Search

Abstract Marine heatwaves are becoming more frequent, widespread and severe, causing mass coral bleaching and mortality. Natural adaptation may be insufficient to keep pace with climate warming, leading to calls for selective breeding interventions to enhance the ability of corals to survive such heatwaves, i.e., their heat tolerance. However, the heritability of this trait–a prerequisite for such approaches–remains unknown. We show that selecting parent colonies for high rather than low heat tolerance increased the tolerance of adult offspring (3–4-year-olds). This result held for the response to both 1-week +3.5 °C and 1-month +2.5 °C simulated marine heatwaves. In each case, narrow-sense heritability (h 2) estimates are between 0.2 and 0.3, demonstrating a substantial genetic basis of heat tolerance. The phenotypic variability identified in this population could theoretically be leveraged to enhance heat tolerance by up to 1 °C-week within one generation. Concerningly, selective breeding for short-stress tolerance did not improve the ability of offspring to survive the long heat stress exposure. With no genetic correlation detected, these traits may be subject to independent genetic controls. Our finding on the heritability of coral heat tolerance indicates that selective breeding could be a viable tool to improve population resilience. Yet, the moderate levels of enhancement we found suggest that the effectiveness of such interventions also demands urgent climate action.

Restoration supports the recovery of ecological attributes such as cover, complexity, and diversity to slow the areal decline of natural ecosystems. Restoration activity is intensifying worldwide to combat persistent stressors that are driving global declines to the extent and resilience of coral reefs. However, restoration is disputed as a meaningful aid to reef ecological recovery, often as an expensive distraction to addressing the root causes of reef loss. We contend this dispute partly stems from inferences drawn from small-scale experimental restoration outcomes amplified by misconceptions around cost-based reasoning. Alongside aggressive emissions reductions, we advocate urgent investment in coral reef ecosystem restoration as part of the management toolbox to combat the destruction of reefs as we know them within decades.

This paper delves into the challenges faced by scientists to effectively communicate regarding photoprotection and skin cancer as a result of the pervasive, harmful effects of disinforming messages. In order to do so, the Spanish population’s understanding of photoprotection and skin cancer is examined. This paper is as an extension of the COMUNICANCER initiative, the ultimate goal of which is to establish protocols for producing and disseminating accurate content that raises the awareness of skin cancer-related dangers, as well as transferring knowledge on health prevention. Therefore, we have monitored the prevalence of misinformation and lack of information regarding sun photoprotection in Spain, aiming to reflect, ultimately, on the added difficulties faced by the scholarly community to disseminate accurate content in today’s communication environment, which has become even more complex due to the distorting influence of disinformation. Employing a quantitative methodology, the research involved a comprehensive analysis of 2498 Spanish-language tweets related to skin cancer and photoprotection collected between August 2021 and August 2022. The study proves that scientists face a social media landscape, particularly on X/Twitter, where there is not only a lack of comprehensive information on the various dimensions of skin cancer, its prevention, and treatment, but which also serves as a breeding ground for the dissemination of inaccurate and misleading information regarding sun-related health risks and preventive measures. This leads to an urgent need to develop strategies aimed at fostering comprehensive and accurate information dissemination, especially regarding health information, due to the critical effect this can have on people and public health systems.

Spain has grown economically due to the recent boosts in the industrial sector, the agricultural sector, construction and services. Those who carry out agricultural tasks are mainly undocumented immigrants living in marginal neighborhoods. Objectives: to know the perception of undocumented Moroccan migrants living in marginal neighborhoods regarding access to the Public Health System. Methods: A qualitative method with a phenomenological approach was used to get closer to the experience of the participants in the study. In this work, 24 semi-structured interviews were conducted following a guide with a set of open questions to facilitate an in-depth discussion of the topics of interest. The participants were given an informed consent form, which guaranteed anonymity and confidentiality regarding the information obtained. For this, codes were used to identify them. The data were stored, managed, classified, and organized with the ATLAS-ti 9 software. Results: access and use of health services by the immigrants in the study was difficult due to communication problems related to language and culture, the discriminatory attitude and lack of cultural competence of health personnel, and the location of the neighborhoods (which were marginal far from urban centers), as well as the lack of transportation to health centers. Conclusions: it is an ethical imperative of the Health System to offer greater attention to the population in situations of extreme vulnerability, implement intercultural mediators and train health professionals in cultural competence.

En la primavera de 1535, por causas desconocidas, Juan Téllez Girón, IV conde de Ureña, mandó matar a Francisco de Robledo, su secretario personal y hombre de confianza. Pese a contar con una trayectoria de décadas al servicio de los girones, Robledo fue torturado y colgado de las murallas de la fortaleza de Peñafiel (Valladolid), quedando su cuerpo expuesto durante días frente a la multitud. La noticia de aquel sórdido suceso corrió como la pólvora por toda Castilla. Su impacto llevó a la corona a iniciar una investigación para determinar lo ocurrido y, más tarde, a instar a la apertura de un proceso criminal por homicidio contra el propio conde y los que participaron en la ejecución. El tribunal, integrado por los miembros del Consejo Real, declaró culpables a todos los acusados y los sentenció a elevadas penas económicas, de destierro y muerte. En las páginas que siguen nos aproximaremos a los detalles que rodearon el asesinato de Francisco de Robledo por el «Conde Santo», un caso tan controvertido como desconocido que, curiosamente, terminó resolviéndose con un acuerdo extrajudicial y la emisión del perdón real en 1538. Sin duda, un excelente estudio de caso que nos permitirá profundizar en la situación de la Casa de Osuna a inicios de siglo XVI, y en el complejo funcionamiento de la administración de justicia hispánica en la edad moderna.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the benefits brought about by a learning-through-the-arts project aimed at creating links between the cultural heritage of students from diverse backgrounds and the fundamental aims of school instruction. Guided by a naturalistic research strategy and the principles of teacher action research, the data was collected during the implementation of a training project for preservice teachers at a highly complex school setting. The results provide an interdisciplinary and inclusive methodology for learning through the arts that promotes the development of cognitive and socio-affective competences, which are essential for lifelong learning. The project was carried out in a multicultural primary school, where a disadvantaged social composition prevails as a result of school segregation. Evidence of learning and the schoolchildren's artistic creations provide examples of good inclusive practices that foster collaborative interactions, widen participation, and improve academic achievement in various school subjects. Ideas for future research are also discussed.

Introduction: Spain is a multicultural society and has been defined by several authors as an immigrant-receiving country. Moroccan women of childbearing age constitute 28.20% of Moroccan immigrants. Objectives: describe the interaction processes that occur between health professionals and Moroccan immigrant women in reproductive healthcare. Methods: Qualitative descriptive study based on Grounded Theory. Thirty immigrant women from Morocco and thirty-five health professionals participated in the study. Specific dimensions of analysis were defined and used to design the interview guide and focus groups. Results: In the healthcare encounter, the construction of an effective communicative space between the people involved in it is essential; however, the language barrier and the interpersonal relationships characterized by silence in the encounter make a meaningful healthcare relationship difficult for those who participate in it. Conclusions: There are communication and relationship problems that alter healthcare and the professional–patient relationship which require the use of translation programs, the incorporation of intercultural meters, and the development of cultural competence in health professionals.

Based on a survey of 122 journalists from four Spanish newspapers carried out from 2015 to 2016, this paper analyses to what extent these professionals perceive a disconnection --a gap-- between their role conception and their perceived role enactment, that is between their professional ideals and their journalistic practice, and which are the most "conflicting" roles in a Polarized Pluralist media system. According to the perceptions of the professionals surveyed, journalists in Spain hold a role conflict when they work in a newspaper. The findings show significant differences between the role conception and the perceived role enactment in six of the seven professional roles. The biggest divergences are located in the watchdog, civic and disseminator roles. The conflict between the professional ideals and their implementation in the news is always resolved in favor of the media organizations. Our results are consistent and support the previous studies that have defined the Polarized Pluralist media system as a media ecosystem where journalists accumulate little power compared to the media organizations, which are in financial debt and dependent on political and economic powers. Results are discussed according to the literature review as well as the context in which the study was developed.

Abstract Recurrent mass bleaching events threaten the future of coral reefs. To persist under climate change, corals will need to endure progressively more intense and frequent marine heatwaves, yet it remains unknown whether their thermal tolerance can keep pace with warming. Here, we reveal an emergent increase in the thermal tolerance of coral assemblages at a rate of 0.1 °C/decade for a remote Pacific coral reef system. This led to less severe bleaching impacts than would have been predicted otherwise, indicating adaptation, acclimatisation or shifts in community structure. Using future climate projections, we show that if thermal tolerance continues to rise over the coming century at the most-likely historic rate, substantial reductions in bleaching trajectories are possible. High-frequency bleaching can be fully mitigated at some reefs under low-to-middle emissions scenarios, yet can only be delayed under high emissions scenarios. Collectively, our results indicate a potential ecological resilience to climate change, but still highlight the need for reducing carbon emissions in line with Paris Agreement commitments to preserve coral reefs.

En la primavera de 1531, la muerte de Pedro Girón y Velasco, III conde de Ureña, sumió a la Casa de Osuna en una profunda crisis sucesoria. Pese a que el mayorazgo familiar señalaba como sucesor del linaje a su hermano menor, Juan Téllez Girón, su viuda, Mencía de Guzmán, se oponía a tal desenlace. La condesa defendía que los derechos sucesorios correspondían a su única hija, María Ana Girón, y que ella misma había sido nombrada usufructuaria vitalicia de los principales señoríos del mayorazgo. Las aspiraciones de Mencía chocaban frontalmente con las pretensiones de su cuñado. Juan rechazaba cuanto reclamaba Mencía y, amparándose en el mayorazgo de su padre, decía ser el único y legítimo sucesor a la casa. Ante tal escenario, la vía judicial se mostraba como la única solución posible; sin embargo, el temor a que una sentencia dividiera el patrimonio familiar o a que se adoptaran medidas cautelares que secuestraran sine die los bienes del linaje, llevó a las partes a buscar una salida negociada a la disputa. El texto que presentamos a continuación analiza la negociación por la sucesión emprendida por Juan Téllez Girón y Mencía de Guzmán a inicios de la década de 1530, y el impacto que esta tuvo en los primeros años de gobierno del IV conde de Ureña. Una serie encadenada de acontecimientos que se prolongaron hasta 1540 y que marcarían el destino de una de las casas nobiliarias más relevantes de la Historia de España.

Success and impact metrics in science are based on a system that perpetuates sexist and racist "rewards" by prioritizing citations and impact factors. These metrics are flawed and biased against already marginalized groups and fail to accurately capture the breadth of individuals' meaningful scientific impacts. We advocate shifting this outdated value system to advance science through principles of justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion. We outline pathways for a paradigm shift in scientific values based on multidimensional mentorship and promoting mentee well-being. These actions will require collective efforts supported by academic leaders and administrators to drive essential systemic change.

The literature on selective exposure has shown that ideology and voting govern media consumption decisions, but longitudinal studies are still scarce. To fill this gap, this work analyzes: (a) whether selective exposure guided by ideology and partisanship to three media types (television, radio, and newspapers) is a stable phenomenon in Spain (2008–2019) as expected from a polarized pluralistic media system; and (b) which variable has the strongest effects on news choices (ideology or partisanship). Multinomial logistic regressions are carried out using data sources from six post-electoral surveys conducted by the Center for Sociological Research in the last six Spanish general elections (2008–2019). As dependent variables, we consider the four most important preferred media outlets for each media type, and as independent variables, we include the vote in general election and ideology. Moreover, interest in politics, gender, age, education, and social class are included as control variables, too. Findings show strong evidence that selective exposure based on ideology and partisanship is a well-established phenomenon in Spain for the three media types during the 11 years. Results also show that the effect of partisanship is always stronger than that of ideology for the three news media types. We conclude that selective exposure in Spain needs therefore to be conceived as partisan selective exposure.

Abstract As marine species adapt to climate change, their heat tolerance will likely be under strong selection. Yet trade-offs between heat tolerance and other life history traits could compromise natural adaptation or assisted evolution. This is particularly important for ecosystem engineers, such as reef-building corals, which support biodiversity yet are vulnerable to heatwave-induced mass bleaching and mortality. Here, we exposed 70 colonies of the reef-building coral Acropora digitifera to a long-term marine heatwave emulation experiment. We tested for trade-offs between heat tolerance and three traits measured from the colonies in situ – colony growth, fecundity, and symbiont community composition. Despite observing remarkable within-population variability in heat tolerance, all colonies were dominated by Cladocopium C40 symbionts. We found no evidence for trade-offs between heat tolerance and fecundity or growth. Contrary to expectations, positive associations emerged with growth, such that faster-growing colonies tended to bleach and die at higher levels of heat stress. Collectively, our results suggest that these corals exist on an energetic continuum where some high-performing individuals excel across multiple traits. Within populations, trade-offs between heat tolerance and growth or fecundity may not be major barriers to natural adaptation or the success of assisted evolution interventions.

Abstract Introduction Waning immunity after vaccination justifies the need for additional effective COVID‐19 treatments. Immunomodulation of local immune response at the oropharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate mucosal immunity, which can prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 main immune evasion mechanisms in early stages of the disease and send an effective warning to other components of immune system. Olive polyphenols are biologically active compounds with immunomodulatory activity. There are previous studies based on immunomodulation with olive polyphenols and respiratory infections using an enteral route, which point to potential effects on time to resolution of symptoms. The investigators sought to determine whether participants following immunomodulation with tiny quantities of high polyphenolic olive oil administered through an oromucosal route could have a better outcome in COVID‐19. Summary This pilot clinical trial investigated the effect of buccopharyngeal administered high polyphenolic olive oil on COVID‐19 incidence, duration, and severity. Importance Waning immunity after vaccination justifies the need of further research for additional effective treatments for COVID‐19. Objective Immunomodulation of local immune response at the buccopharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate mucosal immunity, which would in turn difficult SARS‐CoV‐2 immune evasion mechanisms in early stages of the disease and send an effective warning to other components of immune system. Olive polyphenols are biologically active compounds with immunomodulatory activity. There are previous studies based on immunomodulation with olive polyphenols and respiratory infections, using an enteral route, which suggest potential shortening of time to resolution of symptoms. The investigators sought to determine whether participants following immunomodulation with tiny quantities of high polyphenolic olive oil administered through an oromucosal route could have a better outcome in COVID‐19. Design, Setting, and Participants Double blind, randomized pilot clinical trial conducted at a single site, Talavera de la Reina, Spain. Potential study participants were identified by simple random sampling from the epidemiological database of contact patients recently diagnosed of COVID‐19 during the study period. A total of 88 adult participants were enrolled and 84 completed the 3‐month study, conducted between July 1, 2021 and August 31, 2022. Intervention Participants were randomized to receive oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil, 2 mL twice a day for 3 months or no treatment. Main Outcome and Measures Primary outcomes were incidence, duration, and severity of COVID‐19 after intervention. Results There were no differences in incidence between both groups but there were significant differences in duration, the median time to resolution of symptoms was 3 days in the high polyphenolic olive oil group compared with 7 days in the no‐treatment group. Although time to resolution is directly related to severity, this study did not find any differences in severity. Conclusion and Relevance Among full‐vaccinated adults recent infected with COVID‐19, a daily intake of tiny quantities of oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil before infection significantly improved the time to symptom resolution. This finding strongly support the appropriateness of further deep research on the use of oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil as an effective immune strategy against COVID‐19.

Diferentes investigaciones han puesto de manifiesto cómo los crecientes procesos de polarización están configurando nuestras sociedades y la relación entre ciudadanos, instituciones y medios de comunicación. Este estudio busca enfocarse en la llamada polarización de audiencias, entendida como una consecuencia de la progresiva exposición selectiva –ideológica, en este caso– que reduce la cantidad de informaciones y contextos a los que están dispuestos a exponerse. Para evaluar este fenómeno en España, se ha realizado un análisis cuantitativo a través de la encuesta postelectoral de las elecciones generales de noviembre de 2019 del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas mediante una escala de consumo acumulado, en cuyos resultados se advierte del perfil de los sujetos más polarizados mediáticamente: hombres, personas de mayor edad, con más ingresos económicos, interesados por la política y activados electoralmente. Este concepto permite estudiar mejor los procesos de polarización política y afectiva y abre nuevas líneas de investigación sobre la generación de identidades (ideológicas, partidistas…) y sobre sus efectos en la mayor radicalidad en el fenómeno de la polarización.

A raíz de los recientes brotes de enfermedades, varios investigadores han señalado que el modelo de Comunicación de Riesgos en Crisis y Emergencias (CERC) es útil para orientar la comunicación estratégica durante emergencias sanitarias. Resulta prioritario observar qué papel tiene este modelo en la producción científica internacional. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de 90 artículos publicados en ocho bases de datos internacionales entre 2011 y 2021. Los resultados confirman que la aplicación del CERC, la cuantificación y la sistematización se han multiplicado considerablemente desde el inicio del COVID-19. El análisis estadístico y de redes anuncia la preponderancia de cuatro grupos temáticos emergentes, los intangibles, el estudio de casos, el análisis del contenido de los mensajes y el papel de las redes sociales. El estudio identifica algunos retos para la investigación y la práctica de las relaciones públicas en futuras emergencias sanitarias como el cáncer de piel

A pesar de la percepción generalizada de la hostilidad del mundo del videojuego hacia la comunidad queer, apuntalada muchas veces por la propia industria a través de su aparato tecnológico, comercial y cultural, ambos comparten, en esencia, una serie de rasgos característicos que vinculan la experiencia de las personas no heteronormativas a las dinámicas, lógicas y experiencias que plantea el videojuego. Más allá de análisis superficiales basados exclusivamente en la representación, el estudio en profundidad de los aspectos narratológicos y lúdicos del videojuego nos permite, desde una perspectiva queer, situarnos fuera de las fronteras hegemónicas de la industria y buscar modos diferentes de ser y estar que resuenen en la comunidad queer. El artículo que presentamos parte de una “lectura demasiado atenta” del videojuego estadounidense Undertale y busca la identificación de aquellos patrones contrahegemónicos que nos permitan localizar, tanto en el sentido de hallar como en el de traducir, el reflejo de tantas manifestaciones socialmente invalidadas de la experiencia queer. Esta reflexión, que va más allá de la representación, ya que nos permite incluso entender el videojuego como una plataforma queer, pretende, al tiempo, enfatizar la importancia en los procesos de localización de aquellas cuestiones sexuales y de género que trascienden el contenido explícito de los videojuegos.

The impact of socio-political variables on journalism is an ongoing concern of comparative research on media systems and professional cultures. However, they have rarely been studied systematically across diverse cases, particularly outside Western democracies, and existing studies that compare western and non-western contexts have mainly focused on journalistic role conceptions rather than actual journalistic practice. Using journalistic role performance as a theoretical and methodological framework, this paper overcomes these shortcomings through a content analysis of 148,474 news stories from 365 print, online, TV, and radio outlets in 37 countries. We consider two fundamental system-level variables—liberal democracy and market orientation—testing a series of hypotheses concerning their influence on the interventionist, watchdog, loyal-facilitator, service, infotainment, and civic roles in the news globally. Findings confirm the widely asserted hypothesis that liberal democracy is associated with the performance of public-service oriented roles. Claims that market orientation reinforces critical and civic-oriented journalism show more mixed results and give some support to the argument that there are forms of "market authoritarianism" associated with loyalist journalism. The findings also show that the interventionist and infotainment roles are not significantly associated with the standard measures of political and economic structure, suggesting the need for more research on their varying forms across societies and the kinds of system-level factors that might explain them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consciousness, defined as being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings, is characteristic of normal waking life and typically is lost during sleep and general anaesthesia. The traditional view of consciousness as a global brain state has evolved toward a more sophisticated interplay between global and local states, with the presence of local sleep in the awake brain and local wakefulness in the sleeping brain. However, this interplay is not clear for general anaesthesia, where loss of consciousness was recently suggested to be associated with a global state of brain‐wide synchrony that selectively involves layer 5 cortical pyramidal neurons across sensory, motor and associative areas. According to this global view, local wakefulness of layer 5 cortex should be incompatible with deep anaesthesia, a hypothesis that deserves to be scrutinised with causal manipulations. Here, we show that unilateral chemogenetic activation of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the sensorimotor cortex of isoflurane‐anaesthetised mice induces a local state transition from slow‐wave activity to tonic firing in the transfected hemisphere. This wakefulness‐like activity dramatically disrupts layer 5 interhemispheric synchrony with mirror‐image locations in the contralateral hemisphere, but does not reduce the level of unconsciousness under deep anaesthesia, nor in the transitions to/from anaesthesia. Global layer 5 synchrony may thus be a sufficient condition for anaesthesia‐induced unconsciousness, but is not a necessary one, at least under isoflurane anaesthesia. Local wakefulness‐like activity of layer 5 cortex can be induced and maintained under deep anaesthesia, encouraging further investigation into the local vs. global aspects of anaesthesia‐induced unconsciousness. Key points: The neural correlates of consciousness have evolved from global brain states to a nuanced interplay between global and local states, evident in terms of local sleep in awake brains and local wakefulness in sleeping brains.The concept of local wakefulness remains unclear for general anaesthesia, where the loss of consciousness has been recently suggested to involve brain‐wide synchrony of layer 5 cortical neurons.We found that local wakefulness‐like activity of layer 5 cortical can be chemogenetically induced in anaesthetised mice without affecting the depth of anaesthesia or the transitions to and from unconsciousness.Global layer 5 synchrony may thus be a sufficient but not necessary feature for the unconsciousness induced by general anaesthesia.Local wakefulness‐like activity of layer 5 neurons is compatible with general anaesthesia, thus promoting further investigation into the local vs. global aspects of anaesthesia‐induced unconsciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: There are conflicting results on whether weight loss after bariatric surgery (BS) might be associated with quality of life (QoL)/depressive symptomatology. We aim to determine whether BS outcomes are associated with QoL/depressive symptomatology in studied patients at the 8-year follow-up after BS, as well as their relationship with different serum proteins and miRNAs. (2) Methods: A total of 53 patients with class III obesity who underwent BS, and then classified into “good responders” and “non-responders” depending on the percentage of excess weight lost (%EWL) 8 years after BS (%EWL ≥ 50% and %EWL < 50%, respectively), were included. Basal serum miRNAs and different proteins were analysed, and patients completed tests to evaluate QoL/depressive symptomatology at 8 years after BS. (3) Results: The good responders group showed higher scores on SF-36 scales of physical functioning, role functioning—physical, role functioning—emotional, body pain and global general health compared with the non-responders. The expression of hsa-miR-101-3p, hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-miR-144-3p and hsa-miR-19b-3p were lower in non-responders. Hsa-miR-19b-3p was the variable associated with the response to BS in a logistic regression model. (4) Conclusions: The mental health of patients after BS is limited by the success of the intervention. In addition, the expression of basal serum miRNAs related to depression/anxiety could predict the success of BS.