Search

Fiche phonologie pour l'allemand dans le cadre de LGIdF, projet de d'inventaire et description des langues parlées en (Ile-de-)France à destination des professeurs en classe d'accueil (UPE2A) enseignant le français aux primo-arrivants.

International audience; "Robot-directed speech" désigne la parole adressée à un appareil robotique, des petites enceintes domestiques aux robots humanoïdes grandeur-nature. Les études passées ont analysé les propriétés phonétiques et linguistiques de ce type de parole ou encore l'effet de l'anthropomorphisme des appareils sur la sociabilité des interactions, mais l'effet de l'anthropomorphisme sur les réalisations linguistiques n'a encore jamais été exploré. Notre étude propose de combler ce manque avec l'analyse d'un paramètre phonétique (débit de parole) et d'un paramètre linguistique (fréquence des pauses remplies) sur la parole adressée à l'enceinte vs. au robot humanoïde vs. à l'humain. Les données de 71 francophones natifs indiquent que les énoncés adressés aux humains sont plus longs, plus rapides et plus dysfluents que ceux adressés à l'enceinte et au robot. La parole adressée à l'enceinte et au robot est significativement différente de la parole adressée à l'humain, mais pas l'une de l'autre, indiquant l'existence d'un type particulier de la parole adressée aux machines.

Vocal languages across the world are estimated to be approximately 6000, yet only a handful of them are well-resourced, thus limiting typological investigations, i.e., language-comparison studies aiming at understanding universal trends in language. Crowd-sourced data could participate in creating homogenous multilingual corpora and therefore provide a revolutionary tool to give researchers access to large amounts of data in rare or remote languages. Yet crowd-sourced data are usually recorded with non-professional tools in non-silent environments, which represents a challenge to anyone wishing to use them for phonetic research. In this paper, we show how crowd-sourced data can participate in academic research by using audio files from Lingua Libre, Wikimedia France’s open-access linguistic library, to test the Inventory Size Hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that the more phonological vowel categories a language has, the less internal phonetic variation vowels will display. The platform allows us to investigate the acoustic measurements of the three cardinal vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ in 7 less-resourced languages with various numbers of vowel categories. Our results replicate the results of previous literature, which shows that our methodology is promising. Lingua Libre thus successfully allows to investigate a scientific question with theoretical implications for larger models of communication, and to bridge the gap between well and less-resourced languages in an inclusive, homogeneous data set of the world’s languages.

International audience; Oral corpora for linguistic inquiry are frequently built based on the content of news, radio, and/or TV shows, sometimes also of laboratory recordings. Most of these existing corpora are restricted to languages with a large amount of data available. Furthermore, such corpora are not always accessible under a free open-access license. We propose a crowd-sourced alternative to this gap. Lingua Libre is the participatory linguistic media library hosted by Wikimedia France. It includes recordings from more than 140 languages. These recordings have been provided by more than 750 speakers worldwide, who voluntarily recorded word entries of their native language and made them available under a Creative Commons license. In the present study, we take Polish, a less-resourced language in terms of phonetic data, as an example, and compare our phonetic observations built on the data from Lingua Libre with the phonetic observations found by previous linguistic studies. We observe that the data from Lingua Libre partially matches the phonetic inventory of Polish as described in previous studies, but that the acoustic values are less precise, thus showing both the potential and the limitations of Lingua Libre to be used for phonetic research.

The LREC 2022 Proceedings are available at http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2022/index.html Yaru WU : membre associée au LPP/CNRS (UMR 7018, Université Sorbonne-Nouvelle) et au LISN/CNRS (UMR 9015, Université Paris-Saclay), équipe : Traitement du Langage Parlé (TLP).; International audience; This paper builds upon recent work in leveraging the corpora and tools originally used to develop speech technologies for corpus-based linguistic studies. We address the non-canonical realization of consonants in connected speech and we focus on voicing alternation phenomena of stops in 5 standard varieties of Romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian). For these languages, both large scale corpora and speech recognition systems were available for the study. We use forced alignment with pronunciation variants and machine learning techniques to examine to what extent such frequent phenomena characterize languages and what are the most triggering factors. The results confirm that voicing alternations occur in all Romance languages. Automatic classification underlines that surrounding contexts and segment duration are recurring contributing factors for modeling voicing alternation. The results of this study also demonstrate the new role that machine learning techniques such as classification algorithms can play in helping to extract linguistic knowledge from speech and to suggest interesting research directions.Video https://s3.eu-west-2.wasabisys.com/lrec2022/sessions/555.mp4

Additional file 2: Fig. S2. Molecular characterization of a library of BAI3���tal mutant strains. Genomic DNA of the wild-type Xoo strain BAI3 and derivative BAI3���tal mutants were digested by BamHI-HF which cuts on either side of the central repeat region of tal genes and revealed by Southern blot using a 725-bp C-terminal talCMAI1 amplicon as probe (Yu et al. 2011). Individual mutants were obtained for each tal gene with the exception of talH. One double talG/talH mutant was analyzed instead. BAI3��talB was obtained previously, also using the suicide plasmid pSM7 (Tran et al., 2018), and is therefore not included here. tal genes are indicated to the left and DNA sizes to the right. Red arrows indicate the tal gene(s) that were mutated.

Additional file 3: Fig. S3. Phenotypic responses upon leaf-infiltration of CT13432 and FKR47N plants with BAI3���talI and BAI3���talF mutants. Leaves of rice varieties IR64, CT13432, FKR47N and Azucena were infiltrated with the wild type African Xoo strain BAI3 and the mutant derivatives BAI3��talD, BAI3��talI and BAI3��talF. Inoculated leaves were photographed at 5 dpi.

Additional file 5: Fig. S5. Western-blot analysis of Xoo total protein extracts using an anti-TALE antibody. Proteins extracts prepared from Xoo strain BAI3 carrying the empty vector pKEB31 (EV), BAI3��talI carrying the empty vector pKEB31 (EV), BAI3 carrying the tal2h truncTALE gene, and BAI3��talI with tal2h and the pSKX1 empty vector (EV), or pSKX1 containing talIBAI3 or talIMAI1 or talIMAI1��AD. BAI3 tal genes and tal2h are indicated to the left and right, respectively. Molecular weight is indicated.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Western-blot of PXO99A Xoo transformant total protein extracts using an anti-TALE antibody. Protein extracts prepared from the wild-type Xoo strain PXO99A and the Xoo strain PXO99A carrying, on the vector pSKX1, each of the nine tal genes of the Malian strain MAI1 and their variants in the Burkinabe strain BAI3. Reference molecular weights are indicated at right. The expressed MAI1 and BAI3 TALE proteins are each indicated by a red dot. Bands of lower molecular weight not present in the wild-type PXO99A extract are degradation products of the heterologously expressed TALEs, commonly observed.

The present paper aims at providing a first study of lenition-and fortition-type phenomena in coda position in Romanian, a language that can be considered as less-resourced. Our data show that there are two contexts for devoicing in Romanian: before a voiceless obstruent, which means that there is regressive voicelessness assimilation in the language, and before pause, which means that there is a tendency towards final devoicing proper. The data also show that non-canonical voicing is an instance of voicing assimilation, as it is observed mainly before voiced consonants (voiced obstruents and sonorants alike). Two conclusions can be drawn from our analyses. First, from a phonetic point of view, the two devoicing phenomena exhibit the same behavior regarding place of articulation of the coda, while voicing assimilation displays the reverse tendency. In particular, alveolars, which tend to devoice the most, also voice the least. Second, the two assimilation processes have similarities that could distinguish them from final devoicing as such. Final devoicing seems to be sensitive to speech style and gender of the speaker, while assimilation processes do not. This may indicate that the two kinds of processes are phonologized at two different degrees in the language, final devoicing being more sociolinguistically stigmatized than assimilation., Cet article (pp. 226-234) vise à présenter la première étude sur les phénomènes de lénition et de fortition en coda en roumain, travail complété ensuite par une comparaison avec le français (Hutin et al., accepté à JEP 33). Pour ce faire, nous avons exploré 3,5 heures de parole journalistique et 3,5 heures de parole spontanée alignées automatiquement avec variantes de prononciation (la consonne pouvait être étiquetées comme non-canoniquement voisée ou dévoisée). Nos données montrent qu’il y a deux contextes favorisant le dévoisement en roumain : devant une obstruante non-voisée, ce qui indique qu’il y a de l’assimilation régressive de non-voisement dans cette langue, et devant pause, ce qui indique qu’il y a une tendance au dévoisement final proprement dit. Les données montrent aussi que le voisement non-canonique est une instance d’assimilation de voisement car il est observé essentiellement devant consonnes voisées (obstruantes voisées et sonantes). Deux conclusions s’imposent. D’abord, d’un point de vue phonétique, les deux phénomènes de dévoisement présentent le même comportement quant au lieu d’articulation de la coda, tandis que l’assimilation de voisement présente le comportement inverse. Notamment, les obstruantes alvéolaires ont tendance à dévoiser le plus, mais aussi à voiser le moins. Ensuite, les deux phénomènes d’assimilation présentent des similarités qui permettent de les distinguer du dévoisement final proprement dit. Le dévoisement final semble sensible au style de parole et au genre du locuteur, pas les phénomènes d’assimilation. Ceci pourrait indiquer que les deux types de phénomènes sont phonologisés dans la langue à des degrés différents, l’assimilation étant plus acceptée et généralisée que le dévoisement final.

International audience; French schwa is traditionally referred to as a weak or reduced vowel noted [ә] restricted to unstressed syllables and variably alternating with zero. It can surface wordinternally as in [sәmɛn], semaine, 'week', or word-finally as in [katχә], quatre, 'four'. In Standard French, it is considered a deletable lexical vowel when word-internal, but an epenthetic segment when word-final (Tranel 1981, Eychenne 2019, Hutin et al. 2020). Since Mende (1880), the patterns for its realization have been extensively studied, but less has been said about its distribution exclusively in word-final position in Standard French. The reason behind this imbalance lies in the fact that studies of variation phenomena are necessarily limited by the data. The initial ones mostly relied on grammaticality judgments by one or few informants: Consequently, they explored only lexical schwas, for which the judgment is straightforward. For example, native speakers of French know that they can pronounce pelouse, 'lawn' either as [pәluz] or [pluz] but not blouse, 'blouse' as *[bәluz]. Later studies, based on small corpora, did not allow extended detailed research. To provide a statistically reliable picture, such fine-grained variable phonetic phenomena are best investigated with a sufficient amount of tokens from natural data (Coleman et al. 2016). We thus used three large corpora: 1) ESTER (Galliano et al. 2005) contains 80h of (semi-)prepared speech (radio broadcast news) that we filtered to keep only ca. 40h of Standard French data; 2) ETAPE (Gravier et al. 2012) contains 13.5h of radio data and 29h of TV data, including debates and interviews; 3) NCCFr (Torreira et al. 2010) is comprised of 31h of face-to-face interactions between friends. Following the method described in Hallé and Adda-Decker (2011), an automated speech recognition (ASR) system for French (Gauvain et al. 2002, 2005) was used in forced alignment mode systematically allowing variants both with and without schwa. For example, the word mode, 'fashion' could be aligned with the transcriptions [mɔd] or [mɔdә] depending on whether the system judged that the coda was followed by a schwa or not. A generalized linear model was applied to the data to measure the part of extralinguistic factors such as speech style ((Wu et al. 2016, 2017), gender (Wu et al. 2017, Purse 2019) and orthography (Durand and Eychenne 2004, Eychenne 2019, Purse 2019) as well as linguistic factors such as phonotactic constraints on the length of the consonantal sequence around schwa-site (Grammont 1894, Delattre 1966, Bürki et al. 2011, Wu et al.2017), the quality of the word-final consonant (Hansen and Mosegaard-Hansen 2002) and the quality of the first segment of the following word (Dell 1970, Côté 2000). We thus propose the first extensive description of word-final schwa after all obstruents of Standard French, i.e. /ptkfsʃbdgvzʒ/, based on more than 110h of speech, i.e. ca. 125.000 tokens, validated with a statistical model. This study is interesting for the knowledge it provides regarding word-final schwa in French, but also as an example of what large corpora and automated methodologies can bring to linguistic inquiry of fine-grained free variation.

Yaru WU : membre associée au LPP/CNRS (UMR 7018, Université Sorbonne-Nouvelle) et au LISN/CNRS (UMR 9015, Université Paris-Saclay), équipe : Traitement du Langage Parlé (TLP).; International audience; In this study we examine phonetic variation of discourse markers in French, using for this purpose the4-hour richly annotated LOCAS-F corpus. Both linguistic factors and stylistic variables are considered:speech style, part-of-speech category, mean phone duration and vowel formant distributions with respect tothe word status. The results show that the use of discourse markers increases with the degree of spontaneity of the speech. Coordinating conjunctions are thepart-of-speech which is most frequently used for discourse markers. Moreover, the mean phone durationtends to be shorter and the vowel space more centralized when words are employed as discourse markers,suggesting that discourse markers undergo hypoarticulation and, more generally, reduction.

In this study we examine phonetic variation of discourse markers in French, using for this purpose the 4-hour richly annotated LOCAS-F corpus. Both linguistic factors and stylistic variables are considered: speech style, part-of-speech category, mean phone duration and vowel formant distributions with respect to the word status. The results show that the use of discourse markers increases with the degree of spontaneity of the speech. Coordinating conjunctions are the part-of-speech which is most frequently used as discourse markers. Moreover, the mean phone duration tends to be shorter and the vowel space more centralized when words are employed as discourse markers, suggesting that discourse markers undergo hypoarticulation and, more generally, reduction.

International audience

International audience; Abstract. Is word-final schwa in Standard French a “phonetic lubricant”? Schwa is a weak or reduced vowel noted [ə], alternating with zero and limited to unstressed syllables. In Standard French, it can appear word-internally or word-finally. In this paper, we present an extended study of word-final schwa, and more precisely about its role as a “phonetic lubricant” (Purse 2019). Is word-final schwa really a lubricant? Does it indeed play a role at a purely phonetic level? To answer these questions, we used three large corpora of French containing more than 110 hours of speech to establish the presence of word-final schwa as a function of the number of consonants in the sequence (Three Consonants Rule by Grammont 1894) and of speech style. We also assess the role of schwa on low-level adjacency effects such as final devoicing and regressive voicing assimilation. We conclude that word-final schwa is correlated with ease of production, with careful speech more than casual speech, and that its presence is highly correlated with less adjacency effects – as if it acts as a shield blocking consonant alterations, thus facilitating the mapping between surface form and underlying form.; Résumé. Le schwa est une voyelle faible ou réduite notée [ə] alternant avec zéro et restreinte aux syllabes non-accentuées. En français standard, ilpeut faire surface à l’intérieur ou en fin de mot. Nous proposons ici une étude du schwa final de mot exclusivement, en particulier par le prisme dela question du schwa final en tant que « lubrifiant phonétique » (Purse 2019). Le schwa final est-il réellement un lubrifiant ? Joue-t-il seulement un rôle sur le plan exclusivement phonétique ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons utilisé trois très grands corpus du français (plus de 110 heures de discours) pour établir la présence du schwa final selon les contraintes phonotactiques (la loi des trois consonnes, Grammont 1894) et le style de parole, mais aussi son rôle sur les phénomènes d’adjacence de bas niveau que sont le dévoisement final et l’assimilation régressive de voisement en français standard. Nous concluons que le schwa final est en effet corrélé au nombre de consonnes dans la séquence, et au style de parole ; de surcroît, sa présence est significativement corrélée à beaucoup moins d’effets d’adjacence – comme s’il jouait le rôle de bouclier, facilitant l’adéquation entre forme de surface et forme sous-jacente.

The Xo1 locus in the heirloom rice variety Carolina Gold Select confers resistance to bacterial leaf streak and bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola and X. oryzae pv. oryzae, respectively. Resistance is triggered by pathogen-delivered transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) independent of their ability to activate transcription and is suppressed by truncated variants called truncTALEs, common among Asian strains. By transformation of the susceptible variety Nipponbare, we show that one of 14 nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein genes at the locus, with a zinc finger BED domain, is the Xo1 gene. Analyses of published transcriptomes revealed that the Xo1-mediated response is more similar to those mediated by two other NLR resistance genes than it is to the response associated with TALE-specific transcriptional activation of the executor resistance gene Xa23 and that a truncTALE dampens or abolishes activation of defense-associated genes by Xo1. In Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, fluorescently tagged Xo1 protein, like TALEs and truncTALEs, localized to the nucleus. And endogenous Xo1 specifically coimmunoprecipitated from rice leaves with a pathogen-delivered, epitope-tagged truncTALE. These observations suggest that suppression of Xo1-function by truncTALEs occurs through direct or indirect physical interaction. They further suggest that effector coimmunoprecipitation may be effective for identifying or characterizing other resistance genes.

Le présent document recense quelques 350 chaînes YouTube culturelles et scientifiques francophones potentiellement adaptées à un usage éducatif, sélectionnées pour la qualité de leur contenu. Les chaînes sont rangées ici par disciplines traditionnellement enseignées à l’école en France : littérature, langue, histoire, géographie, éducation civique, philosophie, économie, mathématiques, physique-chimie, biologie, technologie, arts, sport et, pour ne pas laisser de côté les atypiques, culture générale. Trois derniers thèmes ont été ajoutés car il semblait qu’ils pouvaient présenter un intérêt transversal, qu’il s’agisse de psychologie, discipline souvent oubliée par les enseignements classiques dont la connaissance peut pourtant s’avérer utile pour le grand public, surtout adolescent ; de méthodologie, dont la maîtrise est nécessaire dans toutes les disciplines ; ou d’enseignement primaire, pour initier les plus jeunes.Chaque entrée indique le nom de la chaîne, cliquable vers la chaîne elle-même, des mots-clefs permettant la requêtabilité du document, et sa description, soit par le ou la vidéaste soit par l’autrice de cette base de données.Ce document, disponible ci-dessous, sera mis à jour périodiquement et est sous licence libre Creative Commons (CC BY SA NC). Ceci étant, nous vous invitons à le diffuser sans lui apporter de modifications

International audience; L’avenir des langues se joue aujourd’hui en partie sur les réseaux numériques, aussi est-il important d’assurer la présence du français et des langues de France dans cet univers. La Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France a lancé en 2016 et 2017 un appel à projets afin de soutenir la recherche et l’innovation dans le domaine des technologies du langage.

Compte-rendu augmenté de la journée "Répondre aux besoins de la société par les sciences du langage" organisée par l'Association Française de Linguistique Appliquée (AFLA), le 16 février 2018 à Paris Vendredi 16 février a eu lieu la conférence-débat de l'AFLA, l'Association Française de Linguistique Appliquée. Le thème de cette journée portait sur les besoins de la société et sur les outils et / ou les réponses que pouvaient leur apporter les sciences du langage. La première demi-journée était consacrée aux besoins actuels : dans le milieu entrepreneurial d'abord, dans le milieu médical ensuite, dans le milieu judiciaire enfin. La deuxième demi-journée portait sur le point de vue scientifique que peut apporter la linguistique aux questions de société, notamment les questions d'identité des minorités, à travers le thème du langage inclusif (et donc la place des femmes) et celui de la Langue des Signes Française (et donc la place des Sourds).