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Development is a force in realizing social welfare and political progress, both at the local and national levels. Even though local government has autonomous rights, the district still has a big responsibility for locals progress. In addition, academics are obliged to apply science and technology practically so that they can be used by the community to improve welfare. Therefore, the suitability of the location for the implementation of community service in the form of Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) needs to be adjusted to the direction of regional development. With the quantitative descriptive research method, the village data where the KKN was implemented in 2019-2021 were compared with the village data of regional development priorities. The results showed that the majority of KKN locations were not included in the list of development priority villages, both in poor villages, innovation villages, tourist villages, and stunting villages. Only a small number of KKN implementation locations are in accordance with the direction of regional development, especially in poor villages. Possibly caused by the licensing system for community service activities that have not been implemented optimally. For this reason, it is necessary to maximize the function of the licensing system in order to direct community service activities to be in line with the direction of regional development.

Desa Inovasi Program is an effort of the Cilacap Regency Government to develop rural potential and resources through improving the quality of development planning and implementation in order to improve the welfare and independence of the rural community. Strengthening Desa Inovasi aims to realize independent village management through strengthening the planning sector and local institutions. Desa Inovasi Program is in line with the spirit of realizing an Independent Village in Cilacap Regency. By using a qualitative-descriptive method, the results of the research show that Desa Inovasi Program is quite effective to accelerate towards Desa Mandiri.

Skripsi ini berjudul “Kiblat Persfektif Mufassirîn (Kajian Analitis Penafsiran Ayat-Ayat Kiblat dalam Tafsir al-Thabari, Ibnu Katsir, dan Tafsir al-Mishbah)”. Pembahsan skripsi ini hanya berfokus pada tiga ayat tentang perpindahan arah Kiblat yang terdapat di dalam surat al-Baqarah ayat 144,142, 115. Peneltian di dalam skripsi ini hadir sebagai upaya reksonstruksi atas beberapa tudingan negatif yang dilontarkan oleh kelompok orientalis mengenai perpindahan arah Kiblat yang terdapat di dalam tiga ayat surat al-Baqarah yang penulis sebutkan di atas. Salah seorang tokoh mereka Gardner mengatakan, jika perpindahan arah Kiblat yang disitir di dalam surat al-Baqarah itu adalah satu bentuk dari adanya kontradiktif yang terkandung di dalam al-Qur’an. Untuk mewujudkan apa yang penulis sebutkan di atas, maka di dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan tiga kitab tafsir sebagai data utama yang akan penulis gunakan di dalam melihat bagaimana interpretasi sesungguhnya tentang peralihan arah Kiblat yang disebutkan oleh tiga ayat di dalam surat al-Baqarah tersebut. Diantara tafsir tersebut adalah tafsir al-Thabari, Ibnu Katsir dan tafsir al-Mishbah. Adapun penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan kajian pustaka, sumber data yang terdiri dari sumber-sumber tertulis berupa kitab, buku, jurnal makalah dan sumber-sumber otoritatif lainnya yang relevan dengan judul ini. Selain itu, untuk memudahkan proses penelitian ini penulis juga menggunakan pendekatan tematiknya ‘Abdul Hayyi al-Farmawi. Dan diakhir penelitian ini berdasasrkan interpretasi yang disebutkan oleh masing-masing mufassir di dalam kitab tafsirnya, tidak ditemukan adanya indikasi yang mengarah kepada adanya kontradiktif di dalam penafsiran tiga ayat tersebut, bahkan diantara tafsiran antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya cenderung sama dan melengkapi satu sama lain.

Purpose: To determine the cytotoxic and antiviral potentials of Euphorbia milii var. splendens leaf against Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Methods: The methanol extract, as well as n- hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n- butanol fractions of E. milii leaves were screened for cytotoxic and antiviral activities against PPRV using Vero cell line and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Non-cytotoxic concentrations with cell survival rate (CSP) greater than 50 % were considered virucidal. Methanol extract and fractions produced significant (p < 0.05) effects at all test concentrations against PPRV. The 50 % cytotoxic concentration (CC50) calculated was ≤ 25 µg/mL for extract and fractions. In antiviral assay, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and n-butanol fractions at all test concentrations ranging from 1.56 - 800 µg/mL were non-virucidal; even at their non-cytotoxic concentrations these fractions did not show antiviral activities. However, the methanol extract and its chloroform fractions showed significant (p < 0.05) virucidal potential. Conclusion: The results suggest that further isolation of antiviral constituents from the fractions may open new horizons for the development of new antiviral agents.

Tawes (Barbonymus gonionotus) is top local potential in Wonogiri District, especially in Watupecah Hamlet, Gedong Village, Ngadirojo Subdistrict. The low marketability and storability of tawes requires innovation in fish processing of tawes into tawes crispy chips (taspy) to increase the marketability of tawes which then be a business oppurtunity for fishermen households to increase their income. However, inovation itself is not enough to increase fishermen household income, it requires effort to build business motivation in fishermen households to take business opportunity. This community service program aimed to know the success of training and group mentoring as an effort to foster business motivation of fishermen households. The program was carried out using intensive training and group mentoring methods for 33 fishermen households in Watupecah Hamlet covering the development of business motivation, time and behavior management, processing and marketing of taspy products. The results of the program showed that there was a changed in fishermen's knowledge and motivation on the aspect of innovation, dreams, and financial management. The success of this program is evidenced by the growth of the business motivation of fishermen households based on data analysis before and after the implementation of the program. It can be concluded that training and group mentoring are effective techniques in fostering business motivation of fishermen households. Through training and group mentoring the fishermen had chance to dialogue, share suggestion and opinions, cooperate, and interact positively with each other in a comfortable atmosphere as to support the growth of stronger ebusiness motivation of fishermen households.

Introduction: The rising trend of multi-drug resistance in bacteria has also been documented in the organism Salmonella enterica causing Typhoid or Enteric Fevers, and cases of multidrug and extended drug resistance are on the rise. Determining the trends of antibiotic susceptibility provides an important therapeutic aid to the practicing clinician.Objective: To evaluate the ten-year trends in antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi isolated from blood cultures in the paediatric patients of a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Materials & Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in the department of Paediatrics, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar from June 2019 to May 2020 based on ten years retrospective data of children with positive blood culture for Salmonella spp. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The level of significance was set at p ≤0.05. Results: A total of 168 cases Salmonella enterica spp. were isolated over the 10-year study period, of which 97(64.88%) isolates were identified as Salmonella typhi and 71(42.26%) as Salmonella paratyphi A; 94(55.95%) patients were male and 74(44.04%) were female, with mean age of 4.76 ± 2.65 years (range 2 to 12 years); majority, 69(41.07%) of patients were of ages 5-8 years. S. typhi strains showed the highest sensitivity to Imipenem and Meropenem; the lowest sensitivity seen was to Ampicillin. Bacterial sensitivity to Ceftriaxone was 79.76% and to Ciprofloxacin 58.97%. In the S. typhi group, there were six (2.6%) cases of MDR typhoid and four (2.38%) cases of XDR typhoid which was only sensitive to Imipenem. Conclusion: Increased resistance to Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone was found, however complete sensitivity was found to Imipenem along with Meropenem.

A polyoxadiazole polymer POz-CF3 was prepared and complete gas permeation properties were investigated on its corresponding membrane using pure-, and multicomponent mixed-gas feeds. The POz-CF3 mem...

The national development of “Jaringan Jalan Lintas Selatan” on the West Java’s Boundary -Patimuan-Bantarsari is one of the opportunities for the Cilacap Regency to develop regional development. It is necessary to combine development planning in sectoral and regional policies. Using the kernel density estimation method, an estimate of the density function in the research area is obtained, including land capability, distribution of facilities, superior potential, and the level of regional accessibility. By combining with various spatial documents and development plans, the research results obtained in the form of regional development strategies around the “Jaringan Jalan Lintas Selatan” based on the local economy through agricultural activities, fisheries, and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. As for what is still a problem in regional development are the problem of regional accessibility and the need to fulfill public health facilities.

Broadband metasurface-based devices are essential and indispensable in modern wireless communication systems. This paper presents an ultra−wideband and wide incident angle reflective cross−polarization converter metasurface. The unit cell of the proposed structure is a 45° rotated anisotropic meta−sheet developed by cutting the rhombus−shaped patch from the central part of the square patch. The unit cell’s top structure and ground blocking sheet are made of copper, whereas a dielectric substrate (FR−4) is used as an intermediate spacer between them. The unit cell thickness is minimal compared to the operating wavelength (1/14λ∘, where λ∘ is the wavelength of the starting frequency of 13 GHz of the operating band). The proposed structure efficiently converts linearly polarized waves into their orthogonal component, with a polarization conversion ratio of (PCR > 90%) over a broad frequency spectrum of 13 GHz to 26 GHz. The physical origin of polarization conversion is also depicted using surface current distribution plots. An ultra−wideband and highly efficient polarization conversion (above 90%) is achieved with the help of strong electromagnetic resonance coupling between the upper and lower layer of the metasurface. This kind of ultra−wideband polarization conversion metasurface can be employed in satellite communication, radar cross−section reduction, and navigation systems.

peer-reviewed Traditionally, symmetric accelerating beam (SAB) generation requires bulky optical components, which hinder the miniaturization of optical systems. Recently, metasurfaces, which are composed of sub-wavelength features, have provided a captivating boulevard for the realization of ultra-thin and flat optical devices. Therefore, for the first time, we design and simulate all-dielectric metasurfaces based on an optical caustic approach to generate highly efficient SABs by tailoring the phase of an incident wave. The designed metasurface utilizes spatial distribution of optimized Nb2O5 nano-rods on SiO2 substrate to perform the phase modulation. In contrast with conventional accelerating beams, the generated SABs can follow any predefined propagation trajectory with unique features, such as symmetric intensity profile, autofocusing, and thin needle-like structure in their intensity profile. In addition to this, these beams have also shown the ability to avoid obstacles, placed in the direction of propagation of main lobes. We believe that these beams can be useful in applications, including Raman spectroscopy and fluorescent imaging, and multiparticle manipulation.

Purpose: In this study, development of a new analytical method for the evaluation of 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(5-methyl-2-thiazolyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide-1,1-dioxide (Meloxicam) by reverse phase HPLC was carried out. The basic aim of this research was to develop and validate a simple, precise, accurate and sensitive method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of Meloxicam in pharmaceutical raw material and its dosage forms. The existing reported method (BP) for the analysis of Meloxicam is potentiometric method which is an old, lengthy and tedious method. Methods: In the new method of reverse phase HPLC, C18 column was used while the mobile phase was acetonitrile and methanol (70:30). The flow rate of mobile phase was 0.6 ml/min and retention time was found to be 1.5min. Separately equal volume of standard solution and sample solutions in HPLC vials were injected in auto sampler compartment of HPLC in six replicates. Chromatogram and peak areas of Meloxicam in standard and sample solutions of different concentrations were recorded. Results: This method was later validated in different ways by which the calibration curve proved to be linear with linearity coefficient of 0.999 over the range of 100 to 600ppm. The precision was equivalent to 0.0003%. The LOD and LOQ were 0.0003ug/ml and 0.001ug/ml respectively. The system also showed accuracy over the range of 95 to 99%. Conclusion: Hence, this method proved to be an alternative to the existing reported method of potentiometric titration because the new method showed accuracy, reproducibility and sensitivity.

Traditionally, symmetric accelerating beam (SAB) generation requires bulky optical components, which hinder the miniaturization of optical systems. Recently, metasurfaces, which are composed of sub-wavelength features, have provided a captivating boulevard for the realization of ultra-thin and flat optical devices. Therefore, for the first time, we design and simulate all-dielectric metasurfaces based on an optical caustic approach to generate highly efficient SABs by tailoring the phase of an incident wave. The designed metasurface utilizes spatial distribution of optimized Nb

The emergence of rural community owned enterprises khown as BUMDes has been in line with evolution of public administration pradigm, from OPA to NPM who implemented in local government. Local potency development becomes a substantial aspect to improving local competitiveness. Hence, BUMDes formation is one of the models financial capacity to develop local potency in rural level. The aim is comparing traditional and public enterprise based management in local potency management. The results show that there is a fundamental difference in the management of local potency in rural level. Consequently, We argue that has been on the right track, the evolution of the government business model to the public enterprise for the management of local potency in rural level. Evolution of BUMDes is from a bureaucratic to the business sector model, but as a social business not profit maximizing businesses.

A series of aromatic random co-polyimide membranes based on 6FDA-Durene/CARDO backbone with varying content of CARDO moiety (3:1; 1:1 and 1:3) were synthesized for enhanced acid gas separation performance. Gas transport properties of pure and mixed gas streams consisting of H2S, CO2, He, CH4, N2 and C2H6 through the dense films of the co-polyimide were studied. Mixed sweet gas tests were done with feeds containing no H2S up to 55 bar, while mixed sour gas measurements were conducted with feeds containing H2S up to 34 bar for 10% H2S and 20% H2S. The membranes exhibit very attractive pure gas transport properties, as CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity are up to 323 barrer and 35 respectively. Furthermore, the transport properties of sour gas mixture consisting of five gases were also found attractive, as the CO2/CH4 and H2S/CH4 ideal selectivities are in the range of 18–23 and 19–21 respectively; while CO2 and H2S permeabilities are in the range of 38–51 and 40–47 barrers respectively for 20% H2S in the gas mixture. These values and separation performance exhibited by the co-polyimide are comparable and very competitive even, as compared to the values obtained in some of the high performance polymeric membranes that have been reported in the literature. The stability of the random co-polyimide 6FDA-Durene/CARDO membrane under these aggressive environments is quite remarkable.

Aromatic (fluorinated and non-fluorinated) polyoxadiazole and polytriazole polymers were synthesized through one step polycondensation method in the lab followed by gas permeation and purification performance of the membranes prepared by casting their polymer solution from chloroform or NMP solvents. The gas permeability and selectivity values were found mainly depending on the bulky fluorinated groups (hexafluoroisopropylidene, HFA) on the main polymer stem and a bulky aniline derivatives (4-bromoaniline & 4-aminophenol) groups as a side chain of the polymer stem. No plasticization effect was observed for the membranes under a high range of pure CO2 feed pressure (100–800 psi). The polymers synthesis process is simple and reproducible, easy solubility in most of the common organic solvents and easily scalable for commercial production. The polymer membrane materials developed in this research work, showed a considerable high permeability for CO2 and helium gases and a very low or negligible permeability for other gases such as methane (CH4), nitrogen (N2) and ethane (C2H6) at a very high operating feed pressure (up to 800 psi). Based on the preliminary results, these polymers membranes can be considered as promising materials for gas separation technology especially for helium recovery and CO2 gas removal with a high selectivity. This work represents the testing of dense membranes under different experimental conditions of feed pressure (up to 800 PSI) at room temperature to investigate their mechanical and chemical stability for potential industrial application.

A canonical boundary-value problem was solved to analyze surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs) guided by the planar interface of a rugate filter and a hyperbolic columnar thin film (CTF). A dispersion equation was solved to study the characteristics of the SEWs. Numerical results showed that multiple surface waves of the same frequency but of different phase speeds, polarization states, degrees of localization, and field profiles can be excited at the interface. The number of SEWs depend upon the period of the rugate filter and the direction of propagation with respect to the morphologically significant plane of the hyperbolic CTF.

In recent years, metasurfaces have provided a tempting path to replace conventional optical components where an abrupt phase change is imposed on an incident wave using a periodic array of unit cells. Till date, highly efficient dielectric metasurfaces have been demonstrated in infrared and visible domains. However, due to the lower bandgap of typical dielectric materials, such metasurfaces present strong absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) domain, and thus, hamper their realization at shorter wavelengths. In this paper, we utilize a large bandgap dielectric material, niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), to construct an ultra-thin and compact transmission-type metasurface that manipulates the phase of an incident wave using an array of Nb2O5 nano-cylinder. By the virtue of numerical optimization, complete 2π phase coverage along with the high transmission efficiency (around 88.5%) is achieved at 355nm. Such efficient control over the phase of the incident wave enabled us to realize the polarisation insensitive self-accelerating parabolic, reciprocal, and logarithmic Airy beams (ABs) generating metasurfaces with the efficiency of 70%, 72% and 77%, respectively. In addition to this, we also demonstrate auto focusing Airy optical vortex (AFAOV) generators where the metasurfaces are designed to combine the phase profiles of an abruptly focusing Airy (AFA) beam and that of spiral phase plate (SPP). The AFAOV is generated with efficiency of 70% (for l = 3) and 72% (for l = 5).

A millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna and its array for 5G applications is proposed. The 5G Microstrip patch is designed on rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate with standard thickness 0.787 mm having relative dielectric constant (∊ r ) = 2.2 and tan δ = 0.0013. The antenna resonates at 24.85 GHz with a return loss -19.5 dB and a bandwidth 1.318 GHz. An array of 1x4 element of the proposed antenna is designed using tapered line feeding. The antenna array resonants at four different frequencies i.e. 23.2 GHz, 27.09 GHz, 31 GHz and 42.5 GHz. Appreciable improvement in gain is observed with the array of antennas. The antenna and its array can be used for 5G mobile communication because of its compactness.

Membrane surface hydrophilic modification has always been considered to mitigating biofouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Four hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membranes (pore sizes ∼0.1 μm) differing only in hydrophobic or hydrophilic surface characteristics were operated at a permeate flux of 10 L/m(2) h in the same lab-scale MBR fed with synthetic wastewater. In addition, identical membrane modules without permeate production (0 L/m(2) h) were operated in the same lab-scale MBR. Membrane modules were autopsied after 1, 10, 20 and 30 days of MBR operation, and total extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) accumulated on the membranes were extracted and characterized in detail using several analytical tools, including conventional colorimetric tests (Lowry and Dubois), liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD), fluorescence excitation - emission matrices (FEEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The transmembrane pressure (TMP) quickly stabilized with higher values for the hydrophobic membranes than hydrophilic ones. The sulfonated polysulfone (SPSU) membrane had the highest negatively charged membrane surface, accumulated the least amount of foulants and displayed the lowest TMP. The same type of organic foulants developed with time on the four membranes and the composition of biopolymers shifted from protein dominance at early stages of filtration (day 1) towards polysaccharides dominance during later stages of MBR filtration. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of LC-OCD data showed that biofilm samples clustered according to the sampling event (time) regardless of the membrane surface chemistry (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) or operating mode (with or without permeate flux). These results suggest that EPS composition may not be the dominant parameter for evaluating membrane performance and possibly other parameters such as biofilm thickness, porosity, compactness and structure should be considered in future studies for evaluating the development and impact of biofouling on membrane performance.

A conventional microstrip patch antenna with an embedded H-slot is realized. The conventional Microstrip patch antenna (without the H slot) resonates at 58.95 GHz with a return loss −34.6 dB and a bandwidth 7.2 GHz. When H spaced slot is designed in the center of the patch, the antenna retains the first resonance with an additional resonance at 70.425 GHz. The second resonant frequency has a return loss −16.9 dB and a bandwidth 2.8 GHz. The H-shaped slot antenna has radiation efficiency 82% compare to the radiation efficiency of 85.5% for conventional patch antenna.

peer-reviewed This paper explicates the design of an ultra-thin beam splitter based on phase gradient metasurfaces using amorphous silicon hydrogenated (a-Si:H) nano cylinders for the visible frequency of 474 THz. The a-Si:H nano cylinders exhibit low losses in the visible regime compared to standard a-Si, and small size due to reduced aspect ratio compared to other highly efficient materials such as TiO2 and GaN. In the proposed design, incident wave at a single operating frequency of 474 THz in visible regime is split into two different directions according to the generalized Snell’s law of refraction. The angles of refracted waves are controlled by choosing different phase gradients. Based on this concept, three metasurfaces are designed and simulated using finite difference time domain numerical method for various split angles (31.8 , −31.8 , (−44.6 , 31.8 and (−44.6 , 20.5°)

peer-reviewed A canonical problem configured in three different arrangements of periodic multilayered isotropic dielectric material layers with a dissipative dielectric defect, to guide multiple compound Tamm waves with Uller–Zenneck wave characteristics, was formulated and solved. The numerical solutions showed multiple Tamm waves guided at a fixed wavelength along the dissipative defect with same polarization state. These waves propagate with different phase speeds, different propagation distances, different field localizations, and different field profiles. The results identified excitation of symmetric and anti-symmetric solutions of p-polarized Tamm waves and p- and s-polarized waveguide modes. The high phase speed solutions ceased to exist beyond a certain limit of dissipative dielectric defect thickness, but the low phase speed solutions were computed for a wide range of dissipative dielectric defect thickness. The Tamm waves were compounded when the thickness of defect is very small and transmuted into waveguide modes for increasing thickness of dissipative dielectric defect because most of the energy is then strongly confined to the dissipative dielectric defect. The excitation of multiple Tamm waves and waveguide modes at a given dissipative dielectric defect thickness and fixed wavelength can be considered for multi-channel optical communication and sensing applications.

Salah satu bentuk desentralisasi dalam pelayanan publik dapat dilihat dari pelaksanaan Pelayanan Administrasi Terpadu Kecamatan (PATEN). Maksud penyelenggaraan PATEN telah tercantum dalam Permendagri Nomor 4 Tahun 2010 Pasal 3 yang diantaranya mengamanatkan bahwa kecamatan sebagai pusat pelayanan masyarakat dan menjadi simpul pelayanan bagi kantor/badan pelayanan terpadu di kabupaten/kota. Penyelenggaraan PATEN sekaligus menambah peran kecamatan, bukan hanya mengkoordinasikan pelaksanaan pemerintahan desa, melainkan juga unit pelayanan publik. Kecamatan sebagai penyelenggara PATEN dianggap belum maksimal menyelenggarakan pelayanan publik sebagaimana yang diharapkan pemerintah kabupaten karena berbagai keterbatasan sehingga kurang mampu memberikan pelayanan yang optimal, serta keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana sehingga tidak mampu menyediakan kenyamanan dalam proses pelayanan publik. Kondisi demikian membuat masyarakat mengharapkan pemerintah agar keberadaan kecamatan mampu memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan pelayanan dasar masyarakat. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka kajian Blue Print Pengembangan Kecamatan dalam Desentralisasi Pelayanan Publik di Kabupaten Wonosobo penting untuk dilaksanakan.

Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Purbalingga pada tahun 2016 memiliki 32 unit kerja beragam. Upaya untuk melihat kualitas penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik salah satunya melalui Survei Kepuasan Masyarakat (SKM). Adapun metode penelitian yang dipilih adalah survei dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumen utama. Lokasi penelitian berada pada tujuh instansi yakni DPMPTSP, Dinas Arsip dan Perpustakaan, Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Kecamatan Mrebet, RSUD dr. Goeteng Taroenadibrata, UPTD Puskesmas Mrebet, dan UPTD Puskeswan. Populasi penelitian adalah mereka yang pernah mendapatkan pelayanan pada lokasi penelitian. Penentuan untuk jumlah sampel dilakukan menggunakan Tabel Morgan dan Krejcie dan diperoleh total sampel sebesar 2.279 responden. Penelitian dilakukan dalam kurun waktu dua minggu. Mengacu Kepmen PAN No. 14 Tahun 2017 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Survei Kepuasan Masyarakat Unit Penyelenggara Pelayanan Publik, nilai IKM dihitung dengan menggunakan nilai rata-rata tertimbang unsur pelayanan yang disurvei. Dalam penelitian ini ada 9 unsur pelayanan yang dinilai meliputi beberapa unsur diantaranya persyaratan, sistem, mekanisme dan prosedur, waktu penyelesaian, biaya/tarif, produk spesifikasi jenis pelayanan, kompetensi pelaksana, perilaku pelaksana, penangan pengaduan, saran dan masukan, serta sarana dan prasarana. Ketujuh OPD yang disurvei ada enam OPD yang mendapatkan nilai SKM pada kategori baik dan ada satu OPD yang mendapatkan nilai SKM pada kategori kurang baik. Nilai SKM yang tinggi menunjukkan bahwa pelayanan yang diberikan oleh OPD sudah melebihi harapan dari pengguna layanan. Nilai SKM tertinggi sebesar 80.62 dengan kategori kinerja layanan Baik (B) diperoleh Dinas Arsip dan Perpustakaan. Sedangkan nilai SKM terendah sebesar 75.64 dengan kategori layanan Kurang Baik (C) diperoleh Dinas Penanaman Modal dan Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (DPMPTSP). Secara umum, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SKM pada OPD di Kabupaten Purbalingga masuk kategori Baik (B) yakni pada rentang 76.61 – 88.30. Hal ini berarti secara umum instansi tersebut telah mampu memberikan pelayanan dengan baik sesuai dengan harapan masyarakat. Perilaku pelaksana berpengaruh terhadap semua unsur.

Dyakonov–Tamm waves guided by a planar interface of an anisotropic, homogeneous dielectric material, and an isotropic, periodically nonhomogeneous dielectric material was investigated in a canonical boundary-value problem. The former material was taken to be a columnar thin film (CTF) and the latter was a rugate filter. Dyakonov–Tamm waves are surface electromagnetic waves that have negligible propagation losses. In the chosen setup, multiple Dyakonov–Tamm waves of different phase speeds, degrees of localization, and spatial field profiles, but of the same frequency were found to exist. The effect of direction of propagation with respect to the morphologically significant plane of the CTF, the phase and the amplitude of modulation of the rugate filter was investigated. The number of Dyakonov–Tamm waves depends on the direction of propagation with respect to the morphologically significant plane of the CTF. The relative wavenumber and the degree of localization of the Dyakonov–Tamm waves increase with an i...

The importance of removing non-condensable gases from air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) modules in improving the water vapor flux is presented in this paper. Additionally, a previously developed AGMD mathematical model is used to predict to the degree of flux enhancement under sub-atmospheric pressure conditions. Since the mathematical model prediction is expected to be very sensitive to membrane distillation (MD) membrane resistance when the mass diffusion resistance is eliminated, the permeability of the membrane was carefully measured with two different methods (gas permeance test and vacuum MD permeability test). The mathematical model prediction was found to highly agree with the experimental data, which showed that the removal of non-condensable gases increased the flux by more than three-fold when the gap pressure was maintained at the saturation pressure of the feed temperature. The importance of staging the sub-atmospheric AGMD process and how this could give better control over the gap pressure as the feed temperature decreases are also highlighted in this paper. The effect of staging on the sub-atmospheric AGMD flux and its relation to membrane capital cost are briefly discussed.

Metasurfaces, the two-dimensional (2D) metamaterials, facilitate the implementation of abrupt phase discontinuities using an array of ultrathin and subwavelength features. These metasurfaces are considered as one of the propitious candidates for realization and development of miniaturized, surface-confined, and flat optical devices. This is because of their unprecedented capabilities to engineer the wavefronts of electromagnetic waves in reflection or transmission mode. The transmission-type metasurfaces are indispensable as the majority of optical devices operate in transmission mode. Along with other innovative applications, previous research has shown that Optical-Vortex (OV) generators based on transmission-type plasmonic metasurfaces overcome the limitations imposed by conventional OV generators. However, significant ohmic losses and the strong dispersion hampered the performance and their integration with state-of-the-art technologies. Therefore, a high contrast all-dielectric metasurface provides a compact and versatile platform to realize the OV generation. The design of this type of metasurfaces relies on the concept of Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase aiming to achieve a complete 2π phase control of a spin-inverted transmitted wave. Here, in this paper, we present an ultrathin, highly efficient, all-dielectric metasurface comprising nano-structured silicon on a quartz substrate. With the help of a parameter-sweep optimization, a nanoscale spatial resolution is achieved with a cross-polarized transmission efficiency as high as 95.6% at an operational wavelength of 1.55 µm. Significantly high cross-polarized transmission efficiency has been achieved due to the excitation of electric quadrupole resonances with a very high magnitude. The highly efficient control over the phase has enabled a riveting optical phenomenon. Specifically, the phase profiles of two distinct optical devices, a lens and Spiral-Phase-Plate (SPP), can be merged together, thus producing a highly Focused-Optical-Vortex (FOV) with a maximum focusing efficiency of 75.3%.

The propagation of Tamm waves (also known as Bloch surface waves) guided by a layer of homogeneous dielectric material in a rugate filter was studied theoretically. A canonical boundary-value problem was set up and a dispersion equation was obtained. The solution of the dispersion equation indicated the existence of coupled modes of Tamm waves that were absent when the homogeneous dielectric material was taken to occupy a half space. The spatial profiles of the electric and magnetic fields of Tamm waves showed that Tamm waves propagate localized to either one or both interfaces. Multiple Tamm waves may lead to multi-analyte chemical sensors and multi-channel communication.

A one dimensional (1-D) air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) model for flat sheet type modules has been developed. This model is based on mathematical equations that describe the heat and mass transfer mechanisms of a single-stage AGMD process. It can simulate AGMD modules in both co-current and counter-current flow regimes. The theoretical model was validated using AGMD experimental data obtained under different operating conditions and parameters. The predicted water vapor flux was compared to the flux measured at five different feed water temperatures, two different feed water salinities, three different air gap widths and two MD membranes with different average pore sizes. This comparison showed that the model flux predictions are strongly correlated with the experimental data, with model predictions being within +10% of the experimentally determined values. The model was then used to study and analyze the parameters that have significant effect on scaling-up the AGMD process such as the effect of increasing the membrane length, and feed and coolant flow rates. The model was also used to analyze the maximum thermal efficiency of the AGMD process by tracing changes in water production rate and the heat input to the process along the membrane length. This was used to understand the gain in both process production and thermal efficiency for different membrane surface areas and the resultant increases in process capital and water unit cost.

A series of polyoxadiazoles with exceptionally high stability at temperatures as high as 370 °C and in oxidative medium has been synthesized by polycondensation and manufactured into porous membranes by phase inversion. The membranes were characterized by thermal analysis (TGA), chemical stability was measured by immersion test, oxidative stability by Fenton's test, pore diameter by porosimetry and the morphology by FESEM. The polymers are soluble only in sulfuric acid and are stable in organic solvents like NMP, THF and isopropanol. The membranes selectivity was confirmed by separation of polystyrene standards with different molecular weights. Most membranes were characterized as having a cut-off of 60,000 g/mol. Being stable under harsh environments, the membranes have incomparable characteristics with perspectives of application in chemical and pharmaceutical industry, catalytic reactors, in combination with oxidative processes and other applications so far envisioned only for ceramic membranes.

A new hybrid, air-biocathode microbial fuel cell-membrane bioreactor (MFC-MBR) system was developed to achieve simultaneous wastewater treatment and ultrafiltration to produce water for direct reclamation. The combined advantages of this system were achieved by using an electrically conductive ultrafiltration membrane as both the cathode and the membrane for wastewater filtration. The MFC-MBR used an air-biocathode, and it was shown to have good performance relative to an otherwise identical cathode containing a platinum catalyst. With 0.1 mm prefiltered domestic wastewater as the feed, the maximum power density was 0.38 W/m(2) (6.8 W/m(3)) with the biocathode, compared to 0.82 W/m(2) (14.5 W/m(3)) using the platinum cathode. The permeate quality from the biocathode reactor was comparable to that of a conventional MBR, with removals of 97% of the soluble chemical oxygen demand, 97% NH3-N, and 91% of total bacteria (based on flow cytometry). The permeate turbidity was0.1 nephelometric turbidity units. These results show that a biocathode MFC-MBR system can achieve high levels of wastewater treatment with a low energy input due to the lack of a need for wastewater aeration.

Porous hollow fiber membranes were fabricated from fluorinated polyoxadiazole and polytriazole by a dry–wet spinning method for application in desalination of Red Sea water by direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The data were compared with commercially available hollow fiber MD membranes prepared from poly(vinylidene fluoride). The membranes were characterized by electron microscopy, liquid entry pressure (LEP), and pore diameter measurements. Finally, the hollow fiber membranes were tested for DCMD. Salt selectivity as high as 99.95% and water fluxes as high as 35 and 41 L m–2 h–1 were demonstrated, respectively, for polyoxadiazole and polytriazole hollow fiber membranes, operating at 80 °C feed temperature and 20 °C permeate.

A Tamm wave is guided by the interface of a homogeneous dielectric material and a periodically nonhomogeneous dielectric material, both isotropic. We found theoretically that multiple Tamm waves of different linear polarization states can be guided by such an interface incorporated in a prism-coupled configuration. The Tamm waves have different linear polarization states, phase speeds, and spatial profiles, but the same frequency. The narrow absorptance peaks associated with the excitation of Tamm waves in the prism-coupled configuration offer the application as chemical sensors with very high sensitivity.

Nanofibrous membranes of Matrimid have been successfully fabricated using an electrospinning technique under optimized conditions. Nanofibrous membranes are found to be highly hydrophobic with a high water contact angle of 130°. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and pore size distribution analysis revealed the big pore size structure of electrospun membranes to be greater than 2 μm and the pore size distribution is found to be narrow. Flat sheet Matrimid membranes were fabricated via casting followed by phase inversion. The morphology, pore size distribution, and water contact angle were measured and compared with the electrospun membranes. Both membranes fabricated by electrospinning and phase inversion techniques were tested in a direct contact membrane distillation process. Electrospun membranes showed high water vapor flux of 56 kg/m2-h, which is very high compared to the casted membrane as well as most of the fabricated and commercially available highly hydrophobic membranes.

Aromatic fluorinated polyoxadiazoles (F-POD) and polytriazoles (F-PT) were synthesized and for the first time manufactured into porous membranes by phase inversion and by electrospinning. The phase inversion F-POD membranes had a mean flow pore size (MFP) of 51 nm, while for F-PT it was around 74 nm. The electrospun membranes had a much larger pore size, the MFP for F-POD membrane was around 1.7 μm and for F-PT it was 2.7 μm. The membranes were tested for desalination of Red Sea water using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). By combining the high polymer hydrophobicity and high porosity, apparent contact angles up to 162° were obtained, assuring the operation with practically no liquid water leakage under pressure up to 0.9 bar. Salt selectivity as high as 99.95% and water fluxes as high as 85 L m−2 h−1 were demonstrated, operating at 80 °C feed temperature and 22 °C permeate.

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was sulfonated and the membranes prepared were then characterized by the FTIR-ATR, Elemental Analyzer EA, TGA, DSC, SEM, Tensile, Water uptake and Impedance tests. FTIR-ATR spectra show the substitution of the sulfonic group (SO3) to the main stem of the chain and also the hydrolysis of the cyanide group to amide group confirm the conversion of polyacrylonitrile to sulfonated polyacrylamide. Increase in water uptake property as compared to pure PAN also confirms the sulfonation process has occurred. Thermal properties also confirm the enhancement of the materials after sulfonation reaction.

Membranes with low ethanol crossover were prepared aiming their application for direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC). They were based on (1) sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) coated with carbon molecular sieves (CMS) and (2) on SPEEK/PI homogeneous blends. The membranes were characterized concerning their water and ethanol solution uptake, water and ethanol permeability in pervaporation experiments and their performance in DEFC tests. The ethanol permeabilities for the CMS-coated (180 nm and 400 nm thick layers) SPEEK were 8.5 and 3.1 × 10−10 kg m s−1 m−2 and for the homogeneous SPEEK/PI blends membranes with 10, 20 and 30 wt.% of PI were 4.4, 1.0 and 0.4 × 10−10 kg m s−1 m−2 respectively, which is 2- to 50-fold lower than that for plain SPEEK (19 × 10−10 kg m s−1 m−2). Particularly the SPEEK/PI membranes had substantially better performance than Nafion 117® membranes in DEFC tests at 60 °C and 90 °C.

The characteristics of surface wave modes in a PEMC backed chiral slab are studied theoretically. First, the analytical solution of electromagnetic fields and dispersion relations are carried out. Then, the fractional field solutions are found using the fractional curl operator. The numerical results are given by assuming that wave numbers k and k ± are either real or imaginary. These results are also evaluated at real and imaginary values of fractional parameter describing the order of curl operator. The discussion contains fractional dispersion curves at various cut-off frequencies and the fractional surface waves in chiral-PEMC and achiral-PMC slabs respectively. For numerical analysis it is assumed that the fractional order of the curl operator is related to chiral admittance, thickness of the slab, and PEMC admittance. For the values of the fractional order equal to 0, 1, and 2 geometry corresponds to PMC backed ordinary dielectric slab, PEMC backed chiral slab, and PEC backed chiral slab respectively. Consequently TE, HE (even), and HE (odd) modes are produced in the respective geometries.

The treatment of infectious diseases has increasingly become a serious problem as the pathogens are rapidly acquiring resistance against the current antibiotics. The herb Verbena officinalis has a great repute as ethnomedicine against infections. Keeping in view its immense medicinal scope, the present study was designed. Antimicrobial potential of its stems, leaves, and roots was evaluated against 24 strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ethanolic extracts of stems, leaves, and roots of V. officinalis and their fractions in various solvents were assessed. The stems proved to be most potent against all the strains. Its activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was higher than the antibiotic Amoxicillin. The leaves also showed considerable activity against P. aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, and S. aureus. The roots turned out to be highly effective against Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. The study confirmed the efficacy of V. officinalis against infectious diseases. While all the three parts of the plant were active against the test micro-organisms, stems were most powerful. The plant has great potential to provide exploitable leads for new antimicrobial drugs.

The objective of the present research work was to develop a membrane with a high H2O/alcohol selectivity for pervaporation and for use in direct alcohol fuel cells. Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) was coated with a thin continuous carbon molecular sieve (CMS) layer. The membranes obtained had 180- and 400-nm thick CMS layers that led to a clear reduction of alcohol crossover. The water/alcohol selectivity increased with the size of the alcohol molecules as follows: methanol < ethanol < n-propanol < iso-propanol. A water/n-propanol selectivity of up to 34,000 was obtained, confirming the molecular sieving effect. The system was tested in a direct methanol fuel cell using standard electrodes, and demonstrated a better performance than with plain membranes. In a later stage Pt was introduced in the CMS layer during the preparation of the membrane electrode assemblies, this had the advantage that the CMS layer not only acted as an alcohol barrier but also as a catalyst support.

The canonical problem of surface-wave propagation guided by the interface of two semi-infinite rugate filters made of isotropic dielectric materials was formulated and solved. Numerical studies showed that multiple Tamm waves—with different phase speeds, polarization states, and degrees of localization—can be guided by the interface of a homogeneous dielectric material and a rugate filter. Multiple Tamm waves and optical Tamm states are supported by a phase-defect interface in a rugate filter. A sudden change of either the mean refractive index or the amplitude of the sinusoidal variation of the refractive index also creates an interface that can guide multiple Tamm waves, as can the interface of two distinct rugate filters. Whereas the Tamm waves can be either p or s polarized, all optical Tamm states were found to be p polarized.