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Peptidoglycan is considered a type of prebiotic or immunostimulant. However, the utilization of these substances in aquaculture remains limited, with no reported results in striped catfish. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of peptidoglycan on the growth performance and immune status of striped catfish. Fish were fed on diets supplemented with various concentrations of peptidoglycan at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g/kg of feed, named to PL0, PL2.5, PL5, and PL10 treatments at 4% of fish weight during 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected after 2 and 4 weeks of experiment (T2 and T4) for hematological indices and immune analyses, including lysozyme and peroxidase activities. Results demonstrated that no significant differences were found in fish growth, survival rate, and intestinal indices. The improvements in feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were observed in PL2.5-fed fish compared to the control. Peroxidase activity in PL10 group was higher than PL0 at T4 while the highest value of lysozyme activity was recorded in fish fed PL10 at T2. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of peptidoglycan at 2.5 g per kg of diet induced a beneficial effect on feed utilization, while positive influences on immune parameters were recorded in fish fed on a diet added peptidoglycan at 10 g/kg feed.

Abstract Background To formulate effective strategies for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in primary care, it is crucial to gain a thorough understanding of factors influencing prescribers' behavior within the context. This qualitative study utilizes the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to uncover these influential factors. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with primary care workers in two provinces in rural Vietnam. Data analysis employed a combined inductive and deductive approach, with the deductive aspect grounded in the TDF. Results Thirty-eight doctors, doctor associates, and pharmacists participated in twenty-two interviews and two focus group discussions. We identified sixteen themes, directly mapping onto seven TDF domains: knowledge, skills, behavioral regulation, environmental context and resources, social influences, social/professional role and identity, and optimism. Factors driving unnecessary prescription of antibiotics include low awareness of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), diagnostic uncertainty, prescription-based reimbursement policy, inadequate medication supplies, insufficient financing, patients’ perception of health insurance medication as an entitlement, and maintaining doctor-patient relationships. Potential factors facilitating AMS activities include time availability for in-person patient consultation, experience in health communication, and willingness to take action against AMR. Conclusion Utilizing the TDF to systematically analyze and present behavioral determinants offers a structured foundation for designing impactful AMS interventions in primary care. The findings underscore the importance of not only enhancing knowledge and skills but also implementing environmental restructuring, regulation, and enablement measures to effectively tackle unnecessary antibiotic prescribing in this context.

School is a crucial component in teacher training. Schools are also the places where pre -- service teachers practice manipulations, career actions, capacity development and career sentiments. The innovation of Vietnamese general education from content to competency approach has led to many changes in the schools, thereby requiring teacher training to be linked to educational practices in every school. The schools have just played the role of a unit that evaluates and tests the training quality of the pedagogical universities, and at the same time provides practical educational knowledge and educational innovation to supplement the theoretical knowledge in school offenses. This research aims at determining the role of schools during training pre-service teachers in Vietnam. Data was collected through questionnaires involving 390 participants comprising student teachers, lecturers from pedagogy universities and mentors of schools in Vietnam. The results showed that, in Vietnam, schools are lacking initiative in coordinating with teacher training institutions. The role of schools is still limited; the schools need to promote the initiative and be more active in the relationship with pedagogical universities so that the effectiveness of teacher training is the highest, adapting to the innovations of current Vietnam education.

Currently, there is a huge demand for secondary school education worldwide especially in the developing countries such as Vietnam. School leadership is occupying a central position in educational reform. In order to meet this for the secondary school education, the Vietnamese government tries to develop effective school leadership in its education policy agenda. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of factors on instructional leadership of principals in lower secondary education. The study was completed with 97 secondary public schools teachers and principals in the North of Vietnam. A quantitative research design was used to conduct this study. The data was analyzed through factors such as internal and external from the role of principal in instructional leadership. Research findings underline that instructional leadership is had directly by external such as "The degree of autonomy of the school for instructional activities", "Awareness of the managers and teachers about leading teaching activities" and "education innovation" more internal such as "System of guiding documents of management levels on teaching activities"; "Conditions of facilities and finance for school teaching activities" and "Principal's training level" Principals should recognize the change of the context and enhance the improvement of teachers' shared responsibility and partnership in school decision making. Therefore, the Vietnamese government should make sure to have many positive issues that may have effective instructional leadership capacity in order to improve the culture of teaching and learning in Vietnames secondary schools.

Purpose: Teacher education universities and schools have traditionally been the main sites of teacher learning in Vietnam. This relationship is the key in the process national curriculum innovation. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between teacher education universities and schools in Vietnam, in regard to partnering for the delivery of teacher education adapting national curriculum innovation in Vietnam. Method: Data was collected through questionnaires involving 243 participants comprising pre-service teachers, university lecturers and mentors. The result of this paper also uses semi-structured interviews to draw conclusions. Findings: The findings show that there is a model for teacher education universities - schools cooperation in teacher preparation. However, the partnership is limited by such factors such as planning, mentoring, practicum program, communication between pedagogy universities and schools. The findings suggest that cooperation between pedagogical universities and schools can be promoted by mutually increasing awareness of the interdependence of relationships. The pedagogy universities and schools also need to diversify common areas of activity, especially to enhance dialogue on issues related to vocational training for pre-service students. Significance: The results of the study provide insight into the factors that reduce the effectiveness of the partnership between pedagogical universities and schools, helping policy makers and educational managers have appropriate measures to develop the professionalism of teachers in high schools and help pre-service students prepare for future careers.

Vietnam has achieved near-universal access to compulsory schooling over the past two decades. However, inequalities between ethnic majority and minority students are stark at post-compulsory levels, where progression is selective based on academic criteria and ability to pay. In this article, we adopt a mixed-methods approach to examine quality and equity for ethnic minority students in upper secondary education. Across five provinces, we find that ethnic minority students attend "less effective" upper secondary schools than ethnic majority students. However, an in-depth case study of an ethnic minority boarding school in Lao Cai province provides an example of positive deviance. Guided by a targeted affirmative action policy, the provincial government invests a relatively high level of resources to provide fee-free, high-quality schooling for gifted ethnic minority students. We consider the extent to which such policies can redress socioeconomic inequalities in Vietnam, and wider lessons for creating more equitable education systems.

Summary: Background: Improvements in the early diagnosis of dengue are urgently needed, especially in resource-limited settings where the distinction between dengue and other febrile illnesses is crucial for patient management. Methods: In this prospective, observational study (IDAMS), we included patients aged 5 years and older with undifferentiated fever at presentation from 26 outpatient facilities in eight countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, El Salvador, Indonesia, Malaysia, Venezuela, and Viet Nam). We used multivariable logistic regression to investigate the association between clinical symptoms and laboratory tests with dengue versus other febrile illnesses between day 2 and day 5 after onset of fever (ie, illness days). We built a set of candidate regression models including clinical and laboratory variables to reflect the need of a comprehensive versus parsimonious approach. We assessed performance of these models via standard measures of diagnostic values. Findings: Between Oct 18, 2011, and Aug 4, 2016, we recruited 7428 patients, of whom 2694 (36%) were diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed dengue and 2495 (34%) with (non-dengue) other febrile illnesses and met inclusion criteria, and were included in the analysis. 2703 (52%) of 5189 included patients were younger than 15 years, 2486 (48%) were aged 15 years or older, 2179 (42%) were female and 3010 (58%) were male. Platelet count, white blood cell count, and the change in these variables from the previous day of illness had a strong association with dengue. Cough and rhinitis had strong associations with other febrile illnesses, whereas bleeding, anorexia, and skin flush were generally associated with dengue. Model performance increased between day 2 and 5 of illness. The comprehensive model (18 clinical and laboratory predictors) had sensitivities of 0·80 to 0·87 and specificities of 0·80 to 0·91, whereas the parsimonious model (eight clinical and laboratory predictors) had sensitivities of 0·80 to 0·88 and specificities of 0·81 to 0·89. A model that includes laboratory markers that are easy to measure (eg, platelet count or white blood cell count) outperformed the models based on clinical variables only. Interpretation: Our results confirm the important role of platelet and white blood cell counts in diagnosing dengue, and the importance of serial measurements over subsequent days. We successfully quantified the performance of clinical and laboratory markers covering the early period of dengue. Resulting algorithms performed better than published schemes for distinction of dengue from other febrile illnesses, and take into account the dynamic changes over time. Our results provide crucial information needed for the update of guidelines, including the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness handbook. Funding: EU's Seventh Framework Programme. Translations: For the Bangla, Bahasa Indonesia, Portuguese, Khmer, Spanish and Vietnamese translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The content of this paper focuses/shed light on the effects of X (X = S in P1 and X = O in P2) in C11H7NSX and R (R = H in P3, R = OCH3 in P4, and R = Cl in P5) in C18H9ON2S2-R on structural features and band gaps of the polythiophenes containing benzo[d]thiazole and benzo[d]oxazole by the Density Function Theory (DFT) method/calculation. The structural features including the electronic structure lattice constant (a), shape, total energy (Etot) per cell, and link length (r), are measured via band gap (Eg) prediction with the package of country density (PDOS) and total country density (DOS) of material studio software. The results obtained showed that the link angle and the link length between atoms were not changed significantly while the Etot was decreased from Etot = – 1904 eV (in P1) to Etot = – 2548 eV (in P2) when replacing O with S; and the Etot of P3 was decreased from Etot = – 3348 eV (in P3) when replacing OCH3, Cl on H of P3 corresponding to Etot = – 3575 eV (P4), – 4264 eV (P5). Similarly, when replacing O in P1 with – S to form P2, the Eg of P1 was dropped from Eg = 0.621 eV to Eg = 0.239 eV for P2. The Eg of P3, P4, and P5 is Eg = 0.006 eV, 0.064 eV, and 0.0645 eV, respectively. When a benzo[d]thiazole was added in P1 (changing into P3), the Eg was extremely strongly decreased, nearly 100 times (from Eg = 0.621 eV to Eg = 0.006 eV). The obtained results serve as a basis for future experimental work and used to fabricate smart electronic device.

We give exact formulas for the subdifferentials of perturbed distance functions in a normed space. Our method, seemingly novel and different from existing ones, is to turn the involved problem equivalently to a parametric optimization problem and then apply variational analysis technique to the optimal value function. In the convex setting, we obtain new representations for the subdifferential of perturbed distance functions, which do not depend on the relative position of the reference point with respect to the input set, and which are described directly via the input data. Our results complement those of Wang et al. [J. Global Optim. 2010;46:489–501] and of Li and Bounkhel [Nonlinear Anal. 2014;108:173–188], which were established by different methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that if the total factor productivity A of an aggregative economy is right at the barrier $ \sigma +\lambda $ σ + λ , with σ being the growth rate of labor force and λ the real interest rate, then the unique policy to optimally control the economy is the same as the one for optimally controlling weak economies, where $ A \lt \sigma +\lambda $ A < σ + λ. This result gives a complete answer for the interesting open question raised by Vu Thi Huong in her recent paper [Optimal economic growth problems with high values of total factor productivity. Appl Anal. 2022;101:1315–1329]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study are threefold in their approach to English academy teaching: (i) to assess learner satisfaction, (ii) to assess the impact of satisfaction on loyalty and (iii) to assess the three constructs that we considered to be the antecedents of learner satisfaction: learner motivation, learner attitude and service quality. To collect the data, a questionnaire was developed and delivered to 334 English learners in Spain in 2014. We concluded from these results that learner satisfaction is directly influenced by service quality; whereas learner motivation and learner attitude have no significant impact on learner satisfaction. Moreover, learner satisfaction has a strong impact on learner loyalty. The results also indicated that intrinsic motivation has a direct positive correlation with learner attitude and service quality, whilst extrinsic motivation has an insignificant relationship with learner attitude and a negative relationship with service quality. Amongst the four dimensions used to measure service quality two factors--namely teachers and tangibles (materials, equipment and facilities)--are the most important.