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Montanabathynella pecosensis sp. nov. Camacho and Hutchins, 2021 (Figures 2–3) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 99FEF8AC-BA50-4 FD2-9FA5-8D50A41FDABC Material examined (Table 1) Type locality. Live Oak Creek, Crockett County, Texas, USA (WGS 84 30.74220ºN, − 101.6739ºW, 655 m amsl): holotype female (MNCN 20.04 /20164 slide and MNCN / ADN 54864 DNA extract), coll. 13 July 2015 by B. Hutchins and D. Belleny (sample 150713- H2). Furthermore, one juvenile specimen from same location, same collectors and date (sample 150713-H3). The female holotype preserved on one slide together with its DNA extract (MNCN / ADN 54864) (Table 2) constitutes the type series. Description. Body. Total length of holotype 1.2 mm. Body elongated, segments widening towards posterior end. Head longer than broad. Antennule (Figure 2 (a)). Almost 50% longer than AII. 7-segmented; first three segments longer than last four segments combined; first segment longest, second and third segments similar to last two, fifth segment shortest; fifth segment with five smooth setae; inner flagellum almost square; setation as in Figure 2 (a); fifth segment with two aesthetascs, segments 6 and 7 each with three terminal aesthetascs. Antenna (Figure 2 (b)). 6-segmented; first three segments combined as long as fourth and fifth combined; second segment without setae but with small teeth; sixth segment longest, with one subterminal plumose seta and three smooth terminal setae; setal formula: 0 + 0/0 + 0/1 + 1/0 + 1/0 + 0/4. Labrum (Figure 2 (c)). Almost flat, with eight main teeth, and four (2- or 3-cuspidate) teeth at each angle; ventral surface with several rows of fine spinules. Mandible (Figure 2 (d)). Pars incisiva with four well-developed teeth and triangular small proximal tooth as in Figure 2 (d); pars molaris with six claws, four of which strong and denticulate, two more proximal setulose, smaller and joined basally; mandibular palp not exceeding pars incisiva. Maxillule (Figure 2 (e)). Proximal endite with four unequal claws; distal endite with eight claws, two apical smooth whereas the rest denticulate; three simple setae subdistally on outer margin of endite, as figured. Maxilla (Figure 2 (f)). 4-segmented, setal formula: 2, 5, 15, 4. Thoracopods I–VII (Figure 3 (a–g)). Well developed; length gradually increasing from ThI to ThIV (Figure 3 (a–d)); ThV (Figure 3 (e)) and VI (Figure 3 (f)) similar in length; last thoracopods (Figure 3 (g)) as short as first; ThI without epipod; well developed epipod on ThII to VII, each about half length of corresponding basipod. Basipod of all Ths with one short distolateral, smooth seta. Exopods 2-segmented (ThI; Figure 3 (a)), 3-segmented (ThII and ThVII; Figure 3 (b,g)), 4-segmented (ThIII; Figure 3 (c)) or 5-segmented (ThIV-VI; Figures 3 (d–f)); exopod of ThI, II and VII shorter than corresponding endopod, rami similar in length in ThIII, and exopod longer than endopod in ThV–VI; all exopodal segments provided with two barbed setae (with groups of ctenidia at base), except terminal one, with one smooth and one plumose seta, and proximal segment of ThI and II with three barbed setae. Endopod 4-segmented, first segment short, second and third long and similar in length, both with a cluster of strong spinules along outer margin; fourth segment reduced with two smooth strong claws and one simple seta, all inner setae on segments smooth; outer seta on first and second segments of ThI–VII plumose. Setal formula of endopod as follows: ThI 1 + 2/2 + 1/2 + 1/3(1) ThII–IV 0 + 1/2 + 1/1 + 1/3(1) ThV 0 + 1/1 + 1/0 + 1/3(1) ThVI 0 + 0/1 + 1/0 + 1/3(1) ThVII 0 + 0/0 + 1/0 + 1/3(1) Female t horacopod VIII (Figure 3 (h)). 2-segmented; trapezoidal basal segment almost 3 times as long as and much wider than second segment, with four teeth; second segment almost square, with three long terminal setae, of which two smooth and one plumose. Pleotelson. Without ventral seta. Anal operculum not pronounced, almost flat. First pleopods. Absent. Uropod (Figure 2 (g)). Sympod 3.5 times as long as wide and 1.5 times longer than corresponding rami, with 14 barbed spines about equal in length except distal-most, twice longer than rest. Endopod as long as exopod, with three spines along distal half of inner margin, of which two proximal small whereas distal-most strong and enlarged; distal margin of segment with strong opposable spine forming a sort of forceps with distal-most spine on inner margin; distolateral angle of segment with one plumose and two barbed setae; basal part of segment with isolated plumose seta not reaching distal end of segment. Exopod with seven barbed setae and one plumose basal seta. Furca (Figure 3 (i)). Each ramus almost triangular, with 11 barbed spines, of which terminal two longer than rest; two plumose setae of unequal length disposed dorsally, shorter one not reaching tip of terminal spines. Etymology. The specific name, pecosensis, refers to the Pecos River, because Live Oak Creek, where the new species was found, is a tributary of that famous river. Taxonomic remarks Unfortunately, we have not been able to study the male ThVIII of Montanabathynella pecosensis sp. nov. since no males have been found in the samples. However, the morphology of the female is close to that of Montanabathynella salish, the type species of Montanabathynella, suggesting the new taxon belongs in this genus. The new species is smaller than M. salish, and the main features of the two are compared in Table 3. Common features of the two species are: 6-segmented antenna; 4-segmented MxII; multisegmented (three or more segments) exopod of thoracopods I to VII; outer plumose seta present on first and second segments of Th I–VII; female thoracopod VIII 2-segmented with three setae; pleopods absent; two strong spines opposable as forceps on distal end of endopod of uropods; ventral seta absent on pleotelson. Montanabathynella pecosensis sp. nov. differs from M. salish in the following features (Table 3): AI with shorter segments two and five (the fifth segment especially is much shorter in the new species); AII first three segments short (especially the third one, which is much longe in M. salish) second segment without setae, and sixth with a plumose seta; labrum with fewer teeth; MxI with only eight teeth on distal endite (vs nine on M. salish) and three lateral setae similar in (Continued) length; MxII with five setae on second segment and only 19 on distal segments (vs 21 in salish); epipod present on ThII and III (vs absent in M. salish); basipod of thoracopods almost square (vs rectangular and very large in M. salish); thoracopods with fewer segments on exopod and fewer setae on segments of endopod; exopod of all thoracopods with plumose setae on distal segment (vs setae barbed in M. salish); female ThVIII with two segments of very different length and width and with only one of the three setae present on the distal segment plumose; uropod with fewer setae on both exopod and endopod, both rami similar in length with only two small subterminal spines on endopod; furcal rami with fewer spines and anal operculum unpronounced., Published as part of Camacho, A. I., Mas-Peinado, P., Hutchins, B. T., Schwartz, B. F., Dorda, B. A., Casado, A. & Rey, I., 2021, New stygofauna from Texas, USA: three new species of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea), pp. 979-1007 in Journal of Natural History 55 (15 - 16) on pages 987-990, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1928316, http://zenodo.org/record/5465002

Texanobathynella coloradoensis sp. nov. Camacho and Hutchins, 2020 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9993A16 C-72D9-43FB-9134- C647A4F57AB0 Material examined (Table 1) Type locality. Colorado River, Bastrop County, Texas, USA (WGS 84 30.11187ºN, − 97.32775ºE, 94 m amsl): holotype male (MNCN 20.04 /20169 slide and MNCN / ADN 54869 DNA extract) and two male and one female paratypes (MNCN 20.04 /20170- ADN 54867, MNCN 20.04 /20171- ADN 54870 and MNCN / ADN 54868) (Table 1). Coll. by B. Hutchins, R. Jose, A. Swink and B. Schwartz, 29 March 2017 (sample 170.329-H3). Description. Body elongated, segments widening towards posterior end. Head longer than broad. Antennule (Figure 6 (a)) 6-segmented; last three segments almost as long as first three combined; first segment longest, second and third segments similar to last two, fourth segment shortest; inner flagellum almost square; setation as in Figure 6 (a); fifth segment with two aesthetascs, segment 6 with three terminal aesthetascs. Antenna (Figure 6 (b)) 3-segmented; all segments similar in length; first two segments without setae, third slightly longer than the other two and with two terminal and one median setae. Labrum (Figure 6 (c)). Almost flat, with eight main teeth, and two lateral (bicuspidate) teeth at each angle. Mandible (Figure 6 (d)). Pars incisiva with six well-developed teeth and a small triangular proximal tooth as in Figure 6 (d); pars molaris with six strong claws, the two most proximal setulose, smaller and joined basally; mandibular palp not exceeding pars incisiva. Maxillule (Figure 6 (e)). Proximal endite with four unequal claws; distal endite with five claws, of which two apical smooth, the rest denticulate; three simple, unequal setae subdistally on outer margin of endite, as figured. Maxilla (Figure 6 (f)) 3-segmented; setal formula: 1, 2 + 1, 12. Thoracopods I–VII (Figure 7 (a–g)). Well developed; length gradually increasing from ThI to ThIII (Figure 7 (a–d)); ThIV (Figure 7 (d)) through VII (Figure 7 (g)) of similar length but shorter than ThIII; ThI without epipod; well developed epipod on ThII to VII, slightly surpassing half length of basipod. Basipod of all Ths with one smooth terminal seta similar in length to first segment of corresponding endopod. Exopod 2-segmented (ThI; Figure 7 (a)) or 3-segmented ThII to ThVII; Figure 7 (b)–g); exopod of ThI to VII shorter than corresponding endopod; all exopodal segments with one barbed seta (with groups of ctenidia at base) and one short and smooth outer seta except on last segment, which has a long barbed seta and another shorter plumose seta. Endopod of ThI 4-segmented, first segment small; second and third long and similar in length, both with cluster of strong spinules along outer margin; fourth segment reduced with two smooth strong claws and one simple seta; outer seta on second segment of endopod of ThI–VII plumose. Setal formula of endopod: ThI 2 + 0/0 + 0/0 + 0/3(1) ThII–VII 0 + 0/0 + 1/0 + 0/3(1) Male thoracopod VIII (Figure 6 (g–j)). Almost square. Basal region prolonged anteriorly in penial complex, with three lobes: a subrectangular outer lobe almost completely fused to basipod, placed next to the exopod in internal view; a dentate lobe with rounded distal end covered with small terminal teeth; and an almost triangular inner lobe. Basipod with ‘bilobed crest’; endopod small with two terminal setae and seta at base; exopod reduced to a small conical process. Pleotelson. Without ventral seta. Anal operculum not pronounced, almost flat. First pleopods. Absent. Uropod (Figure 7 (h)). Sympod 3.5 times as long as wide and 1.5 times longer than rami, latter almost equal in length and with six unequal barbed spines, two distal-most almost 3 times longer than rest; endopod terminating in lancet-shaped spine and with two barbed and one plumose setae at base; exopod with three barbed setae. Furca (Figure 7 (i)). Rami almost triangular, with seven barbed spines, distal-most longest; two unequal plumose setae disposed dorsally, of which shortest not reaching tip of terminal spines. Etymology. The specific name, coloradoensis, refers to the Colorado River where the new species was found.

Texanobathynella aaronswinki sp. nov. Camacho and Hutchins, 2020 http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 74A8B360-D749-4576-9987-AC02460B82E7 Material examined (Table 1) Type locality. Sessom Creek, Hays County, Texas, USA (WGS 84 29.88996ºN, − 97.93596ºE, 177 m amsl): holotype male (MNCN 20.04 /20165 slide and MNCN / ADN 54863 DNA extract) and (two male and one female paratypes. Coll. by B. Hutchins and B. Schwartz, 21 July 2015 (sample 150.721-H1). Other localities: South Llano River, Kimble County, Texas, USA (WGS84 30.45342, −99.80060, 520 m amsl): two females, one each from samples 160.415-H2 and 160.415- H3. Same collectors, 15 April 2016. All four specimens examined (three females and one male) (Table 1) belong to the type series: four slides (morphological type series MNCN 20.04 /20165 to MNCN 20.04 /20168), together with four DNA extractions from the specimens used for molecular analysis (DNA types MNCN / ADN 54862, MNCN / ADN 54863, MNCN / ADN 54865 and MNCN / ADN 54866) (see Table 1). Description. Body elongated, segments widening towards posterior end. Head longer than broad. Antennule (Figure 4 (a)) 7-segmented; first three segments much longer than last four segments combined; first segment longest; third segment similar in length to last segment, but triple in width; fifth segment shortest, with four smooth setae; inner flagellum trapezoidal; setation as in Figure 4 (a); segments five with two aesthetascs and segments 6 and 7 with three terminal aesthetascs. Antenna (Figure 4 (b)) 3-segmented, segments similar in length; first two segments without setae, third segment slightly longer than other two, with four setae, of which three terminal, one plumose and the other smooth. Labrum (Figure 4 (c)). Almost flat, with 10 main teeth, of which all bicuspidate except two central, and lateral-most at each side that are multicuspidate. Mandible (Figure 4 (d)). Pars incisiva with four well-developed teeth and very thin proximal tooth as in Figure 4 (d); pars molaris with seven uneven claws, two most proximal setulose, and joined basally; mandibular palp not exceeding pars incisiva. Maxillule (Figure 4 (f)). Proximal endite with four unequal claws; distal endite with five claws, of which two apical smooth, the rest denticulate; three simple unequal setae placed subdistally on outer margin of endite, as figured. Maxilla (Figure 4 (g)) 3-segmented; setal formula: 1, 2 + 1, 13. Thoracopods I–VII (Figure 5 (a–g)). Well developed, increasing gradually in length from ThI to ThIII (Figure 5 (a–c)); ThIV (Figure 5 (d)) to VII (Figure 5 (g)) similar in length; ThI without epipod; epipod well developed on ThII to VII, reaching a little more than half length of basipod. Basipod of all Ths with one short, smooth terminal seta. Exopod 2-segmented (ThI, VI, VII; Figure 5 (a,f,g)), 3-segmented (ThII–ThV; Figure 5 (b–e)); exopod of ThI–III, VI and VII shorter than corresponding endopod, rami similar in length in ThIV–V; all exopodal segments with one barbed seta (with groups of ctenidia at base) and one short and smooth outer seta, except last segment, which has a long barbed seta and a shorter plumose seta. Endopod of all thoracopods 4-segmented, first segment small, second and third long and similar in length, both with cluster of strong spinules along outer margin; fourth segment reduced with two strong smooth claws and one simple seta; outer seta of second segments of Th I–VII plumose. Setal formula of endopod as follows: ThI 1 + 1/1 + 1/1 + 0/3(1) ThII–VII 0 + 0/0 + 1/0 + 0/3(1) Male thoracopod VIII (Figure 4 (h,i)). Rectangular, 1.5 times as long as wide, comprising basipod with both exopod and endopod inserted on posterior side of segment. Proximal region of basipod prolonged anteriorly onto penial complex, with three lobes: subrectangular outer lobe fused with basipod, placed adjacent to exopod in internal view; small dentate lobe covered with small terminal ‘tubercles’ and rounded inner lobe with a small bulge on distal end. Basipod not very short, with seta implanted close to insertion of endopod; latter small and with two setae; exopod, only visible on the back side of basipod, reduced to a small conical process. Female thoracopod VIII (Figure 5 (j)). Trapezoidal, unsegmented, with three small teeth on distal end. Pleotelson. Without ventral seta. Anal operculum not pronounced, almost flat. First pleopods. Absent. Uropod (Figure 5 (h)). Sympod 3.5 times as long as wide and 2.5 times longer than rami, with six unequal barbed spines, distal spines twice longer than rest. Rami equal in length; endopod terminating in lancet-shaped spine, with two barbed and one plumose setae at base; exopod with three barbed setae. Furca (Figure 5 (i)). Rami almost triangular, each with six barbed spines, terminal two longer than rest; two unequal plumose setae implanted dorsally on each ramus, more internal seta reduced. Etymology. The species is named after Aaron Swink, junior researcher, who played a major role in the sampling of hyporheic sites in Texas and educated youth about groundwater ecology for 5 years as Assistant Director for the Edwards Aquifer Research and Data Center’s education programme. The epitheton is a noun in the genitive singular masculine., Published as part of Camacho, A. I., Mas-Peinado, P., Hutchins, B. T., Schwartz, B. F., Dorda, B. A., Casado, A. & Rey, I., 2021, New stygofauna from Texas, USA: three new species of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea), pp. 979-1007 in Journal of Natural History 55 (15 - 16) on pages 993-997, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1928316, http://zenodo.org/record/5465002, {"references":["Hutchins BT, Swink AP, Diaz PH, Schwartz BF. 2020. Environmental influences on invertebrate diversity and community composition in the hyporheic zone ecotone in Texas, USA: contrasts between co-occurring epigean taxa and stygobionts. Hydrobiologia. 847 (19): 3967 - 3982. doi: 10.1007 / s 10750 - 020 - 04379 - 8"]}

Montanabathynella Camacho et al., 2009 Amended diagnosis Antennule 7-segmented with terminal aesthetascs present on fifth to seventh segments. Antenna 6-segmented. Mandible pars molaris protruding. Proximal endite of maxillule with four claws; eight or nine claws present on distal endite. Exopod of thoracopod I to VII 2- to 6-segmented; epipod absent from thoracopod I or I to III; first and second segment of endopod of thoracopods I to V or to VII each with a plumose dorsal seta. Male thoracopod VIII enlarged, twice as long as wide; basipod trapezoidal with one terminal seta; two setae on small endopod; exopod longer than endopod, longer than wide and recurved anteriorly; four lobes present on penial complex: inner lobe, outer lobe, dentate lobe and small lobe; rounded inner lobe completely integrated into the basal region; small lobe independent of inner lobe, with small dorsal teeth; outer lobe twice as long as wide; dentate lobe smaller than inner lobe. Female thoracopod VIII 2-segmented with teeth or spines on first segment; second segment with three long terminal setae. Pleopods absent. Spines on sympod of uropod subequal, distalmost twice as long as rest; endopod with two strong terminal spines, one spinous process and three apical setae; exopod with 7–12 setae. Type species: Montanabathynella salish, Camacho et al. 2009. Other species in the genus: M. pecosensis sp. nov., described herein., Published as part of Camacho, A. I., Mas-Peinado, P., Hutchins, B. T., Schwartz, B. F., Dorda, B. A., Casado, A. & Rey, I., 2021, New stygofauna from Texas, USA: three new species of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea), pp. 979-1007 in Journal of Natural History 55 (15 - 16) on pages 986-987, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1928316, http://zenodo.org/record/5465002, {"references":["Camacho AI, Stanford JA, Newell RL. 2009. The first record of Syncarida in Montana, USA: a new genus and species of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea, Bathynellacea) in North America. J Nat Hist. 43 (5 - 6): 309 - 321. doi: 10.1080 / 00222930802590729"]}

Context: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons originate outside the central nervous systemin the olfactory placode and migrate into the central nervous system, becoming integral components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Failure of this migration can lead to idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)/Kallmann syndrome (KS). We have previously shown that CCDC141 knockdown leads to impaired migration of GnRH neurons but not of olfactory receptor neurons.

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