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Objective: The experiment aimed to determine the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polymyxin B, and honey on survival rates, hematological parameters, liver and kidney biomarkers, blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and histopathology of the liver, kidney, lungs, brain, and pancreas in LPS-challenged mice. Materials and Methods: 50 male Swiss Albino mice (Mus musculus), aged 3 weeks, were randomly assigned into 5 groups (10 mice per group): Control group (A), LPS (2 mg/kg bwt/day IP in NS) treated group (B), polymyxin B (1.2 mg/kg bwt/day IM) pre-treated plus LPS (2 mg/kg bwt/day IP in NS) treated group (C), honey (10 gm/kg bwt/day PO) pre-treated plus LPS (2 mg/kg bwt/day IP in NS) treated group (D), both polymyxin B (1.2 mg/kg bwt/day IM) and honey (10 gm/kg bwt/day PO) pre-treated plus LPS (2 mg/kg bwt/day IP in NS) treated group (E). The LPS was administered intraperitoneally (IP) at 80 μg/mice/day, diluting in normal saline. After 16 weeks, the mice were sacrificed, and blood samples and organs (liver, kidney, lung, brain, and pancreas) were collected for laboratory tests. Results: The results revealed that in LPS-treated mice, the mortality rate was the highest, and hemato-biochemical parameters were altered. Histopathological examination in the group treated with LPS showed disarrangement of hepatocytes, cellular infiltrations in the glomerulus, alveolar congestion in the lungs, several nerve fiber degenerations in the brain, and degenerative changes in pancreatic islets. The mortality rate and hemato-biochemical and histopathological changes were restored by the combined treatment of polymyxin B and honey. Conclusion: LPS has detrimental effects on survival rate and hemato-biochemistry, which are lessened by taking honey and polymyxin B supplements. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 503-515]

Anthrax is more prevalent in impoverished nations and those without veterinarian public health initiatives. A comprehensive strategy was pursued to build an anthrax-free model in which there would be no anthrax. The strategy included routine vaccination, increased public awareness, rapid confirmation, and prompt disposal, as well as the establishment of an effective surveillance system, the development of an emergency prevention system, the enforcement of regulations, and the improvement of collaboration between human health and veterinary services. From 2017 through 2020, several initiatives including both social and laboratory activities were performed. After strictly applying the study's procedures, it was determined that the vast majority of community people (97.5%) were knowledgeable of the disease's nature, prevalence, significance to public health, and treatment in the study area. The farmers' risky practices and attitudes about the killing of sick livestock decreased dramatically (85%). The vaccination rate climbed from 40% to 85%, and the proportion of farmers who can presumptively identify anthrax based on its prominent clinical symptoms rose from 30% to 85%. A confirmation methodology based on PCR was implemented. A geographical map depicting the green and dangerous pastureland was created. The formation of a steering group to assess the progress of scientific activity. Locals established a slaughterhouse in that location, where individuals slaughtered their animals following veterinary examination and strictly followed drug withdrawal period. The contaminated area has been free of anthrax infection for four years as a consequence of these efforts. There also reduction of antibiotic used due to mass awareness. The study indicated that the model is an efficient, effective, and appropriate technique for establishing an anthrax-free zone where no anthrax outbreaks would occur. It could be replicated in any part of the world where socioeconomic and geographical conditions are similar.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health crisis globally. Migratory birds could be a potential source for antibiotic resistant (ABR) bacteria. Not much is known about their role in the transmission of ABR in Bangladesh. In this study, a total of 66 freshly dropped fecal materials of migratory birds were analyzed. Bacterial isolation and identification were based on cultural properties, biochemical tests, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was employed to evaluate antibiogram profiles. By PCR, out of 66 samples, the detection rate of Enterococcus spp. (60.61%; 95% confidence interval: 48.55-71.50%) was found significantly higher than Salmonella spp. (21.21%; 95% CI: 13.08-32.51%) and Vibrio spp. (39.40%; 95% CI: 28.50-51.45%). Enterococcus isolates were frequently found resistant (100-40%) to ampicillin, streptomycin, meropenem, erythromycin, and gentamicin; Salmonella isolates were frequently resistant (72-43%) to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and erythromycin; and Vibrio spp. isolates were frequently resistant (77-31%) to vancomycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin. In addition, 60% (95% CI: 44.60-73.65%) Enterococcus spp., 85.71% (95% CI: 60.06-97.46%) Salmonella spp., and 76.92% (95% CI: 57.95-88.97%) Vibrio spp. isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) in nature. Three isolates (one from each bacterium) were found resistant against six classes of antibiotics. The bivariate analysis revealed strong associations (both positive and negative) between several antibiotic pairs which were resistant to isolated organisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in detecting MDR Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp. from migratory birds travelling to Bangladesh. Frequent detection of MDR bacteria from migratory birds travelling to Bangladesh suggests that these birds have the potential to carry and spread ABR bacteria and could implicate potential risks to public health. We recommend that these birds should be kept under an AMR surveillance program to minimize the potential risk of contamination of the environment with ABR as well as to reduce their hazardous impacts on health.

Objectives: Recent clinical studies suggest that oxidative stress is one of the key players in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent anti¬oxidant, has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature published on the therapeutic intervention of NAC on COVID-19 infection. Methods: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. We identified and screened eight studies with 20,503 participants, including 2,852 in the NAC-treated group and 17,651 in the placebo group, which reported the effect of NAC on COVID-19 infection. A meta-analysis was performed using forest plots under fixed effect estimates based on the standardized mean difference (SMD) and risk ratio (RR). Results: Pooled analysis showed that NAC was associated with lower mortality in patients with COVID-19 compared with the placebo group [RR, 0.65; (95% CI: 0.56 to 0.75); p < 0.0001]. Similarly, C-reactive protein (CRP) [SMD, −0.32; (95% CI: −56 to −0.09); p = 0.0070] and D-dimer [SMD, −0.35, (95% CI: −0.59 to −0.10; p = 0.0062] levels were significantly decreased, and the oxygenation marker, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, was increased in the NAC-treated group compared with the placebo group [SMD, 0.76; (95% CI: 0.48 to 1.03); p < 0.0001]. Conclusion: Although the number of included studies was minimal, this meta-analysis suggests that NAC may have a positive effect on COVID-19 outcomes, specifically, a significant decrease in CRP and D-dimer levels and a significant increase in oxygen saturation, which decreased mortality. We have also presented a comprehensive review of the role and mechanisms of NAC in patients with COVID-19. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 157-168]

Objective: This study was outlined for the isolation and identification of some zoonotic bacte¬ria present in broiler meat, along with the investigation of antimicrobial resistance patterns and determination of antibiotic residue. Materials and Methods: 45 raw meat samples were collected from different restaurants in Mymensingh. Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Proteus spp., and Citrobacter spp. were detected through cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. The E. coli were identified by amplification of malB gene, and Staphylococcus aureus was identified by targeting 16r- RNA gene. The disc diffusion method was applied for the antibiogram investigation. Thin layer chromatography was performed to determine the antibiotic residue within the broiler meat. Results: Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Salmonella spp., Proteus spp., and Citrobacter spp. were detected with a prevalence of 93.33% (42/45), 35.56% (16/45), 2.22% (1/45), 8.89% (4/45), and 13.33% (6/45), respectively. Antibiogram study revealed that Staphylococcus spp. showed the highest resistance to Trimethoprim and Oxytetracycline (75%), and the highest sensitivity was observed toward Gentamycin. The antibiogram profile of E. coli revealed 100% resistance to Oxytetracycline and 100% sensitivity to Gentamycin. Salmonella spp. showed resistance to Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Levofloxacin and was sensitive to Florfenicol and Gentamycin. The antibiotic profile of Proteus spp. exhibited 66.7% resistance to Trimethoprim, Ciprofloxacin, and Enrofloxacin. Citrobacter spp. showed 100% resistance to Trimethoprim, 66.7% resistance to Levofloxacin, and 100% sensitivity was observed to Florfenicol, Gentamycin, and Norfloxacin. The antibiotic residue of Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Oxytetracycline, and Enrofloxacin was also determined. In the case of antibiotic residue determination, the residue of Levofloxacin, Oxytetracycline, and Ciprofloxacin was found to be 6.67%, 6.67%, and 13.33%, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed the existence of some multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and higher limits of antibiotic residue in broiler meat and liver which may affect human health. [Vet. Res. Notes 2023; 3(5.000): 43-49]

Objective: This study aimed to isolate Aliarcobacter cryaerophilus in ready-to-cook poultry meat in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Thirty drumstick samples were collected from super shops in Dhaka city (n = 10), Mymensingh city (n = 10), and Patuakhali town (n = 10). After sample processing, they were cultured in Blood agar media with Campylobacter base using a microfilter (0.42 nm). Suspected colonies were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR assay targeting 16SrRNA genes. Then, sequencing was performed for confirmation. Results: Of 30 samples, 3 (10%) were positive for A. cryaerophilus. Phylogenetic analysis shows that our isolate has strong similarities with one of the isolates from China. Conclusion: The presence of this organism in ready-to-cook poultry meat is a significant concern for consumers as it bears zoonotic importance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 113-117]

OBJECTIVES: Migratory birds play a major role in the transmission of pathogens globally, but still their role in the transmission of fungi in Bangladesh is not known. The present study was carried out for the isolation and molecular detection of fungi including Aspergillus from migratory birds traveling to Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 fecal samples were collected from BaojaniBaor, Magura, and areas close to Jahangirnagar University, Savar. The isolation of fungus was based on culture on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), followed by staining, morphology, and molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Among 50 samples, 40 showed positive for fungal growth on PDA, of which 30 yield only yeast-like colonies, five only molds, and five yielded both yeast and molds. The isolated molds produced various pigmented colonies, namely, black, whitish, grayish, olive green, and yellow. Among 10 molds, six were confirmed as fungi by PCR using genus-specific primers such as ITS1 and ITS4. Later, of these six fungi, five were confirmed as Aspergillus by PCR with primers such as ASAP1 and ASAP2 specific for Aspergillus genus. Therefore, the overall occurrence of Aspergillus was 10% (5/50). PCR specific for Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger failed to produce specific PCR amplicon, suggesting that the isolated Aspergillus belongs to other groups. CONCLUSION: This is the first report describing the isolation and molecular detection of Aspergillus from fecal samples of migratory birds in Bangladesh. The present findings confirm that migratory birds are potential source for Aspergillus and other fungus in Bangladesh.

Objectives: This study was designed to isolate, identify, and determine the prevalence of Aspergilli in commercial chicken in selected areas of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 lung samples from suspected dead chickens, comprising broilers (n = 32) and layers (n = 18), aged between 5 days and 45 weeks, were collected from poultry farms located in the Gazipur district in Bangladesh. Fungi were primarily identified based on the colony morphology using potato dextrose agar (PDA). DNA was extracted from the suspected colonies. Aspegillus spp. was detected by genus-specific ASAP-1 and ASAP-2. Aspergillus spp. were then screened by polymerase chain reaction targeting Aspergillus flavus (FLA-1 and FLA-2), Aspergillus fumigatus (ASPU and Af3r), and Aspergillus niger (ASPU and Nilr). Results: The overall prevalence of Aspergillus spp. was 44% (n = 22/50; p < 0.05). Among the Aspergilli, A. flavus was detected in 10% (n = 5/50) of the samples. Similarly, A. fumigatus and A. niger were detected at 26% (n = 13/50) and 8% (n = 4/50) respectively. Three samples were associated with more than one fungus; two fungi (A. flavus and A. niger) were in two samples, and three fungi (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and A. niger) were in one sample. Conclusion: Isolation and prevalence of Aspergillus spp. in commercial chicken were studied for the first time in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(2.000): 184-190]

Silver (Ag) nano-sized particles were prepared using the Sol–gel technique and then mixed with a (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca2Cu3O10-δ superconductor to produce (Ag)x/CuTl-1223; x ∼ 2.0 wt.% nano-particles superconducting composites. The synthesized samples were pelletized at both low hydraulic pressure (100 MPa) and high pressure (0.4 GPa) using a cold isostatic press (CIP). The structure, morphology, composition, vibrational modes of oxygen, and superconducting properties of prepared nanocomposites were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and four-probe resistivity measurements, respectively. XRD analysis confirmed that the major phase is CuTl-1223 tetragonal matrix, and no pronounced change was observed in the lattice parameters with the application of high pressure. EDX reveals the presence of Ag nanoparticles in the samples. SEM micrographs indicate that high pressure compresses inter-grain regions and reduces voids, enhancing connectivity and improving electrical transport properties. Resistivity measurements show that the critical temperature Tc (0) and activation energy (Uo) of CuTl-1223 superconductor increases with the inclusion of nanoparticles up to 2.0 wt.% and are further enhanced under high pressure using CIP. The improved superconducting properties are attributed to the conducting nature of Ag NPs that fills the inter-grain voids and facilitates the conduction process across the grains. Additionally, high pelletization pressure reduces the porosity by forcing the grains close together, thereby increasing the superconducting volume fraction and further boots superconductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the enhancement of superconducting properties in Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu3O10-δ superconductor via inclusion of Cu nano-particles (Cu NPs) and high-pressure pelletization. The (Cu)x/CuTl-1223 nano-particles superconductor composites were synthesized by solid-state reaction technique and pelletized using a cold isostatic press (CIP). X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the retention of tetragonal crystal structure and dominant CuTl-1223 phases in the nanocomposites. SEM images showed a decrease in the density of void/pores as well as an improvement in weak-link connections. FTIR spectra indicated no significant changes in the vibrational oxygen modes, confirming that the crystal structure remained intact. Resistivity (ρ ) measurements unveiled a remarkable boost in the critical temperature T c (0) to 110 K and activation energy (Uo) to 0.028 eV at the optimal 1.5 wt.% of copper (Cu) nano-particle concentrations, and decreasing beyond these concentrations at 0.4 GPa. This enhancement of superconducting parameters is attributed to improved weak-link connectivity, reduced porosity, and increased superconducting volume fraction, leading to higher carrier charge concentrations in the (Cu)x/CuTl-1223 nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is a highly contagious cat disease and is endemic in Bangladesh. The study aims to describe the epidemiology and molecular characterization of the Feline panleukopenia virus from the suspected domestic cats in selected Bangladesh regions. Randomly, 161 rectal swabs were collected from the pet hospitals between July 2021 and December 2022. A structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews with cat owners in order to collect data on potential risk factors for FPL, such as age, sex, sharing litter boxes and every day utensils in multicat households, vaccination history, hospital visits for other diseases, and season. The rectal swabs were tested by PCR targeting the VP2 capsid protein gene, and six PCR-positive samples were further sequenced for molecular characterizations. The risk factors for FPLV were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of FPL among suspects was 22.9%. The mortality and case fatality were 10.6%, and 45.9%, respectively. However, mortality in kittens was significantly higher (16.4%) than younger cats. The odds of FPL were 8.83 times (95% CI: 3.14-24.85) higher among unvaccinated cats than vaccinated cats. The winter season had almost six times (95% CI: 1.38-24.40) higher odds of FPL than rainy season. In a multicat house, the odds of FPL was about five times (95% CI: 1.93-13.45) higher for cats that shared a litter box and food utensils compared to those that did not engage in such sharing. Visiting hospitals for other reasons nearly triples the odds of FPL (OR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.04-7.54) compared to cats that do not visit hospitals. Analysis of partial sequence of the VP2 gene revealed genetic variations among the isolates from different regions. Among these isolates, four were identical to FPLV isolates from South Korea and China, while one showed complete homology with FPLV isolates from Thailand. In contrast, the remaining one was 100% identical to Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 isolated from a feline sample in Italy. Our isolates were classified into three distinct clades alongside Feline panleukopenia virus and Carnivore protoparvovirus-1. One in every three suspected cats was infected with Feline panleukopenia. Regular vaccination of the cats, especially those that share common litter box and food utensils and visit hospitals for other purposes, will help reduce the prevalence of FPL in Bangladesh. Besides, it is worth emphasizing the existence of genetic diversity among the circulating Feline panleukopenia viruses in Bangladesh.

The World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19, the current global health emergency, is wreaking havoc on human health systems and, to a lesser degree, on animals globally. The outbreak has continued since the first report of COVID-19 in China in December 2019, and the second and third waves of the outbreak have already begun in several countries. COVID-19 is expected to have adverse effects on crop production, food security, integrated pest control, tourism, the car industry, and other sectors of the global economy. COVID-19 induces a range of effects in livestock that is reflected economically since human health and livelihood are intertwined with animal health. We summarize the potentially harmful effects of COVID-19 on livestock and possible mitigation steps in response to this global outbreak. Mitigation of the negative effects of COVID-19 and future pandemics on livestock requires the implementation of current guidelines.

Duck plague (DP) is one of the most important viral diseases which affects the duck population across the globe including Bangladesh. The present work was conducted to detect DP virus (DPV) from haor areas using a molecular-based approach, and compared with the contemporary isolate through molecular and phylogenetic analysis. For this purpose, 38 individual samples were collected from the Netrokona (n=20) district of the Mymensingh division and Kishoreganj (n=18) district of the Dhaka division. The identification of DVP was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting DPV specific DNA polymerase genes followed by sequencing. PCR positive viral samples were used to propagate into 11-13 days old embryonated duck eggs through chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) route for virus isolation. DPV were then propagated into duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) monolayer cell culture and confirmed by PCR. Among the 38 samples, 27 isolates were confirmed as DPV with the PCR amplicon size of 446 bp. Pathogenicity tests through the inoculation into day-old ducklings confirmed pathogenic strain. The PCR products of the isolated DPV specific DNA polymerase gene were sequenced commercially and submitted to GenBank (GenBank Accession No. KX768734.1). The sequence showed resemblance to isolates previously reported in India (GenBank Accession No. KX511893.1, KJ451479.1, KM012009.1), and China (GenBank Accession No. EF643559.1). Sequencing data also revealed nucleotide differences between Anatid herpes 1_BAU_DMH (previous report from our laboratory) and the present isolates. Further characterization, such as nucleotide and amino acid sequencing, would help to understand the strains along with its epidemiology. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2021; 4(1.000): 44-52]

Objectives: E. coli O157 is considered as one of the important pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. This study was undertaken to isolate E. coli O157 from the milk samples collected from subclinical mastitic cows using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and investigate their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Materials and Methods: 50 California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive milk samples were collected from apparently healthy crossbreed dairy cows in Baghabari, Sirajganj. For the enrichment and isolation of the organism, nutrient broth, MacConkey agar, and EMB agar were used. Later on, observing the biochemical tests result, all the isolates of E. coli were confirmed by PCR using genus-specific 16SrRNA primers. PCR-positive samples were then screened for the presence of the rfbO157 gene using gene-specific primers. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli was assessed by the disk diffusion method against seven commonly used antibiotics. Results: Altogether, 8 (16%) isolates of E. coli were obtained, among which 5 (10%) were rfbO157 PCR positive. From the antibiotic sensitivity test, Gentamicin was the highest (75%) sensitive to the isolates, followed by Levofloxacin (62.5%), Cefixime (50%), Tetracycline (50%), and Ceftriaxone (25%). The highest resistance pattern was found against Ampicillin (100%) and Amoxycillin (87.5%). Conclusion: Raw milk containing E. coli O157 does not only reflect the status of the dairy herd. Additionally, it poses a serious threat to human health if it is consumed raw or used to make any type of value-added food product. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(2.000): 6-11]

Objectives: This study was designed to determine the Shiga-toxin producing genes and investigate antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the Escherichia (E.) coli isolated from ready-to-eat betel leaf from different roadside vendors. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 samples from the Bangladesh Agricultural University surroundings area were collected and screened for the detection of E. coli based on cultural, staining, and biochemical properties, followed by molecular characterization using genus-specific 16SrRNA primers by Polymerase Chain Reaction. stx-1 positive E. colis antimicrobial sensitivity pattern was determined by the disc diffusion method against ten antimicrobial agents. Results: According to this study, 44 out of 100 samples were confirmed to be associated with E. coli. Further, 44 positive E. coli were analyzed for stx-1 and stx-2 genes by duplex-PCR. From the results, two isolates were confirmed to be positive for the presence of the stx-1 gene, but no isolate was found to be positive for the stx-2 gene. The antimicrobial sensitivity test revealed that Ciprofloxacin was the most sensitive antimicrobial agent against the Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), followed by Ceftriaxone and Levofloxacin. On the other hand, Amoxycillin and Cephradine were found to be highly resistant. Conclusion: Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is an important diarrheal pathogen that leads to watery to bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. From the study, Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin can be recommended as effective drugs to control STEC infections in humans. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(2.000): 12-16]

Objectives: The goal of this study was to isolate, molecularly identify, and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as to investigate risk factors for subclinical mastitis in the Jhenaidah and Chuadanga districts of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy goats at various farms in the Jhenaidah and Chuadanga districts. To detect samples with subclinical mastitis (SCM), the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was done. S. aureus was isolated and identified from milk samples that tested positive for CMT using a combination of standard bacteriological examinations, biochemical tests, and PCR confirmation. The disc diffusion test was used to determine the antibiogram status of the isolates. The risk factors for SCM in goats were analyzed using a semi-structured questionnaire with thirteen variables. Results: Some characteristics were significantly associated with goat mastitis, including farm, breed, shed construction, floor surface condition, and farm adviser. The CMT identified 52 positive samples for SCM, with 73.07% (n = 38/52) suggesting the presence of the nuc gene. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the isolated S. aureus was totally resistant to the antibiotics Penicillin, Oxacillin, and Vancomycin (21%). On the other hand, Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Norfloxacin, and Levofloxacin were all susceptible to all isolates. Conclusion: SCM is a severe problem in goats in Jhenaidah and Chuadanga districts. To minimize the risk of SCM infection in goats, hygiene precautions can be followed, and education among goat farm owners and farmers can be improved. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(2.000): 17-22]

Natural pigments and colorants have seen a substantial increase in use over the last few decades due to their eco-friendly and safe properties. Currently, customer preferences for more natural products are driving the substitution of natural pigments for synthetic colorants. Filamentous fungi, particularly ascomycetous fungi (Monascus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus), have been shown to produce secondary metabolites containing a wide variety of pigments, including β-carotene, melanins, azaphilones, quinones, flavins, ankaflavin, monascin, anthraquinone, and naphthoquinone. These pigments produce a variety of colors and tints, including yellow, orange, red, green, purple, brown, and blue. Additionally, these pigments have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities. This review provides an in-depth overview of fungi gathered from diverse sources and lists several probable fungi capable of producing a variety of color hues. The second section discusses how to classify coloring compounds according to their chemical structure, characteristics, biosynthetic processes, application, and present state. Once again, we investigate the possibility of employing fungal polyketide pigments as food coloring, as well as the toxicity and carcinogenicity of particular pigments. This review explores how advanced technologies such as metabolic engineering and nanotechnology can be employed to overcome obstacles associated with the manufacture of mycotoxin-free, food-grade fungal pigments.

Many countries of the world have been combating the new variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Black fungus is an opportunistic foe that may cause fatal infection in immunocompromised and steroid-treated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) is now a serious concern throughout the world, includ-ing many Asian countries. Therefore, along with early and accurate diagnostic facilities, special care, and prompt, but coordinated approach are recommended to combat the CAM in patients. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(3.000): 367-369]

QSPR analysis can be used in a variety of applications, such as drug discovery, materials science, and environmental chemistry. For example, QSPR models can be used to predict the toxicity of new chemicals, to design more effective drugs, or to optimize the properties of materials for specific applications. Phenolic compounds act as anti-oxidants, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-bacterial agents present in Moringa oleifera. These Phenolic compounds have significant antioxidant properties as they can scavenge free radicals, slow the aging process, and improve glucose uptake in muscles. They are also used to prevent the accumulation of lipids in the liver and subsequently prevent fatty liver disease, protect kidneys, prevent cancer, prevent whitening skin, chemopreventive for cancer, induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer, protect kidneys, decrease pro-inflammatory enzymes, and increase antioxidants enzymes. Furthermore, phenolic compounds inhibit enzymes linked to diabetes type-2 and they can be used to cure diabetes. Owing to the significance of these phenolic compounds, we carried out QSPR analysis using degree-based indices to know the physical characteristics affiliated with them. The outcomes indicate that these phenolic compounds could be investigated further by pharmacists and chemists when designing drugs using these topological indices values. Since the correlation for the topological indices has been discovered, positively correlated compounds may be considered for the combination of novel drug designs. Also, the computed results are useful to predict the physical properties of the phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The experiment aimed to determine the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polymyxin B, and honey on survival rates, hematological parameters, liver and kidney biomarkers, blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and histopathology of the liver, kidney, lungs, brain, and pancreas in LPS-challenged mice. Materials and Methods: 50 male Swiss Albino mice (Mus musculus), aged 3 weeks, were randomly assigned into 5 groups (10 mice per group): Control group (A), LPS (2 mg/kg bwt/day IP in NS) treated group (B), polymyxin B (1.2 mg/kg bwt/day IM) pre-treated plus LPS (2 mg/kg bwt/day IP in NS) treated group (C), honey (10 gm/kg bwt/day PO) pre-treated plus LPS (2 mg/kg bwt/day IP in NS) treated group (D), both polymyxin B (1.2 mg/kg bwt/day IM) and honey (10 gm/kg bwt/day PO) pre-treated plus LPS (2 mg/kg bwt/day IP in NS) treated group (E). The LPS was administered intraperitoneally (IP) at 80 µg/mice/day, diluting in normal saline. After 16 weeks, the mice were sacrificed, and blood samples and organs (liver, kidney, lung, brain, and pancreas) were collected for laboratory tests. Results: The results revealed that in LPS-treated mice, the mortality rate was the highest, and hemato-biochemical parameters were altered. Histopathological examination in the group treated with LPS showed disarrangement of hepatocytes, cellular infiltrations in the glomerulus, alveolar congestion in the lungs, several nerve fiber degenerations in the brain, and degenerative changes in pancreatic islets. The mortality rate and hemato-biochemical and histopathological changes were restored by the combined treatment of polymyxin B and honey. Conclusion: LPS has detrimental effects on survival rate and hemato-biochemistry, which are lessened by taking honey and polymyxin B supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is increasingly gaining popularity due to its extensive recommendation as a potential solution for addressing the concerns of food security and climate change in agroecosystems, with biochar application for increased carbon sequestration, enhanced soil fertility, improved soil health, and increased crop yield and quality. There have been multiple studies on crop yield utilizing various biochar types and application amounts; however, none have focused on the influence of diverse biochar types at various pyrolysis temperatures with different application amounts and the integration of fertilizer regimes in maize crops. Therefore, a two-year factorial field experiment was designed in a temperate Himalayan region of India (THRI) to evaluate the residual effect of different biochar on maize yield under different pyrolysis temperatures, various application rates and fertilizer regimes. The study included three factors viz., amendment type (factor 1), rate of application (factor 2) and fertilizer regime (factor 3). Amendment type included 7 treatments: No biochar- control (A1), apple biochar @ 400 °C pyrolysis temperature (A2), apple biochar @ 600 °C pyrolysis temperature (A3), apple residue biomass (A4), dal weed biochar @ 400 °C pyrolysis temperature (A5), dal weed biochar @ 600 °C pyrolysis temperatures (A6), and dal weed residue biomass (A7). The rate of application included 3 levels: Low (L- 1 t ha−1), medium (M- 2 t ha−1), and high (H- 3 t ha−1). At the same time, the fertilizer regimes included 2 treatments: No fertilizer (N) and recommended dose of fertilizer (F). The results revealed that among the various amendment type, rate of application and fertilizer regimes, the A3 amendment, H rate of application and F fertilizer regime gave the best maize growth and productivity outcome. Results revealed that among the different pyrolyzed residues used, the A3 amendment had the highest plant height (293.87 cm), most kernels cob−1 (535.75), highest soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value (58.10), greatest cob length (27.36 cm), maximum cob girth (18.18 cm), highest grain cob yield (1.40 Mg ha−1), highest grain yield (4.78 Mg ha−1), higher test weight (305.42 gm), and highest stover yield (2.50 Mg ha−1). The maximum dry weight in maize and the number of cobs plant−1 were recorded with amendments A4 (14.11 Mg ha−1) and A6 (1.77), respectively. The comparatively 2nd year of biochar application than the 1st year, the H level of the rate of application than the L rate and the application and integration of the recommended dose of fertilizer in maize results in significantly higher values of growth and productivity in maize. Overall, these findings suggest that the apple biochar @ 600 °C pyrolysis temperature (A3) at a high application rate with the addition of the recommended dose of fertilizer is the optimal biochar for enhancing the growth and productivity of maize in the THRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify Candida spp. and Saccharomyces spp. from bakery products (bread and cake) using a range of cultural (e.g., colony shape, size, color, elevation, surface edge, consistency, etc.) and morphological (e.g., cell shape, bud, etc.) features. Materials and Methods: Cake and bread samples (n = 40) were obtained from various retail out¬lets in Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. The samples were collected asep¬tically and transferred to the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene at BAU, Mymensingh, for analysis. Processed samples were inoculated onto Potato Dextrose Agar media and incubated at a humidity of 75% for 5-7 days at 28°C. The fungi were primarily identified based on their colony structures. DNA was extracted from suspected colonies and was used for the detection of Candida spp. and Saccharomyces spp. using genus-specific primers (ITS-1 and ITS-4). Results: Candida spp. and Saccharomyces spp. had a combined prevalence of 50% (n = 20/40; p < 0.05). Candida spp. was identified in 15% (n = 6/40) of the fungi, while Saccharomyces spp. was detected in 35% (n = 14/40). Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be stated that bakery foods have a significant impact on human fungal infection in Bangladesh. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(1.000): 1-5]

Objective: This research work was conducted for the molecular characterization of the circulating foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in Bangladesh and revealed out their serotype. Materials and methods: The VP1 gene of six field isolates of FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes (two serotypes O, two serotypes A, and two serotypes Asia 1) was subjected for sequencing and phy¬logenetic analysis. Neighbor-joining trees were constructed by using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 6, having the field nucleotide sequences of FMDV and related sequences avail¬able in the GenBank. Results: The nucleotide sequences of the VP1 genes of serotypes O, A, and Asia-1 of the isolates revealed that overall isolates were 91%100% similar to the isolates reported from Bangladesh and other neighboring countries. Among the isolates reported from Bangladesh, serotype O had 98%100% identity, serotype A had 91%100% identity, and serotype Asia-1 had 94%100% iden¬tity. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the FMDV serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage was con¬firmed in Bangladesh under the Middle EastSouth Asian (ME-SA) topotype. On the other hand, we identified genotype VII (18) of Asia topotype (serotype A) and lineage C (serotype Asia-1). Conclusion: The FMDV serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage was confirmed in Bangladesh under the ME-SA topotype for the first time. The extensive cross-border animal movement from neigh¬boring countries may act as the source of diversified FMDV serotypes in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 360-366]

Immediate after the official declaration of COVID-19 in Bangladesh on 8 March 2020, it has created public panic which results in price plummeting of the capital market and price hike of many essential commodities. Worldwide, the outbreak of COVID-19 has declared a pandemic. In response, the Government of Bangladesh has initiated some strict measures such as stopping the entry of passengers from Europe, stopping on-arrival visas and self-quarantine for 2 weeks for all passengers return from abroad. Still, many loopholes exist at the entry points of Bangladesh. Most of the people of Bangladesh are yet to aware of the consequences of COVID-19. In this backdrop, this article has attempted to create public awareness about COVID-19, providing some guidelines to restrict this deadly disease, enlisting current challenges of this disease in Bangladesh. This review would be helpful to undertake future management practices against the fearsome COVID-19 in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 198-208]

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported as a worldwide emergency. Due to the extensiveness of spread and death, it has been declared as a pandemic. This review focused on the current pandemic situ¬ation and understanding the prevention and control strategies of COVID-19. Data presented here was by April 3, 2020. A total of 1,016,399 cases of COVID-19 with 53,238 deaths was reported from 204 countries and territories including two international conveyances over the world. After China, most of the new cases were from Europe, particularly Italy acting as the source of impor¬tation to many of the other countries around the world. China has obtained success by ascribing control strategies against COVID-19. The implementation of Chinas strategy, as well as the devel¬opment of a vaccine, may control the pandemic of COVID-19. Further robust studies are required for a clear understanding of transmission parameters, prevention, and control strategies of SARS-CoV-2. This review paper describes the nature of COVID-19 and the possible ways for the effective controlling of the COVID-19 or similar viral diseases that may come in the future. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 260-280]

Objectives: Migratory birds play a major role in the transmission of pathogens globally, but still their role in the transmission of fungi in Bangladesh is not known. The present study was carried out for the isolation and molecular detection of fungi including Aspergillus from migratory birds traveling to Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 50 fecal samples were collected from BaojaniBaor, Magura, and areas close to Jahangirnagar University, Savar. The isolation of fungus was based on culture on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), followed by staining, morphology, and molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Among 50 samples, 40 showed positive for fungal growth on PDA, of which 30 yield only yeast-like colonies, five only molds, and five yielded both yeast and molds. The isolated molds produced various pigmented colonies, namely, black, whitish, grayish, olive green, and yellow. Among 10 molds, six were confirmed as fungi by PCR using genus-specific primers such as ITS1 and ITS4. Later, of these six fungi, five were confirmed as Aspergillus by PCR with primers such as ASAP1 and ASAP2 specific for Aspergillus genus. Therefore, the overall occurrence of Aspergillus was 10% (5/50). PCR specific for Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger failed to produce specific PCR amplicon, suggesting that the isolated Aspergillus belongs to other groups. Conclusion: This is the first report describing the isolation and molecular detection of Aspergillus from fecal samples of migratory birds in Bangladesh. The present findings confirm that migratory birds are potential source for Aspergillus and other fungus in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 338-344]

Zika virus, a member of Flaviviridae is the etiology of Zika or Zika fever or Zika virus (ZIKV) disease characterized by mild symptoms similar to very mild form of Dengue or Chikungunya. The virus transmits through Aedes mosquitoes, particularly by Aedes aegypti. The most dangerous effect of ZIKV infection is the ability of the virus to cause microcephaly and congenital malformation to the newborn baby if the mother is infected. The neurological disorders including Guillain-Barre syndrome might be associated with adults and children due to ZIKV infections. Zika has emerged as a serious global public health problem as it has been found in 87 countries, particularly in Africa, America, and Asia and has no vaccine and treatment so far. Bangladesh is at a high risk of ZIKV infection and we consider ZIKV as a possible emerging threat for Bangladesh. This short review summarizes the insights of ZIKV infection, present status of the disease in Bangladesh and its neighboring countries, and recommendations for necessary preparations and strategies to be taken for effective controlling of the ZIKV infection in Bangladesh before getting any havoc. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 575-582]

Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known foodborne pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of S. aureus isolated from serving utensils in food processing environments in Mymensingh city, Bangladesh and to determine their antibiogram and resistance determinants. A total of 120 environmental samples were collected from different food settings. Isolation and identification were conducted using conventional biochemical tests. Molecular identification of isolates and detection of methicillin and vancomycin resistance were done using primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting Tuf, nuc, mecA, and mecC genes. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed, and resistance genes were also detected by amplifying blaTEM, vanA, vanB, and vanC genes. Among the 120 samples, 81 (67.5%) were positive for Staphylococcus spp. and 41 (50.62%) were positive for the nuc-gene. Among the 41 isolates, 5 (12.20%) were positive for mecA, but none were positive for the mecC gene. A total of 12.2% of the isolates were vanC-positive, of which 4 isolates (9.76%) were also positive for the mecA gene. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that all S. aureus isolates (100%) from hotel samples were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol, 90.32% were sensitive to doxycycline, and 80.65% were sensitive to streptomycin. Conversely, all isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin, and 29.03% were resistant to vancomycin. All S. aureus isolates obtained from non-hotel samples were susceptible to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, meropenem, and vancomycin; however, 40% of isolates were resistant to novobiocin. Among the hotel isolates, 29 (93.55%) of the ampicillin-resistant isolates harbored the blaTEM gene while 5 (55.55%) of the vancomycin-resistant isolates harbored the vanC gene. Four of the five vanC positive isolates were also positive for the mecA gene. The presence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) which is also vancomycin-resistant in food processing environments is a threat to public health. This is the first report on the molecular detection of methicillin and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus isolated from food processing environments in Bangladesh.

Topical delivery of medicaments in a controlled manner is still a promising area of research. Drug‐containing dammar gum‐ethyl cellulose composite microsponge loaded gel formulation (D‐MSPG) was developed for controlled topical delivery of mupirocin. The drug‐loaded microsponges (D‐MSPs) were formulated by the quasi‐emulsion solvent diffusion method and were evaluated for morphology, particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency, thermal properties, and crystallinity. The optimized D‐MSPs (entrapment efficiency 91.5 ± 4.0% and particle size of 55.15 ± 2.9 μm) were dispersed in carbopol 934 gel (D‐MSPG). The final product was characterized for pH, viscosity, texture, spreadability, consistency, syneresis, in vitro drug release, and ex vivo skin penetration study. A comparative study with marketed formulation was performed. For optimized gel formulation (G4), drug content was 104.19 ± 1.68%, and drug release was 84.19% after 24 h. The pH of the optimized gel was observed to be 6.05 ± 0.04. Viscosity of the optimized gel formulation was found to be 1212.15 ± 434.85 mPa‐s at 50 s−1. The steady‐state flux (J) in ex vivo skin permeation was observed to be 53.96 μg cm−2 h−1 and the permeability coefficient was 2.69 cm/h for the optimized gel formulation. According to the findings, the D‐MSPG‐based formulation strategy can act well to prolong the topical delivery of mupirocin or similar drug molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play critical roles in genetic diversity and disease. Many traits and diseases are linked with exonic SNPs that are significant for gene function, regulation or translation. This study focuses on SNPs that potentially act as the genetic basis for desirable traits in the Black Bengal Goat. This variety of goat is native to South Asia, and is identified as one of the most commercially important meat producing animals in the world. The aim of this study was to sequence the genome of Black Bengal Goats and identify SNPs that might play a significant role in determining meat quality in the organism. The study focuses on exonic SNPs for their greater likelihood of affecting the final translated protein product. Results Approximately 76,000 exonic variants were identified in the study. After filtration using a Wilcoxon test based score, the number came down to 49, 965 which were found to be distributed in 11,568 genes. The functional pathways affected by these variations included fatty acid metabolism and degradation, which are important processes that influence meat quality.