in children and young people's mental health. COVID-19 escalated this need globally as children were subjected to immediate and drastic changes to their education and daily lives. This paper reports on a UK qualitative study exploring the perceptions of teachers working in primary schools and the level of support they require for children's EHWB. Semi-structured online interviews were conducted with teachers during COVID-19. The findings highlighted four themes of professional support that were required: 1) funding support 2) support with pedagogical responsibilities, 3) external support and 4) home and parental support. Overall, teachers considered there was a lack of provision for their role, with additional pressures placed on them to support children's EHWB. The paper concludes that more resources are required long term to support teachers in a post-COVID-19 education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-industrial sites in Chinese cities are being redeveloped as catalysts for urban regeneration and economic development. Calling the shift from 'Made in China' to 'Created in China', the Chinese government is encouraging the development of the creative industry to transform post-industrial sites. Successful examples of city renewal projects provide examples of this strategy, tuning into the creative cultures and industrial heritage of these cities and offering platforms for creative enterprises to flourish. This paper describes a recently funded renovation project, Beijing 751 D-Park, which has been undertaken to analyse these opportunities, and offers the initial findings of a case study. It unlocks the development process of the renovation project in terms of its philosophy, design method and planning strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anticipated, internal, and enacted stigma are major barriers to tuberculosis (TB) care engagement and directly impact patient well-being. Unfortunately, targeted stigma interventions are lacking. We aimed to co-develop a person-centred stigma intervention with TB-affected community members and health workers in South Africa. Methods: Using a community-based participatory research approach, we conducted ten group discussions with people diagnosed with TB (past or present), caregivers, and health workers (total n = 87) in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Group discussions were facilitated by TB survivors. Discussion guides explored experiences and drivers of stigma and used human-centred design principles to co-develop solutions. Recordings were transcribed, coded, thematically analysed, and then further interpreted using the socio-ecological model and behaviour change wheel framework. Results: Intervention components across socio-ecological levels shared common functions linked to effective behaviour change, namely education, training, enablement, persuasion, modelling, and environmental restructuring. At the individual level, participants recommended counselling to improve TB knowledge and provide ongoing support. TB survivors can guide messaging to nurture stigma resilience by highlighting that TB can affect anyone and is curable, and provide lived experiences of TB to decrease internal and anticipated stigma. At the interpersonal level, support clubs and family-centred counselling were suggested to dispel TB-related myths and foster support. At the institutional level, health worker stigma reduction training informed by TB survivor perspectives was recommended to decrease enacted stigma. Participants discussed how integration of TB/HIV care services may exacerbate TB/HIV intersectional stigma and ideas for restructured service delivery models were suggested. At the community level, participants recommended awareness-raising events led by TB survivors, including TB information in school curricula. At the policy level, solutions focused on reducing the visibility generated by a TB diagnosis and resultant stigma in health facilities and shifting tasks to community health workers. Conclusions: Decreasing TB stigma requires a multi-level approach. Co-developing a person-centred intervention with affected communities is feasible and generates stigma intervention components that are directed and implementable. Such community-led multi-level intervention components should be prioritised by TB programs, including integrated TB/HIV care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home self-rehabilitation exercises for musculoskeletal conditions are a valuable complement to rehabilitation plans. Telerehabilitation systems using artificial intelligence can provide reliable solutions and empower patients by providing them with guidance and motivating them to engage in rehabilitation plans and activities. This study aims to understand the patient's and physiotherapist's perspective on the requirements of effective face-to-face physiotherapy sessions to inspire the design of a telerehabilitation platform to be used in home settings. The authors used an ethnography-informed approach through observation and semi-structured interviews with patients (n = 13) and physiotherapists (n = 10) in two outpatient rehabilitation clinics. The AEIOU framework was used to structure and analyse the observation. Thematic analysis was used to code and analyse the data collected from the observations and the interviews. Patients' and physiotherapists' perspectives emphasise the need for exercise instruction clarity, evolution monitoring, and feedback. In the absence of the physiotherapist, in home settings, patients feel insecure and fear execution difficulties and limited exercise instructions, while physiotherapists struggle with controlling patients' home exercise performance. Telerehabilitation is seen as an opportunity to move further into home self-rehabilitation programs. Besides home exercise monitoring and guidance, telerehabilitation platforms must allow personalization and effective communication between patients and physiotherapists. This work makes three important contributions, in which it extends existing research: Presents insights into the requirements of effective remote physiotherapy sessions; Highlights the challenges and concerns of patients and physiotherapists regarding telerehabilitation; Provides guidance for developing telerehabilitation platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) who may benefit from HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) face high levels of common mental disorders (e.g. depression, anxiety). Common mental disorders can reduce PrEP adherence and increase HIV risk, yet mental health interventions have not been well‐integrated into PrEP delivery. Methods: We conducted a four‐phase human‐centred design process, from December 2020 to April 2022, to understand mental health challenges among AGYW in Johannesburg, South Africa and barriers to integrated mental health and PrEP services. In the "Discover" phase, we conducted in‐depth interviews with AGYW and key informants (KIs) in Johannesburg. We conducted a rapid qualitative analysis, informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), to identify facilitators and barriers of integrated mental health and PrEP services and mapped barriers to potential implementation strategies. In the "Design" and "Build" phases, we conducted stakeholder workshops to iteratively adapt an evidence‐based mental health intervention, the Friendship Bench, and refine implementation strategies for South African PrEP delivery settings. In the "Test" phase, we piloted our adapted Friendship Bench package. Results: Interviews with 70 Discover phase participants (48 AGYW, 22 KIs) revealed the importance of integrated mental health and PrEP services for South African AGYW. Interviewees described barriers and implementation strategies for mental health and PrEP services around the CFIR domains: intervention characteristics (e.g. challenges with AGYW "opening up"); outer Johannesburg setting (e.g. community stigma); inner clinic setting (e.g. judgemental healthcare providers); characteristics of counsellors (e.g. training gaps); and the implementation process (e.g. need for demand creation). The Design and Build workshops included 13 AGYW and 15 KIs. Implementation barriers related to the quality and accessibility of public‐sector clinic services, lay counsellor training, and community education and demand creation activities were prioritized. This led to 12 key Friendship Bench adaptations and the specification of 10 implementation strategies that were acceptable and feasible in initial pilot testing with three AGYW. Conclusions: Using a human‐centred approach, we identified determinants and potential solutions for integrating mental health interventions within PrEP services for South African AGYW. This design process centred stakeholders' perspectives, enabling rapid development of an adapted Friendship Bench intervention implementation package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban design practices are shifting towards inclusive co-creation processes to engage diverse stakeholders and create sustainable spaces. This paper explores co-creation dynamics in urban design using the theme-centred interaction (TCI) model from the field of psychoanalysis. Through a single-case study, qualitative and quantitative methods, balanced co-creation strategies are highlighted, empowering individuals, facilitating open dialogue, defining shared objectives, and considering external factors. This research extends literature by applying the TCI model, offering a novel lens and insights for effective co-creation practices in urban design. It informs future investigations and enhances stakeholder engagement, emphasizing a holistic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human‐Centred Learning Analytics (HCLA) has emerged in the last 5 years as an active sub‐topic within Learning Analytics, drawing primarily on the theories and methods of Human‐Computer Interaction (HCI). HCLA researchers and practitioners are adopting and adapting HCI theories/methods to meet the challenge of meaningfully engaging educational stakeholders in the LA design process, evaluating systems in use and researching the sociotechnical factors influencing LA successes and failures. This editorial introduces the contributions of the papers in this special section, reflects more broadly on the field's emergence over the last five years, considers known gaps and indicates new opportunities that may open in the next five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance teachers' capabilities by sharing control over different parts of learning activities. This is especially true for complex learning activities, such as dynamic learning transitions where students move between individual and collaborative learning in un‐planned ways, as the need arises. Yet, few initiatives have emerged considering how shared responsibility between teachers and AI can support learning and how teachers' voices might be included to inform design decisions. The goal of our article is twofold. First, we describe a secondary analysis of our co‐design process comprising six design methods to understand how teachers conceptualise sharing control with an AI co‐orchestration tool, called Pair‐Up. We worked with 76 middle school math teachers, each taking part in one to three methods, to create a co‐orchestration tool that supports dynamic combinations of individual and collaborative learning using two AI‐based tutoring systems. We leveraged qualitative content analysis to examine teachers' views about sharing control with Pair‐Up, and we describe high‐level insights about the human‐AI interaction, including control, trust, responsibility, efficiency, and accuracy. Secondly, we use our results as an example showcasing how human‐centred learning analytics can be applied to the design of human‐AI technologies and share reflections for human‐AI technology designers regarding the methods that might be fruitful to elicit teacher feedback and ideas. Our findings illustrate the design of a novel co‐orchestration tool to facilitate the transitions between individual and collaborative learning and highlight considerations and reflections for designers of similar systems. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic: Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help teachers facilitate complex classroom activities, such as having students move between individual and collaborative learning in unplanned ways.Designers should use human‐centred design approaches to give teachers a voice in deciding what AI might do in the classroom and if or how they want to share control with it.What this paper adds: Presents teacher views about how they want to share control with AI to support students moving between individual and collaborative learning.Describes how we adapted six design methods to design AI features.Illustrates a complete, iterative process to create human‐AI interactions to support teachers as they facilitate students moving from individual to collaborative learning.Implications for practice: We share five implications for designers that teachers highlighted as necessary when designing AI‐features, including control, trust, responsibility, efficiency and accuracy.Our work also includes a reflection on our design process and implications for future design processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second of two papers summarizing studies reporting on the design of electronic graphic symbol-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. The aim of this paper was to describe the design approaches used and to determine to what extent the principles of human-centred design (HCD) were reflected in the design approaches and processes used. A scoping review was conducted. A multifaceted search resulted in the identification of 28 studies meeting the selection criteria. Data were extracted relating to four areas of interest, namely, (1) the general characteristics of the studies, (2) features of the systems designed, (3) availability of the systems to the public and (4) the design processes followed. In this paper, findings related to the last area are presented. Design approaches were often inconsistently described. User-centred design was mentioned more often than HCD. Even so, various HCD principles were considered in most studies. Notably, stakeholders were involved in the design process in all studies. However, users were not involved in all studies and stakeholder roles were predominantly informative rather than collaborative. Prototype and product evaluations focussed mostly on usability rather than user experience. Although many design teams were multidisciplinary, engineers and computer scientists predominated. There is a need for designers to be more transparent about the type of design approach used to guide the system design and also to clearly report on design approaches and processes used. The application of HCD to the design of graphic symbol-based AAC systems is still limited. Human-centred design approaches can productively guide the design of electronic graphic symbol-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Creative methods are needed to involve stakeholders with complex communication needs in all phases of the design process. Evaluation of electronic graphic symbol-based AAC systems should consider both usability and user experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfectionism is a personality trait associated with a desire for flawlessness, high-standard expectations and criticism of the self and others. As engineering design seeks to address more wicked problems that move beyond technical considerations, it is possible that engineers with perfectionism may struggle to engage flexibly with complexity and more creativity-focused solutions. The present study seeks to understand perfectionism prevalence in an undergraduate cohort of civil engineers and the impact of this trait on complex design decisions and engagements that include social as well as technical considerations. 184 civil engineering students were involved in this study. We found that 74.5% of the engineers classify as perfectionists, with 68.5% of these perfectionists being maladaptive. Further, we examined how perfectionism associated with Communal Designs, a design approach that aims to meet physical community needs as well as more metaphysical, empathy-informed criteria. We found that although perfectionists were more likely to have higher scores of prosocialness and empathy, non-perfectionists were more likely to produce Communal Designs. This suggested an apparent intention-behaviour mismatch. Engineering students may have intended to but then failed to produce Communal Designs; this could also be explained via our finding that perfectionists tend to have higher social desirability scores. The results indicate that complex decision-making in engineering design cannot be separated from the mindsets and personalities of engineers. Strategies to mitigate the negative impact of perfectionism are discussed, including both supported exposure to open-ended, contextualised design, and the use of critical reflection. A regression model predictive of Communal Design production was also developed and discussed using engineering undergraduates' personality characteristics' scores as predictors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]