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The second wave of COVID-19 occurred in South America in early 2021 and was mainly driven by Gamma and Lambda variants. In this study, we aimed to describe the emergence and local genomic diversity of the SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant in Argentina, from its initial entry into the country until its detection ceased. Molecular surveillance was conducted on 9356 samples from Argentina between October 2020 and April 2022, and sequencing, phylogenetic, and phylogeographic analyses were performed. Our findings revealed that the Lambda variant was first detected in Argentina in January 2021 and steadily increased in frequency until it peaked in April 2021, with continued detection throughout the year. Phylodynamic analyses showed that at least 18 introductions of the Lambda variant into the country occurred, with nine of them having evidence of onward local transmission. The spatial–-temporal reconstruction showed that Argentine clades were associated with Lambda sequences from Latin America and suggested an initial diversification in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires before spreading to other regions in Argentina. Genetic analyses of genome sequences allowed us to describe the mutational patterns of the Argentine Lambda sequences and detect the emergence of rare mutations in an immunocompromised patient. Our study highlights the importance of genomic surveillance in identifying the introduction and geographical distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant, as well as in monitoring the emergence of mutations that could be involved in the evolutionary leaps that characterize variants of concern.

Tymovirales is an order of viruses with positive-sense RNA genomes that mostly infect plants, but also fungi and insects. The number of genome sequences of viruses that could fit this taxon has been growing in the last few years with the extensive use of high-throughput sequencing. Here, we report the discovery of 31 novel viral genome sequences associated with 27 different host plant species, which were hidden in public databases. These viral sequences were identified through homology searches in more than 3,000 plant transcriptomes from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) using known tymovirales sequences as queries. Identification, assembly, and curation of raw SRA reads resulted in 29 viral genome sequences with complete coding regions, and two representing partial genomes. Some of the obtained sequences highlight novel genome organizations for members of the order. Phylogenetic analysis showed that six of the novel viruses are related to alphaflexiviruses, 17 to betaflexiviruses, two to deltaflexiviruses, and six to tymovirids. These findings shed new light on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary landscape of this group of viruses. Furthermore, this study illustrates the complexity and genome diversity among members of the order and demonstrates that analyzing public SRA data provides an invaluable tool to accelerate virus discovery and refine virus taxonomy.

The familyFlaviviridaeis composed of viruses with a positive sense single-stranded RNA genome and includes viruses that are important veterinary and human pathogens. Most members of the family are arthropod and vertebrate-infecting viruses but more recently flavi-like divergent viruses have been identified in marine invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. The striking discovery of gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus (GKaV) expanded the host range of flaviviruses to plants, which was complemented by a recently reported flavi-like virus in carrot, suggesting they could be grouped in a proposed Koshovirus genus. Here, we report the identification in transcriptomic datasets and characterization of two novel RNA viruses from the flowering plantsCoptis teetaandSonchus asper, which have genetic and evolutionary affinity to koshoviruses. These two new viruses are members of novel species which were dubbed Coptis flavi-like virus 1 (CopV1) and Sonchus flavi-like virus 1 (SonV1) and with a viral monopartite RNA of ca. 24 kb, likely have the longest genomes among plant-associated RNA viruses yet. Structural and functional annotations of the polyproteins of all koshoviruses resulted in the detection not only of the expected helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, but also several additional divergent domains such as AlkB oxigenase, Trypsin-like serine protease, methyltransferase, and envelope E1 flavi-like domains. Phylogenetic analysis groups in a monophyletic clade CopV1, SonV1, GKaV and the carrot flavi-like virus robustly supporting the recently proposed genus Koshovirus of plant infecting flavi-like viruses.

Ophioviruses (genusOphiovirus, familyAspiviridae) are plant-infecting viruses with non-enveloped, filamentous, naked nucleocapsid virions. Members of genusOphiovirushave a segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome (ca. 11.3-12.5 kb), encompassing three or four linear segments. These segments encode in total four to seven proteins in sense and antisense orientation, both in the viral and complementary strands. The genusOphiovirusincludes seven species with viruses infecting both monocots and dicots, mostly trees, shrubs and some ornamentals. From a genomic perspective, as of today, there are complete genomes available for only four species. Here, by exploring large metatranscriptomics publicly available datasets, we report the identification and molecular characterization of 33 novel viruses with genetic and evolutionary cues of ophioviruses. Genetic distance and evolutionary insights suggest that all the detected viruses could correspond to members of novel species, which expand ca. 4.5-fold the current diversity of ophioviruses. The detected viruses increase the tentative host range of ophioviruses for the first time to mosses, liverwort and ferns. In addition, viruses were linked to severalAsteraceae, OrchidaceaeandPoaceaecrops/ornamental plants. Phylogenetic analyses showed a novel clade of mosses, liverworts and fern ophioviruses, characterized by long branches suggesting still plenty unsampled hidden diversity within the genus. This study represents a significant expansion of genomics of ophioviruses, opening the grounds to future works on the molecular and evolutionary peculiarity of this virus genus.

Morbilliviruses are negative-sense single-stranded monosegmented RNA viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae (order Mononegavirales). Morbilliviruses infect diverse mammals including humans, dogs, cats, small ruminants, seals, and cetaceans, which serve as natural hosts. Here, I report the identification and characterization of novel viruses detected in public RNAseq datasets of South American long-haired and olive field mice. The divergent viruses dubbed Ratón oliváceo morbillivirus (RoMV) detected in renal samples from mice collected from Chile and Argentina are characterized by an unusually large genome including long intergenic regions and the presence of an accessory protein between the F and H genes redounding in a genome architecture consisting in 3′-N-P/V/C-M-F-hp-H-L-5′. Structural and functional annotation, genetic distance, and evolutionary insights suggest that RoMV is a member of a novel species within genus Morbillivirus tentatively named as South American mouse morbillivirus. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this mouse morbillivirus is closely related to and clusters into a monophyletic group of novel rodent-borne morbilliviruses. This subclade of divergent viruses expands the host range, redefines the genomic organization and provides insights on the evolutionary history of genus Morbillivirus. Instituto de Patología Vegetal Fil: Debat, Humberto Julio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Debat, Humberto Julio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (UFyMA); Argentina

Dermanyssus gallinae is a blood-feeding mite that parasitises on wild birds and farmed poultry. The D. gallinae mite has a short life cycle of fewer than two weeks from the egg to an egg-laying female. The remarkably swift processing of blood, together with the capacity to blood-feed in most developmental stages, makes this mite a highly debilitating pest. We have constructed developmental stage-specific transcriptomes, through Illumina RNA-seq, to mine the repertoire of protein-encoding mRNA transcripts, products of which participate in key processes that ensure the success of blood digestion, rapid ontogeny, and immunity. As a result of high reproductive capacity, the prevalence of D. gallinae in egg-producing poultry farms globally causes significant economic losses. Acaricides that are used to limit the reproduction of D. gallinae mites target cys-loop ion channels, which are widely shared across the phylogeny of invertebrates. To catalogue a comprehensive list of potential invertebrate-specific ion channels, we have constructed and analysed an additional RNA-seq library of D. gallinae micro-dissected midguts, a tissue with direct exposure to host blood and potential anti-parasitics. We phylogenetically defined groups of cys-loop proteins and probed their sensitivity to selected acaricides. Ultimately, we have catalogued all assembled transcripts and their expression values in a hyper-linked excel sheet with available sequences of individual contigs. The transcriptomic data were complemented by mass-spectrometry (MS)-based metabolite identification and by viability assays using selected inhibitors applied either by microinjection or through artificial membrane feeding. Additionally, we have described the RNA-virome of D. gallinae and identified a novel virus dubbed Red Mite Quaranjavirus 1.

Morbilliviruses are negative sense single stranded monosegmented RNA viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae (order Mononegavirales). Morbilliviruses infect diverse mammals including humans, dogs, cats, small ruminants, seals, and cetaceans, which serve as natural hosts. Here, I report the identification and characterization of novel viruses associated with South American long-haired and olive field mice. The divergent viruses dubbed Ratón oliváceo morbillivirus (RoMV) detected in renal samples from mice collected from Chile and Argentina are characterized by an unusually large genome including long intergenic regions and the presence of an accessory protein between the F and H genes redounding in a genome architecture consisting in 3’-N-P/V/C-M-F-hp-H-L-5’. Structural and functional annotation, genetic distance and evolutionary insights suggest that RoMV is a member of a novel species within genus Morbillivirus tentatively dubbed South American mouse morbillivirus. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this mouse morbillivirus is closely related to, and clusters into a monophyletic group of novel rodent-borne morbilliviruses. This subclade of divergent viruses expands the host range, redefines the genomic organization and provides insights on the evolutionary history of genus Morbillivirus.

Studies about the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in different backgrounds such as naive populations, are still scarce, especially from South America. The aim of this work was to study the introduction and diversification pattern of SARS-CoV-2 during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwestern Argentina (NWA) region and to analyze the evolutionary dynamics of the main lineages found. In this study, we analyzed a total of 260 SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences from Argentina, belonging to the Provinces of Jujuy, Salta and Tucumán, from March 31st, 2020, to May 22nd, 2021, which covered the full first wave and the early second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina. In the first wave, eight lineages were identified: B.1.499 (76.9%), followed by N.5 (10.2%), B.1.1.274 (3.7%), B.1.1.348 (3.7%), B.1 (2.8%), B.1.600 (0.9%), B.1.1.33 (0.9%) and N.3 (0.9%). During the early second wave, the first-wave lineages were displaced by the introduction of variants of concern (VOC) (Alpha, Gamma), or variants of interest (VOI) (Lambda, Zeta, Epsilon) and other lineages with more limited distribution. Phylodynamic analyses of the B.1.499 and N.5, the two most prevalent lineages in NWA, revealed that the substitution rate of lineage N.5 (7.9 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year, s/s/y) was a ∼40% faster than that of lineage B.1.499 (5.9 × 10−4 s/s/y), although both are in the same order of magnitude than other non-VOC lineages. No mutations associated with a biological characteristic of importance were observed as signatures markers of the phylogenetic groups established in Northwestern Argentina, however, single sequences in non-VOC lineages did present mutations of biological importance or associated with VOCs as sporadic events, showing that many of these mutations could emerge from circulation in the general population. This study contributed to the knowledge about the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in a pre-vaccination and without post-exposure immunization period.

Here, we report the identification and characterization of four novel DNA viruses from Welwitschia mirabilis transcriptomic and genomic datasets. Complete circular virus-like sequences with affinity to members of the Caulimoviridae and Geminiviridae families were detected and characterized from Welwitschia mirabilis genomic data. The two newly members of the Caulimoviridae family have been tentatively named as Welwitschia mirabilis virus 1 and 2 (WMV1-WMV2); whereas the two identified geminiviruses were named as Welwitschia mirabilis associated geminivirus A and B (WMaGVA-WMaGVB). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that WMV1-2 belong to a proposed genus of Caulimoviridae-infecting gymnosperms. WMaGVA-B are phylogenetically related with both mastreviruses and capulaviruses and likely represent a distinct evolutionary lineage within geminiviruses. Additionally, we detected several endogenous virus-like elements (EVE) linked to the discovered viruses in the recently reported W. mirabilis genome, suggesting a shared ancient evolutionary history of these viruses and the Welwithschia.

Early career researchers (ECRs) are important stakeholders leading efforts to catalyze systemic change in the conduct and communication of science. Here, we summarize the outputs from a virtual unconventional conference (unconference), which brought together 54 invited experts from 20 countries with extensive experience in ECR initiatives designed to improve science. The event was focused on why ECRs are needed to improve science and the obstacles they face when trying to promote reform. Our discussions also highlighted the additional obstacles that ECRs in countries with limited research funding experience when working to improve the scientific system. We provide the lessons learned from successful ECR-led or ECR-focused initiatives and outline actions that individuals and organizations can take to further support ECRs who are working to improve research culture and practice.

Unfortunately, the inclusion of original names (in non-Latin script) of the following authors caused problems with author name indexing in PubMed. Therefore, these original names were removed from XML data to correct the PubMed record. Mengji Cao, Yuya Chiaki, Hideki Ebihara, Jingjing Fu, George Fú Gāo, Tong Han, Jiang Hong, Ni Hong, Seiji Hongo, Masayuki Horie, Dàohóng Jiāng, Fujio Kadono, Hideki Kondō, Kenji Kubota, Shaorong Li, Longhui Li, Jiànróng Lǐ, Huazhen Liu, Tomohide Natsuaki, Sergey V. Netesov, Anna Papa, Sofia Paraskevopoulou, Liying Qi, Takahide Sasaya, Mang Shi, Xiǎohóng Shí, Zhènglì Shí, Yoshifumi Shimomoto, Jin‑Won Song, Ayato Takada, Shigeharu Takeuchi, Yasuhiro Tomitaka, Keizō Tomonaga, Shinya Tsuda, Changchun Tu, Tomio Usugi, Nikos Vasilakis, Jiro Wada, Lin‑Fa Wang, Guoping Wang, Yanxiang Wang, Yaqin Wang, Tàiyún Wèi, Shaohua Wen, Jiangxiang Wu, Lei Xu, Hironobu Yanagisawa, Caixia Yang, Zuokun Yang, Lifeng Zhai, Yong‑Zhen Zhang, Song Zhang, Jinguo Zhang, Zhe Zhang, Xueping Zhou. In addition, the publication call-out in the supplementary material was updated from issue 11 to issue 12. The original article has been corrected.

Fil: Reutemann, Anna Verena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste; Argentina

Polyamines (PAs) are natural aliphatic amines involved in many physiological processes in almost all living organisms, including responses to abiotic stresses and microbial interactions. On other hand, the family Leguminosae constitutes an economically and ecologically key botanical group for humans, being also regarded as the most important protein source for livestock. This review presents the profuse evidence that relates changes in PAs levels during responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in model and cultivable species within Leguminosae and examines the unreviewed information regarding their potential roles in the functioning of symbiotic interactions with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizae in this family. As linking plant physiological behavior with “big data” available in “omics” is an essential step to improve our understanding of legumes responses to global change, we also examined integrative MultiOmics approaches available to decrypt the interface legumes-PAs-abiotic and biotic stress interactions. These approaches are expected to accelerate the identification of stress tolerant phenotypes and the design of new biotechnological strategies to increase their yield and adaptation to marginal environments, making better use of available plant genetic resources. Fil: Menendez, Ana Bernardina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - la Plata. Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Calzadilla, Pablo Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Sansberro, Pedro Alfonso. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Espasandin, Fabiana Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Gázquez, Ayelén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Bordenave, César Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Maiale, Santiago Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Rodriguez, Andres Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Maguire, Vanina Giselle. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Campestre, Maria Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Gárriz, Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Rossi, Franco Rubén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Romero, Fernando Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Solmi, Leandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina Fil: Salloum, Maria Soraya. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Monteoliva, Mariela Inés. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Debat, Humberto Julio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina

Plant reoviruses are able to multiply in gramineae plants and delphacid vectors encountering different defense strategies with unique features. This study aims to comparatively assess alterations of small RNA (sRNA) populations in both hosts upon virus infection. For this purpose, we characterized the sRNA profiles of wheat and planthopper vectors infected by Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV, Fijivirus, Reoviridae) and quantified virus genome segments by quantitative reverse transcription PCR We provide evidence that plant and insect silencing machineries differentially recognize the viral genome, thus giving rise to distinct profiles of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). In plants, most of the virus genome segments were targeted preferentially within their upstream sequences and vsiRNAs mapped with higher density to the smaller genome segments than to the medium or larger ones. This tendency, however, was not observed in insects. In both hosts, vsiRNAs were equally derived from sense and antisense RNA strands and the differences in vsiRNAs accumulation did not correlate with mRNAs accumulation. We also established that the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway was active in the delphacid vector but, contrary to what is observed in virus-infected mosquitoes, virus-specific piRNAs were not detected. This work contributes to the understanding of the silencing response in insect and plant hosts. Fil: de Haro, Luis Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Dumón, Analía Delina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Mattio, Maria Fernanda. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Argüello Caro, Evangelina Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Llauger, Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Zavallo, Diego. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Blanc, Hervé. Instituto Pasteur; Francia Fil: Mongelli, Vanesa Claudia. Instituto Pasteur; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Truol, Graciela Ana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Saleh, María Carla. Instituto Pasteur; Francia Fil: Asurmendi, Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: del Vas, Mariana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina