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Bruce Merrifield (1921‒2006) was an American biochemist who, at the Rockefeller Institute, invented a highly efficient technique for producing peptides and proteins in the early 1960s. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1984. We remember this highly original, low-profile contributor to chemistry on the occasion of the one hundredth anniversary of his birth.

In the past couple of decades, “real existing socialism” (as the political system of the Soviet Union and its satellites was often known), has been transformed from the most polarizing aspect of global politics to a distant memory. In 2017, the hundredth anniversary of the Russian revolution provoked multiple reflections on the Russian Revolution and its legacy. Only two years later, in 2019, the thirtieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall gave rise to complementary, if more muted, d...

Basic stages of creation, development and spreading of academician L. A. Orbeli scientific school at Petrograd - Leningrad were traced. Significance of main scientific researches of this school in the physiology for the development of adjacent areas of medicine and biology was shown.

And what does moderato cantabile mean?I don't know.[…]for the hundredth time, it means'moderately and melodiously'."Moderately and melodiously," the child said mechanically. (Duras 3, 7)And hence t...

This year-2021-marks the hundredth anniversary of the 1921 race massacre in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Will it take another hundred years before our nation has full and complete clarity about what happened?

Estrea Aelion was born in Salonica in 1884. She belonged to a well-off family; her grandfather opened Salonica's first department store and her father was a jeweller. In 1994, she celebrated her hundredth birthday in London and dictated her memories for her family and, especially, for her great grandchildren. Estrea Aelion lived at the beginning of a period of great change for Salonica and the Jewish community. Her memories are not a formal historical document, they are personal experiences. She was one of the first girls to go to school, in her case a missionary one, although her brothers went to an Alliance Israélite Universelle school. She witnessed the arrival of modern inventions such as electricity and running water. She lived through the catastrophic 1890 and 1917 fires. Estrea Aelion's memories, however personal they may be, are a document of great interest to all those interested in a vanished world., Estrea Aelion nació en Salónica en 1884. Perteneció a una familia acomodada: su abuelo abrió el primer gran almacén de Salónica y su padre fue joyero. En 1994 Estrea Aelion celebró sus 100 años en Londres y escribió sus memorias para su familia, sobre todo para sus bisnietos. Estrea Aelion vivió al comienzo de una época de cambio enorme para la ciudad y para la comunidad judía. Sus recuerdos no constituyen un documento histórico formal, sino unas experiencias personales. Fue una de las primeras chicas en ir a la escuela, en su caso a una escuela de la Misión Protestante, aunque sus hermanos cursaran sus estudios en una escuela de la Alliance Israélite Universelle. Fue testigo de la llegada de invenciones modernas tales como la electricidad y el agua corriente. Vivió los incendios catastróficos de 1890 y 1917. Los recuerdos de Estrea Aelion, por más personales que sean, forman un documento de suma importancia para todos los que se interesen en un mundo desaparecido., Universidad Pablo de Olavide

This article discusses the main principles, problems and contradictions of the NEP economic model

The year 2019 marked the four hundredth anniversary of the arrival of enslaved Africans on the shores of Jamestown, Virginia, in British North America. The origin story of the ensuing Black...

The year 2020 marks the hundredth year of commercial broadcasting in the United States and most countries around the world. On November 2, 1920, the Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh conv...

Nejla Gunay teaches at the Gazi University in Ankara, Turkey. She is the author of 100. Yilinda 1909 Maras’ta Ermeni Olaylari (The Armenian Events of Maras in 1909 in Its Hundredth Year) and Maras’...

Issues related to the writer’s attitude towards his family, Polish literature have been discussed in connection with the hundredth anniversary of Poland regaining its independence falling in 2018. Social and national issues appeared in the works of Salomea Kapuścińska at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s. The Zmilczenia poetry collection (1980), containing references, among others to Słowacki and Sienkiewicz, was not fully legible before the edition of works remaining until 2018 in a typescript form and showing the rebellion of the great Solidarity from the perspective of the Romantic tradition.

The Duke of Edinburgh, Patron of the Society for Nautical Research since 1980, died at Windsor Castle on 9 April 2021, a few weeks short of his one hundredth birthday.Born on Corfu on 10 June 1921 ...

In 2021, the People’s Republic of China will celebrate the first of what Xi Jinping, president and party leader since 2012–13, has called the ‘two centennial goals’ – the hundredth anniversary of t...

The hundredth anniversary of the launch of Turkey’s War of Independence by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, was marked on 19 May 2019. Four years after the start of the war Kema...

During the one hundredth anniversary year of the Paris peace treaties that were to give closure to the Great War, it has become something of a professional routine, perhaps even academic chic, to d...

This article is dedicated to one of the most authoritative climatologists of the 20th century, Academician Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko. In January 2020, we celebrate the hundredth anniversary of his birthday. Budyko had an exceptionally wide scientific horizon. Although he contributed to various scientific fields, the world knows him primarily as a founder of the theory of anthropogenic climate change. The main stages of Budyko’s scientific activity have been described in many publications. This article attempts to provide additional relevant facts and episodes of his life from both my own experience of working and communicating with Budyko and recollections of his colleagues from the Main Geophysical Observatory and the State Hydrological Institute, as well as those of American scientists who cooperated with Budyko over the years, in particular, M. C. MacCraken, who also edited the English text.

Fifth Born and Fifth Born II: The Hundredth Turtle, written by the African-American author Zelda Lockhart, create a duology whose characters make many physical and spiritual journeys. In the story whose setting alternates between St. Louis, New York, and rural Mississippi, the city and rural areas both seem to be treated as a potential safe haven from the secrets and violence created and cultivated by the other place. This article explores the correlation between geography and emotion in Zelda Lockhart’s Fifth Born duology. Beginning with sketching an outline of the historical context of the idea of city versus non-city in African American literature, and then briefly illustrating the notion of Emotional Geographies, the article explores the role which the city and the country play in connection with the characters’ abuse, focusing specifically on sexual violence.

This study deals with the works of the Spanish playwright Jose Echegaray, the reception of their translations, and their adaptations in theatres in Vienna, Budapest and Pressburg (present-day Bratislava) in the late 19th century. With a view to the upcoming hundredth anniversary of signing the Treaty of Trianon, and of the establishment of the Slovak National Theatre (1920), the text considers translation as a tool to cement nationalism and shape the new countries in the early 20th century.

The Russian authorities, supported by the representatives of the Russian cultural circles, celebrated 2018 as a year of harmonious reception of their literary traditions. Accordingly, the 100th anniversary of Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s birth was included into the series of commemorations and jubilees, minimizing, however, the problem of the Russian literature’s profound heterogeneity and inconsistency. Disregarding differences between literary currents, equalizing various, often contradictory intellectual phenomena can manifest that the Russian authorities search for a kind of cultural synthesis which will become a solid foundation of the Russianness in the XXI century. Nevertheless, their integrative ambitions are some how static or demobilizing. Moreover, these seem to be based on the conviction that cultural policy is not about determining and enhancing directions of further literary development but about assimilating and even restricting various artistic forces and traditions.

To mark the hundredth anniversary of the often misunderstood Allied intervention in Russia’s Civil War, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies has dedicated a section of this volume to asse...

This year marks the hundredth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, which formally ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Although fighting ceased with the ...

My name is Peter Davies, and with this year being the one hundredth anniversary of insulin, it is a tremendous honour to be invited to write this account of my life with Diabetes.

En este año se han cumplido cien años del fallecimiento de la Emperatriz de los franceses, Eugenia de Montijo, el día 11 de julio de 1920, en el Palacio de Liria de Madrid. María Eugenia Ignacia Agustina, fue la segunda hija de don Cipriano Palafox y Portocarrero y de doña María Manuela Kirkpatrick de Glosburn y de Grivegnee, condes de Teba, marqueses de Ardales…nace en Granada en la calle de Gracia número 12, un 5 de mayo de 1826 (quinto aniversario de la muerte de Napoleón), vivió noventa y cuatro años en los que España y el mundo cambia-ron, siendo protagonista en primera persona de algunos de los acontecimientos políticos que transformaron la historia.

In 2021, the 100th anniversary of the isolation of insulin and the rescue of a child with type 1 diabetes from death will be marked. In this review, we highlight advances since the ingenious work of the four discoverers, Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod, James Bertram Collip and Charles Herbert Best. Macleoad closed his Nobel Lecture speech by raising the question of the mechanism of insulin action in the body. This challenge attracted many investigators, and the question remained unanswered until the third part of the 20th century. We summarize what has been learned, from the discovery of cell surface receptors, insulin action, and clearance, to network and precision medicine.

This introductory chapter asks what it means to live a literary life and what it means to write one, specifically, what it means to write one for the poet Andrew Marvell in view of the approaching four hundredth anniversary of his birth. Surveying modern criticism and biography of Marvell, the chapter argues for a rebalancing of the terms ‘poet’ and ‘politician’ in the scholar’s brief.

The goal of this part of the book is to demonstrate how features from higher-level programming languages map onto assembly language. Whether assembly language is your first programming language or your hundredth, its primary usage for the average programmer is to give them insight into what’s really happening under the hood of whatever language they are programming in.

The two hundredth anniversary of the publication of Mary Shelley’s best-known novel has been celebrated with conferences, conference panels, seminars, and other activities around the world—at the t...

The one hundredth anniversary of the end of World War I and the subsequent peace negotiations will inevitably become a historical focal point. Accordingly, this article will deal with American invo...

Major centennials bring with them a flurry of scholarship. The hundredth anniversary of the United States’ involvement in World War I is proving no exception, as familiar topics have been subject t...

Along with the Lutheran world the Nordic countries celebrated the five hundredth anniversary of the Reformation on 31st October 2017. In this article I shall examine the impact of Luther’s reform on the formation of mentality and the moral landscape in the Nordic countries. Special reference is made to the impact of Lutheranism on the indigenous Sámi culture, a topic which has been explored extensively by Håkan Rydving, the expert in Sámi language and religion.

In 2016 the seven hundredth anniversary of Ramon Llull’s death (1232-1316) was celebrated, and the publication of the impressive work Ramon Llull: Vida i Obres has been the best way to commemorate it. The precious volume is edited by the Institute of Catalan Studies and published in five hundred numbered copies, funded by Elsa Peretti Foundation. It is the first of three books — the publication of the other two has been planned for the next two years — and offers a deep and extensive examinat...

What follows is a brief remembrance by Nikolai Burlakoff upon the hundredth anniversary of Richard M. Dorson’s birth. Richard Dorson continues to be a key figure in the discipline of folklore, and the editors join the author of this “memorate” in calling for continued reflection on his many roles and influences. It is our hope that this Note will inspire the submission to JAF of additional remembrances of Dorson as well as of other members of the field. (The Editors)

This year marks the one hundredth anniversary of the Russian Revolution of 1917. That turbulent year featured two revolutions. The first, in February (according to the Julian calendar), overthrew T...

From 1983 to 2003 Francine Pascal’s hugely successful book series Sweet Valley High dominated the young adult publishing market. For the first decade of its life, Sweet Valley’s narrative form was as conventional as the politics it portrayed, but in 1993, with the publication of its one hundredth book, something changed. In this peculiar novel, SVH #100, The Evil Twin, as well as its 1995 sequel, SVH Magna Edition #6, Return of the Evil Twin, the franchise veered from its generic conventions and tried something new—or, more accurately, tried something equally cliched and formulaic but imported from a different genre, i.e., horror. This essay argues that the shift from romance to horror illuminates the troubling cultural and political assumptions that underpin the teenage romance and, as a consequence, threatens—and briefly manages—to subvert them.

The hundredth anniversary of extermination of the Armenians celebrated in the year 2015 contributed to a greater interest not only to Armenia and Armenians but also to the history of the Armenian Church. This article outlines briefly geographical and historical background of Armenia in order to show complex image of the country which as the first in the history adopted the Christian faith as an official religion. Through the centuries we note many divisions inside this church because of theological differences as well as geographical reasons. As a result the Armenian Apostolic Church did not accept the supremacy of the pope. Although the dialogue with the Armenians continued from the twelfth century, it was not until the seventeenth century when a group of Armenians recognizing the primacy of the Pope established the Catholic Church of the Armenian rite. The twentieth century brought initiatives from the part of Rome as well as from the Armenians to unite the Armenian Apostolic Church and to bring all Armenians to the unity with Rome and the Pope. The element that aid the unity is the common remembrance of the Armenian genocide committed by the Turks in 1915–1916.

Had Robert Burns Woodward lived to see his 100th birthday this week—on April 10—one wonders what the famed organic chemist would have thought of 2017. Renowned for his elegant and bold total syntheses of natural products, Woodward was also legendary for his collection of blue neckties, his chain-smoking, and his riveting three-hour lectures. But in an era where practitioners of total synthesis often face funding challenges, casual is the de rigueur dress code, smoking is verboten, and popular communication is frequently done in 140 characters or less, the Woodwardian way seems all but lost. Even if Woodward is an anachronism in today’s world, it’s clear he had a profound impact on organic chemistry, particularly in the field of natural product synthesis. In celebration of Woodward’s centennial, C&EN wanted to introduce, or perhaps reintroduce, readers to this giant of 20th-century organic chemistry and explore how his work has influenced the practice

Using the guise of a simple supper of commemoration of the hundredth anniversary of the birth of a charismatic Protestant pastor, who had gathered around him a community of devoted disciples in a small village in Norway, Babette’s Feast by Isak Dinesen shows us a banquet in which, through the food prepared with the eye of an artist, the senses are awakened for the first time to a kind of experience where what is corporal and what is spiritual cease to be at odds with each other. Thus, a reconciliation of a lost unity between the body and the soul, matter and spirit, is celebrated and achieved. From this first step, with which the fundamental internal fragmentation is overcome, the other levels of unity (unity with others, with the cosmos, and with God) occur in a chain sequence, so to speak. As in all religious situations, there occurs here the coming together of two orders that seem unreconciliable: the temporal and the eternal, the limited and the infinite, the profane and the sacred. The mediator between both orders is Babette, who takes on a genuine sacerdotal function. However, there is an unexpected inversion, and paradoxically what is profane and mundane comes to the rescue of what is spiritual and sacred.

The recent celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, offers an opportunity to reflect on how we have understood and misunderstood her legacy to the history of mathematics. Maria Gaetana was the author of an important vernacular textbook, Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventu italiana (Milan, 1748), the first book dedicated to learners of mathematics and one of the best-known women natural philosophers and mathematicians of her generation.

ON THE OCCASION of Theodor Fontane's two hundredth birthday, his reaction to an earlier birthday yields food for thought. Fontane describes his seventieth birthday celebration to Heinrich Jacobi on January 23, 1890: Man hat mich kolossal gefeiert und—auch wieder gar nicht. Das moderne Berlin hat einen Gotzen aus mir gemacht, aber das alte Preusen , das ich, durch mehr als 40 Jahre hin, in Kriegsbuchern, Biographien, Land- und Leute-Schilderungen und volkstumlichen Gedichten verherrlicht habe, dies “alte Preusen” hat sich kaum geruhrt … [I was celebrated colossally and—again not at all. Modern Berlin made an idol out of me, but old Prussia, which I had glorified throughout more than forty years—in war reports, biographies, descriptions of country and people, and in popular poems—this “old Prussia” hardly stirred …] The disparity in perception between modern Berlin and old Prussia clearly troubles Fontane; one senses that, at some level, he longs to be acknowledged by traditional Prussia, much as he may despise it, and that his image of himself as a writer does not coincide with the image that the literary world has of him. This tension, even contradiction, mirrors the enigmatic reception of Fontane in subsequent generations and particularly in the English-speaking world. Fontane is sometimes an advocate for the declining landed nobility of Prussia, sometimes the pioneer of the modernist metropolis, the champion of rural Prussia and Brandenburg but also of cosmopolitan London and the world at large. Is he regressive or progressive, an advocate of provincialism or cosmopolitanism, a traditionalist or a modernist? Fontane's staying power comes in part from his resistance to easy classification according to such binaries. He still speaks to us today because he sustains a productive tension between both the modernist idol and the compassionate, albeit ironic, chronicler of “old Prussia.” With this volume celebrating Fontane's two hundredth birthday, we engage the tension between the modern and the traditional, the contemporary and the historical in Fontane by offering a range of contributions from the world of English-language Fontane scholarship in the twenty-first century. Balancing the competing demands of fidelity to the author's history and literary production in the nineteenth century with the interests of our own era requires recognizing both the striking similarities and the stark differences between the late-nineteenth and the early-twenty-first centuries.

This year 2016 marks an important six hundredth anniversary in the history of rhetoric and education.In September, 1416, the Italian humanist and book-hunter Poggio Bracciolini visited a Benedictin...

The 500th anniversary of Erasmus’s Novum Instrumentum commemorates the first printed and published Greek New Testament in 1516. This article emphasizes that Erasmus’s original motive for this publication was his new Latin version verifiable by his accompanying the translation by a Greek text. The latter was concocted from manuscripts he located in Basle; the article describes the manuscripts used. It also assesses the five editions of this bilingual text published in Erasmus’s lifetime. A discussion covers the nature of his Latin compared to that of the Vulgate then currently in use and the opposition which his version caused. Later editions of the Greek New Testament are also described. An examination of the Comma Johanneum (1 John 5.7-8) is included.

[EN] This article pays homage to the German-American painter and teacher Lyonel Feininger, one of the great masters of the Bauhaus, upon the hundredth anniversary of his first solo exhibition in Berlin in 1917. Feininger was an independent and very versatile artist. He was a great cultivator of drawing as the beginning and the end of his work, especially when it came to sketching in situ. He mastered a multitude of graphic and pictorial techniques, including comics, cartoons, engravings, charcoals, watercolours, oils and modelling. He drew on numerous avant-garde movements, from expressionism to abstraction, cubism and orphism, and this culminated in his own “prismism,” though he never became fully linked with any movement in particular. What made him stand out during his lifetime was his visual evolution and a very personal spiritual quest, which this text provides an account of., [ES] Este artículo rinde homenaje a la figura del pintor y profesor germano-estadounidense Lyonel Feininger, uno de los principales maestros de la Bauhaus, a los 100 años de su primera exposición individual en Berlín, en 1917. Feininger fue un artista independiente y muy versátil, gran cultivador del dibujo como principio y fin de su obra, sobre todo del apunte in situ; dominador de multitud de técnicas gráficas y pictóricas: cómic, caricatura, grabado, carboncillo, acuarela, óleo, maquetas, etc. Bebió de las fuentes de numerosas vanguardias, desde el expresionismo hasta la abstracción, pasando por el cubismo y el orfismo, y culminando en su particular “prismatismo”, pero sin llegar a vincularse del todo con ningún movimiento en concreto. Destacó en el trascurso de su vida por una evolución plástica y una búsqueda espiritual muy personal de las que este escrito da cuenta.