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The need for a sensitive, selective, non-invasive and reversible fluorescent sensor for Zn2+ monitoring is addressed in this work. A novel guest-host system is developed, including a Zn2+ sensitive fluorescent probe, Zinpyr-1, embedded in a porous optically transparent hybrid film. The entrapped probe molecules are accessible and can interact with the external analyte. The immobilized Zinpyr-1 confirms its specificity and selectivity for Zn2+, as shown by sensing tests conducted in buffer solutions that mimic the ionic composition of biological media. The uniqueness of the developed sensor system lies in its reversibility, combined with a fast and selective response, allowing dynamic measurements of zinc concentrations in the 1 µM to 1 mM range within few tens of seconds. Unlike most Zn2+ sensors, this system is a film-based sensor, making it an interesting minimally invasive tool for future studies on how live cells cultured on it dynamically regulate the Zn2+ concentration under controlled physiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The miniaturization trend of future electrical and electronic systems tender higher demands for high‐temperature resistant dielectric capacitors. The exponential increase in leakage current of dielectric polymers under high temperatures and strong electric fields is a pivotal bottleneck constraining the application of capacitors. Herein, a design is described where various animated quantum dots (A‐QDs), serving as crosslinkers, are introduced into the polyimide (PI) matrix to regulate the excitation and transport of carriers. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), it is demonstrated that the intrinsic quantum confinement effect of quantum dots (QDs) significantly enhances carrier immobilization. Moreover, the dynamic stability of the covalently bonded network at elevated temperatures has proven to be effective in reducing dielectric loss, while enhancing the electrical insulation properties of the hybrid films. Therefore, at 200 °C, the optimal hybrid film exhibits an exceptional discharged energy density of 5.8 J cm−3 with an efficiency exceeding 90%, surpassing the performance observed in the majority of other polymer nanocomposites. Collectively, these characteristics highlight the promising potential of incorporating A‐QDs as crosslinked points within the polymer matrix, thereby enhancing the applicability of dielectric polymers for high‐temperature applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to study the interaction between two different açaí extracts used in synthesis of hybrid polymeric films based on chitosan–clay and evaluate its morphological and physical–chemical properties, indeed antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Films with acidified açai extract (FEAA) and non-acidified açai extract (FEBANA) were prepared using the casting method. It was possible to observe a surface with a rough appearance, varying according to the added extract concentration using SEM photomicrographs. The reflection peaks were similar to the Chit–Clay film (2θ = 14° and 16.8°) and the reduction in the degree of chitosan crystallinity for the FEBANA films in relation to FEAA films. The TG data also show that the FEBANA films have a higher percentage of water of hydration than the FEAA films, corroborating this state of anhydrous films for FEAA and state of hydrated films for FEBANA. The FEBANA films were two stretches in the region between 842 and 962 cm−1, and a shoulder 1095 cm−1 covered by bands 1025 cm−1 (Si–O–Si) and can attributed to the PEG plasticizer. This greater detection of PEG stretches in the FEBANA films suggests a greater concentration of PEG on the surface of the FEBANA film. MIC microbiology demonstrated that both types of extracts were capable of inhibiting Gram (−) strains, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram (+) strains, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In disk diffusion, the acidified extract showed inhibition activity for Edwardsiella tarda, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pyogenes. Both extracts are effective in inhibiting the growth of both Gram (−) and Gram (+) bacteria. The FEAA polymeric films showed a higher degree of recovery, reversible chemical bonding with the matrices and consequently greater DPPH free radical scavenging capacity compared to the FEBANA polymeric films. The FEAA and FEBANA films present characteristics of releasing active ingredients from the hybrid polymeric film and can be applied in edible packaging or use in biodegradable smart packaging or as food biopreservative; or even, in pharmaceutical release systems for releasing active ingredients onto the skin, as organic active ingredient release membranes for skin health and beauty, wound healing or even as adjuvants in tissue bioengineering for skin reconstruction after burns and in plastic skin surgery as biodegradable films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combination therapy with oral administration of several active ingredients is a popular clinical treatment for cancer. However, the traditional method has poor convenience, less safety, and low efficiency for patients. The combination of traditional pharmaceutical techniques and advanced material conversion methods can provide new solutions to this issue. In this research, a new kind of hybrid film was created via coaxial electrospraying, followed by a casting process. The films were composed of Reglan and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded cellulose acetate (CA) core-shell particles in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) film matrix. Microscopic observations of these films demonstrated a solid cross section loaded with core-shell particles. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared tests verified that the Reglan and 5-FU loaded in the films showed amorphous states and fine compatibilities with the polymeric matrices, i.e., PVP and CA, respectively. In vitro dissolution tests indicated that the films were able to provide the desired asynchronous dual-drug delivery, fast release of Reglan, and sustained release of 5-FU. The controlled release mechanisms were shown to be an erosion mechanism for Reglan and a typical Fickian diffusion mechanism for 5-FU. The protocols reported herein pioneer a new approach for fabricating biomaterials loaded with multiple drugs, each with its own controlled release behavior, for synergistic cancer treatment.

This work focuses on the obtaining and the bactericidal properties study, in vitro, of hybrid films as potential coating materials to inhibit bacteria proliferation. In consequence, hybrid films from nickel oxide (NiO) and nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) were obtained by the solvent casting method. P3HB@NiO and P3HB@NiFe2O4 hybrid films and P3HB film were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD of the hybrid films showed that NiO and NiFe2O4 NPs incorporated in the P3HB conserved their nanometric size, and by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were observed that NPs are homogeneously distributed in the films. The bactericidal effect of the obtained films was evaluated in vitro from the broth surface method against two opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that P3HB film, P3HB@NiO, and P3HB@NiFe2O4 hybrid films reduced 90%, 98%, and 97% of the growth of S. aureus, respectively. For P. aeruginosa, their growth was reduced by 90%, 94%, and 96%, respectively. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of NiO and NiFe2O4 NPs, as well as P3HB film, and P3HB@NiO, and P3HB@NiFe2O4 hybrid films was evaluated using human skin cells; keratinocytes and fibroblast, being the NPs less cytotoxic than films. Although P3HB is known as a biocompatible polymer, here is demonstrated that in our work conditions, their films have bactericidal properties and are cytotoxic to keratinocytes and fibroblasts, the first barrier of the human skin. However, the P3HB@NiO and P3HB@NiFe2O4 hybrid films synergize the bactericidal effect between the P3HB and the NPs. On the other hand, the NPs decrease the P3HB cytotoxicity to keratinocytes. The methodology used in this work is particularly suitable for producing hybrid films with antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diamond and graphene are considered to be one of the most promising thermal interface materials (TIMs) for electronic devices benefited from their highest thermal conductivity in the natural world. However, orientated fabrication of high thermal conductivity diamond and graphene hybrid arrays with three dimensions (3 D) thermal conductive networks are still problematic. Here, we used a unique one-step microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition, n-butylamine, as the liquid source to prepare a novel high thermal conductivity 3 D vertical diamond/graphene (VDG) hybrid arrays films. The orientated 3 D thermal conduction path of the VDG is regulated by the growth temperature, and the through-plane thermal conductivity value of the VDG700 films up to 97 W m−1 K−1. In the actual TIM performance measurement, the system cooling efficiency with our VDG as TIM is higher than the state-of-the-art commercial TIM, demonstrating the superior ability to solve the inter-facial heat transfer issues in electronic systems.

Semiconductive photocatalytic materials have received increasing attention recently due to their ability to transform solar energy into chemical fuels and photodegrade a wide range of pollutants. Among them, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles have been extensively studied as semiconductive photocatalysts in previous studies on hydrogen generation and environmental purification due to their suitable bandgap and sensitive light response. However, the practical applications of CdS are limited by its low charge separation, which is caused by its weak ability to separate photo-generated electron-hole pairs. In order to enhance the photoelectrochemical activity of CdS, a polymer based on viologen (PHV) was utilized to create a series of PHV/CdS hybrid films so that the viologen unit could work as the electron acceptor to increase the charge separation. In this work, various electrochemical, spectroscopic, and microscopic methods were utilized to analyze the hybrid films, and the results indicated that introducing PHV can significantly improve the performance of CdS. The photoelectrochemical activities of the hybrid films were also evaluated at various ratios, and it was discovered that a PHV-to-CdS ratio of 2:1 was the ideal ratio for the hybrid films. In comparison with CdS nanoparticles, the PHV/CdS hybrid film has a relatively lower band gap, and it can inhibit the recombination of electrons and holes, enhancing its photoelectrochemical activities. All of these merits make the PHV/CdS hybrid film as a strong candidate for photocatalysis applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybridization of layered 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) films via intercalation of guest molecules and ions has recently emerged as a powerful tool to enhance its catalytic activity and stability of electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction. In this study, we report that intercalation of histidine amino acid fragments, formed via the thermal decomposition of amino acid to the low molecular weight planar peptide species –Cα–CO–N–Cα–, in an inter sheet space of nanostructured MoS2 during the hydrothermal synthesis results in the surprisingly high hydrogen evolution reaction catalytic activity and stability. We ascribed this effect to the preferred formation and protection of 1T-MoS2 phase from the transformation to more stable 2H-MoS2 phase during hydrogen evolution reaction processing triggered by the inserted peptides species. Scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry methods were applied for characterization of the synthesized products exposing histidine impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, non-toxic and eco-friendly method has been developed for detection of Fe3+ using the beneficial plant Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) seeds as a carbon source to fabricate a hybrid film (HF). The hybrid film platform comprises of quince seed mucilage and sodium alginate to form a fluorescent hybrid film with green carbon dots derived from poppy seeds (P-CDs). All materials and methods contain non-toxic chemicals. The prepared samples have been characterized morphologically, structurally and optically by spectroscopic techniques. A hydrodynamic radius of the P-CDs is determined as an average of 4.79 nm using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). It has been identified that hybrid film is selective towards Fe3+ ions among different metal ions with one-step by the naked-eye and turn-off detection and selectivity of P-CDs to Fe3+ is determined by fluorescence measurement. The detection limit (LOD) of Fe3+ ion is found as 0.356 mM. Developments of such a hybrid material from sustainable and low-cost sources make it an interesting option as a detection material must be investigated in various fields. For the first time, quince seed mucilage combined with green carbon dots and it has been studied in the detection field as a hybrid film. This study has proven that biotechnological studies about carbon dots can also obtain efficient results by providing green, economic, energy and water saving approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterborne polyurethanes (WBPUs) with relatively high biobased content (up to 43.7%) were synthesized, aiming at their use as coatings for metals and woods. The study was performed on self-standing films obtained from anionic polyurethane water dispersions (PUDs). The initially targeted PUD was prepared from castor oil (CO), while tartaric acid (TA), a byproduct of wine production, was utilized as the internal anionic emulsifier. Although the films were cohesive and transparent, they were fragile, and thus blending the CO-TA PUD with other WBPUs was the chosen strategy to obtain films with improved handling characteristics. Two different WBPUs based on polycaprolactone diol (PCL), a biodegradable macrodiol, were prepared with dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and tartaric acid (TA) as synthetic and biobased internal emulsifiers, respectively. The use of blends with PCL-TA and PCL-DMPA allowed for tailoring the moduli of the samples and also varying their transparency and haze. The characterization of the neat and hybrid films was performed by colorimetry, FTIR-ATR, XRD, DMA, TGA, solubility and swelling in toluene, and water contact angle. In general, the addition of PCL-based films increases haze; reduces the storage modulus, G', which at room temperature can vary in the range of 100 to 350 MPa; and reduces thermal degradation at high temperatures. The results are related to the high gel content of the CO-TA film (93.5 wt.%), which contributes to the cohesion of the blend films and to the crystallization of the PCL segments in the samples. The highest crystallinity values corresponded to the neat PCL-based films (32.3% and 26.9%, for PCL-DMPA and PCL-TA, respectively). The strategy of mixing dispersions is simpler than preparing a new synthesis for each new requirement and opens possibilities for new alternatives in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, fluorinated silica materials were prepared through sol–gel processing with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), triethoxymethylsilane (MTES), and trimethoxyhexadecylsilane (HDTMES), using a fluorinated solution (FS) under acidic medium. The fluorinated solution (FS) was obtained by diluting the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in 2-propanol. These fluorinated sol–gel silica materials were placed on the glass surfaces in order to achieve the antireflective and hydrophobic fluorinated hybrid films. The structure and surface properties of the final samples were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle (CA) determinations. FTIR spectra demonstrated the presence of a silica network modified with alkyl and fluoroalkyl groups. Thermal analysis showed that the fluorinated sol–gel silica materials prepared with HDTMES have a good thermostability in comparison with other samples. Ultraviolet/visible spectra indicated that the fluorinated hybrid films present a reflectance of ~9.5%, measured at 550 nm. The water contact angle analysis found that the wettability of fluorinated hybrid films was changed from hydrophilic (64°) to hydrophobic (~104°). These hybrid films based on fluorinated sol–gel silica materials can be useful in various electronics and optics fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of carbon nanotubes and graphene opens up wide opportunities for the production of nanomaterials with customizable properties and their application in the development of the element base of nanoelectronic devices. To control the properties of hybrid structures formed by graphene and nanotubes, it is important to understand the regularities of physical processes in them at the atomic level. Methods of computer modeling are an effective tool for solving this problem. The purpose of research is to identify the regularities of the influence of the atomic structure features on the electronic properties of hybrid films formed by bilayer graphene and single-walled carbon nanotube of various topologies. Materials and Methods: Energetically stable supercells of four atomic configurations of graphene-nanotube hybrid films were constructed on the basis of nanotubes (5,5), (6,0), (12,6) and (16,0). The analysis of the band structure and distribution of the density of electronic states was carried out for the constructed supercells using a density functional based tight binding method. Results: It has been revealed that the graphene-(5,5) and graphene-(16,0) configurations have a metallic type of conductivity, while the graphene-(6,0) and graphene-(12,6) configurations are characterized by the presence energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band. It has been found that nanotubes play a decisive role in the formation of the density of states profile of hybrid films. The key factor in determining the type of conductivity of hybrid films is the mutual orientation of nanotubes and graphene in the composition of the film. Conclusion: Thus, by varying the chirality of nanotubes and the method of their arrangement relative to graphene, one can control the electronic properties of hybrid graphene-nanotube films.

To impart durable flame retardant property to cotton fabric, a kind of multilayered hybrid film based on environmentally friendly phytic acid, sepiolite, polyaspartic acid, and Fe3+ were deposited on the surface of cotton fabric by layer-by-layer and spraying method to form a dense protective layer. Compared with cotton fabric, hybrid film coated cotton showed excellent flame retardant property and low fire hazard, which can be demonstrated by vertical flame test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimeter test. After-flame time and after-glow time of hybrid film coated cotton is 1 s and 1 s, respectively. LOI value of hybrid film coated cotton increased by 44.4% compared with control sample. Cone calorimeter test revealed a total heat release rate reduction of 52.6% and peak heat release rate reduction of 73.6% for hybrid film coated cotton fabric. This work demonstrates that the hybrid film composed of phytic acid, sepiolite, polyaspartic acid, and Fe3+ could improve the durable flame retardant property of cotton fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to develop films based on chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol. These films were plasticized with glycerol, sunflower oil, and glucose. Mixtures of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol were prepared at a ratio of 1:1 (w:w). Plasticizers were added at final concentrations of 20, 40, and 60% (chitosan weight/w). Physicochemical and mechanical properties of films were analyzed. The results indicated that moisture content, degree of swelling and solubility in the films increased due to glucose and glycerol hydrophilic components. However, this effect was not observed when the sunflower oil was used as plasticizer, due to the hydrophobic nature of this compound. The thickness increased as glycerol content raised, but it decreased when the sunflower oil was added. The films tensile stress and elasticity increased with the addition of glycerol but showed opposite results when the sunflower oil and glucose were added. Water vapor permeability increased proportionally with the glycerol concentration. Finally, the films biodegradability decreased when the plasticizers' concentration increased. Functional groups, morphology and thermal degradation were assessed by FTIR, SEM and TGA, respectively. Morphological characterization of the laminated films with glycerol and glucose showed homogeneous surface and small aggregates. Films-plasticizer with Sunflower oil presented low-uniform surface. The results obtained from this research subjects that biodegradable films are suitable candidates to be used for food coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One of the most important trends in developments in electrospinning is to combine itself with traditional materials production and transformation methods to take advantage of the unique properties of nanofibers. In this research, the single-fluid blending electrospinning process was combined with the casting film method to fabricate a medicated double-layer hybrid to provide a dual-phase drug controlled release profile, with ibuprofen (IBU) as a common model of a poorly water-soluble drug and ethyl cellulose (EC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K60 as the polymeric excipients. Electrospun medicated IBU-PVP nanofibers (F7), casting IBU-EC films (F8) and the double-layer hybrid films (DHFs, F9) with one layer of electrospun nanofibers containing IBU and PVP and the other layer of casting films containing IBU, EC and PVP, were prepared successfully. The SEM assessments demonstrated that F7 were in linear morphologies without beads or spindles, F8 were solid films, and F9 were composed of one porous fibrous layer and one solid layer. XRD and FTIR results verified that both EC and PVP were compatible with IBU. In vitro dissolution tests indicated that F7 were able to provide a pulsatile IBU release, F8 offered a typical drug sustained release, whereas F9 were able to exhibit a dual-phase controlled release with 40.3 ± 5.1% in the first phase for a pulsatile manner and the residues were released in an extended manner in the second phase. The DHFs from a combination of electrospinning and the casting method pave a new way for developing novel functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hass avocadoes are one of the most popular fruits consumed worldwide because of their nutritional and nutraceutical content. Nevertheless, these fruits are susceptible to phytopathogen attacks that decrease fruit quality during the postharvest period. Herein we present the results of the in situ fungistatic activity of four hybrid films (FT1–FT4) manufactured with chitosan and different concentrations of the essential oil of thyme (TvEO). The films were evaluated as biodegradable materials to prevent fruit decay triggered by Clonostachys rosea which is considered an emergent phytopathogen of this crop. The in situ fungistatic strength, spectroscopic properties (FT-IR), optical features (transmittance/opacity), and consistency obtained by microscopic analysis (SEM), indicated that the films FT3 and FT4 possessed the best physicochemical properties to protect Hass avocadoes against the soft rot produced by C. rosea. Avocadoes treated with the films FT3 and FT4 significantly (p < 0.01) conserved fruit firmness and nutritional composition (protein, fat, fiber, and reducing sugars) as well as the nutraceutical content (oleic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids) of infected avocados for 21 days. Our results validate the potential use of the films FT3 and FT4 to prevent the soft rot caused by C. rosea and to improve the shelf life of Hass avocadoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light trapping micro-nano structures have been widely used to optimize the function of solar cell devices, especially microlens arrays (MLAs). In this article, we first prepared composite films by using sol-gel technology and the spin coating method, and then constructed heteromorphic MLAs on the surface of the composite films by using thermal reflow and UV nanoimprint technology; the substrate used was the silicon solar cell. Finally, the performance of the cells was improved. Optical transmission properties and surface morphology of the organic–inorganic hybrid films were detected by using a UV-Vis spectrometer and atomic force microscopy, respectively; it was revealed that the hybrid films had relatively excellent optical transmission performance in the visible light range. Surface structure of the hybrid film MLAs were detected by using SEM. At the same time, the optical imaging capabilities of MLAs were studied by using optical microscopy. Besides, the contact angles of the MLAs were also measured. It can be clearly seen that the prepared MLAs have a regular arrangement, clean appearance, and good imaging capabilities (from the actual test results). Finally, the various parameters of the silicon solar cells with hybrid film MLAs were studied. In addition, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) values increased by about 10.48% for the silicon solar cell with circular MLAs, compared to the silicon solar cell without a structure. The results show a concise and effective method to prepare organic–inorganic hybrid film MLAs on silicon solar cells, with significant improvement in photoelectric conversion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon materials are considered as the ideal electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their diverse structure and nature. However, their poor frequency response is an obstacle to their application in high-frequency supercapacitors. Herein, an ultra-high temperature graphitization process at 2800 °C is proposed to fabricate carbon nanotubes/graphene hybrid films that are successfully employed as the electrode materials of high-frequency supercapacitors. By rational hybridization, the carbon nanotubes/graphene interlinked networks offer fast ion transport paths. Importantly, via a graphitization process at 2800 °C, the as-obtained hybrid films exhibit an ultrahigh in-plane conductivity of 491.81 S cm−1 and favorable out-plane conductivity of 27.98 mS cm−1. Such design brings the as-constructed high-frequency supercapacitors an unprecedented phase angle (up to −56.23°) and area capacitance (up to 230.56 μF cm−2) at 120 Hz, and their cut-off frequency can be nearly 30 times higher than that of films carbonization at 1600 °C. Such increases, further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, are partly attributable to enhancements of ion response arising from the repair of edge defects of graphene. These findings will provide a new method in designing the structure of carbon electrodes for enhancing SCs frequency response performances. Graphitization is proposed to fabricate carbon nanotubes/graphene hybrid films that are employed as electrode materials for high-frequency supercapacitors. The as-obtained hybrid films exhibit excellent electron and ion transport properties due to high conductivity and few exposed graphene edges. These resulting supercapacitors exhibit excellent rate capability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A scalable bio-inspired porous silver-based phytic acid films were created. • The phytic acid was utilized as a biotemplate to guide the nucleation and growth of the silver NPs. • The silver-based phytic acid porous films exhibit high chemical and thermal stability. Porous materials have attracted considerable attention in the fields of energy science and environmental applications. However, it remains a great challenge to achieve scalable bioinspired materials with high durability and chemical stability in a porous framework system. This study reports the synthesis of the first silver-based phytic acid films using phytic acid (PA) as an efficient biotemplate without the need of post-modifications or complex reaction conditions. It is found that the hydroxyl groups of PA played a crucial role in initiating and facilitating the growth of silver NPs and formation of a highly stable porous silver film. The present work shed new light on the use of PA for design and synthesis of porous silver-organic bioinspired films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite films were synthesized by introducing phosphotungstic acid (PWA) into the poly (vinylpyrrolidone and methyl acrylate) (P (VP(N-vinylpyrrolidone)coMA(methyl acrylate))). FT-IR curves illustrated that non-covalent bond interaction was built between PWA particles and organic matrixes. In combination the results of SEM, TG-DTA and DSC, it was conducted that the ratio of functional groups of VP had a critical effect on the surface morphology, thermal stability of the hybrid films. Irradiated with ultraviolet light, the transparent thin hybrid films change from colorless to blue. Stored in air, the hybrid films could recover colorless gradually. The analysis of kinetics told us that higher VP content within the different systems always accompanied more superior photochromic performance, faster coloring and fading speed. Appearance of W5+ in ESR spectra indicated that the photo-reduction process between PWA and copolymer matrix occurred.

This paper describes the fabrication of heteromorphic microlens arrays in the polymethyl methacrylate/titanium/organically modified siloxanes photosensitive hybrid films by UV nanoimprint technique and the applications of the prepared microlens arrays on the organic light-emitting diode. The hybrid films were obtained by combining a sol–gel technique and spin coating method. UV–visible spectroscopy and atomic force microscope are used to characterize the properties of the hybrid films, and the results indicate that the hybrid films have high transmittance and small surface roughness. Scanning electron microscope and surface profile results show that the heteromorphic microlens arrays formed in the hybrid films are uniform and well defined. Optical microscopy results show that the hexagonal microlens arrays have the relatively strong focusing ability and excellent imaging performance. Finally, the microlens arrays are applied to the organic light-emitting diode, the luminous properties of the organic light-emitting diode is enhanced, and there is a maximum improvement of about 43.9% in current efficiency for OLEDs with hexagonal microlens arrays. All the results above indicate that it is a simple and low-cost process to fabricate hybrid film microlens arrays by UV nanoimprint technique, and the prepared microlens arrays have potential applications in the organic light-emitting diode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to low hydrogen adsorption free energy at the edges of 2D-MoS 2 layered sheets, nanostructured MoS 2 materials recently are assigned to prospective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from water. However, the efficiency and stability of HER onto the MoS 2 designed on the conductive substrates are poor. To significantly increase the number of active sites and achieve a long-time working stability, the design of hybrid-type electrodes is crucial. Here, we report the synthesis of a new hybrid material composed of molybdenum disulfide and molybdenum oxides heterostructured with strontium molybdate. For this, a facile one-pot hydrothermal process was developed directly onto the TiO 2 nanotube carpet substrate. The interfacing of strontium molybdate at the electrode substrate verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Time of flight secondary ions mass spectrometry (ToF SIMS) techniques. Considerable higher catalytic activity at the surface of this hybrid film, with the onset potential of 190 mV vs RHE and a Tafel slope of 66 mV dec−1 attaining ~80 mA cm−2 at 0.35 V overvoltage was ascertained. Exciting HER stability in comparison with the pure synthetic MoS 2 was verified by a prolonged potential cycling from 0.05 to −0.35 V versus RHE potential and 45 h continuous HER processing at a constant current density. [Display omitted] • A novel hybrid-type 2D MoS 2 has been developed as effective electrocatalyst for HER. • Hybridization with SrMoO 4 relied on markedly higher stability of MoS 2 -based catalysts. • The findings implied on higher number of active sites in hybrid film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electron accelerator radiation was used for the in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films. The hybrid films were characterized using photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and AC electrical conductivity. PL results show an enhancement of the emission spectra of PVA upon the formation of Au NPs in the PVA matrix. The results reveal that irradiation at 200 kGy resulted in the highest intensity of the emission peaks of both PVA and Au NPs. The DSC results indicated that incorporation of metal nanoparticles in the PVA matrix reduces the thinking of the crystalline structure of PVA. AC electrical conductivity, σac for non-irradiated and irradiated samples (100, 200 and 300 kGy) is measured over a temperature range from 303 up to 363 K at an applied field frequency of 5 MHz. The σac values show an increase with temperature and show its highest values at 100 kGy irradiation dose over that temperature range. Dielectric constant (ε1) exhibits an increase with temperature and maximum values at 100 kGy dose, whereas the dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) follows an opposite trend at that dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational and oriented design of a proper electrode structure is crucial for the realization of desirable properties. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of freestanding hybrid films that feature desirable one-dimensional (1D) structure and favorable electrochemical properties for Li-ions batteries (LIBs). Briefly, by offering a water-steam originated from the real-time thermal decomposition reactions during the carbonization to etch the nanofibers in-situ, the hierarchical porosity and N, P co-doping are simultaneously introduced into carbon nanofibers skeleton. The synergistic effect of these two defects engineering expose more active sites, which can provide a substantial pseudocapacitance to boost the lithium storage performance. In addition, the in-situ coating structure formed by electrospinning process is also helpful to alleviate the volume expansion of Fe 3 O 4. Therefore, the prepared hybrid films display the excellent results by delivering an areal capacity of 1.0 mA h cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2 after 200 cycles in the half-cell. Meanwhile, a practical coin-type full-cell also delivers an areal capacity of 0.62 mA h cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2 after 100 cycles. This work paves the way to constructing rational electrode materials with controllable defect engineering for energy-related applications. Image 1 • Steam etching was provided by real-time reactions during the carbonization. • N, P co-doping and porosity was introduced into carbon nanofibers by one step. • Synergistic effect of two defects engineering exposed more Li+ storage sites. • The exclusive pseudocapacitance boosted the areal capacity of Fe 3 O 4 @P–CNF. • A practical full-cell delivers an areal capacity of 0.62 mA h cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chronological consideration of the films of feminist auteur Anne Haugsgjerd contextualizes her oeuvre in Norwegian and Scandinavian film history. Pointing to influences such as the Belgian-Swedish filmmaker Eric M. Nilsson and the mythology of Marilyn Monroe, it is argued that her narrative voice combines vulnerability and open-mindedness. She expresses herself in a hybrid and montage-based cinematic language, often with a humorous, essayistic voice-over. Her quirky approach touches upon the absurdity of daily life, exposing her personal flaws in a manner similar to that of such younger contemporary actors/directors as Miranda July or Lena Dunham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This examination of Anne Haugsgjerd's first short film, Livet på Frogner (Life in Frogner) (1986) views it as a postmodern project. In many ways it pioneered an aesthetic mode that became more prominent in Norwegian film decades later – the genre-expanding hybrid film – while also using the female voice-over in new and experimental ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, flexible pressure sensors have attracted much attention owing to their potential applications in motion detection and wearable electronics. As a result, important innovations have been reported in both conductive materials and the underlying substrates, which are the two crucial components of a pressure sensor. 1D materials like nanowires are being widely used as the conductive materials in flexible pressure sensors, but such sensors usually exhibit low performances mainly due to the lack of strong interfacial in-teractions between the substrates and 1D materials. In this paper, we report the use of graphene/graphene scrolls hybrid multilayers films as the conductive material and a micro-structured polydimethylsiloxane substrate using Epipremnum aureum leaf as the template to fabricate highly sensitive pressure sensors. The 2D structure of graphene allows to strongly anchor the scrolls to ensure the improved adhesion between the highly conductive hybrid films and the patterned substrate. We attribute the increased sensitivity (3.5 kPa−1), fast response time (<50 ms), and the good reproducibility during 1000 loading-unloading cycles of the pressure sensor to the synergistic effect between the 1D scrolls and 2D graphene films. Test results demonstrate that these sensors are promising for electronic skins and motion detection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the cerium oxide nanorods (CeO 2) were grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates by using a hydrothermal process at growth times of 4hrs, 6hrs and 12hrs and annealed at temperature 3500C. The grown samples were characterized by using Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and UV–Vis spectrometer. Tungsten oxide (WO 3) film was deposited, on these hydrothermally grown nanorods (NRs), by using the DC sputtering process to develop WO 3 /CeO 2 hybrid films. From the SEM and XRD analysis, CeO 2 nanorods were observed at different growth times, and crystalline structures were observed respectively. The optical transmittance decreases with the increase in synthesis time, mainly due to the increase in nanorods' thickness. The diffusion coefficient of 11.24 × 10−11 cm2/s and the cathodic peak current of −10.1 mA was observed for 12-h WO 3 /CeO 2 films and the coloration efficiency of 12 cm2/C was observed for 4-h WO 3 /CeO 2 hybrid film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tinplate, used in the packaging sector and formed from a metal substrate, comprises a steel base which has undergone a surface treatment to produce a thin layer of FeSn2, a tin layer and an oxide tin layer. Currently, packaging using surface treatment is based on the use of chromates because these metals provide an excellent corrosion resistance. Nontoxic alternatives to pre-treatments have been developed in recent years to replace the chromate process. The aim of this work is to analyze the performance of a new hybrid organic-inorganic film obtained from sol-gel consisting of the alkoxide precursors 3-(Trimethoxysilylpropyl)methacrylate (TMSM) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with the addition of cerium nitrate with the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), and electrochemical and morphological characterizations. Moreover, the evolution of the corrosion of the substrate was evaluated to propose a mechanism of corrosion. The results showed a galvanic coupling between the Sn/SnO2 coat (cathode) and the defects exposed at the ferrous base (anode). The organic-inorganic hybrid film containing a cathodic corrosion inhibitor was able to retard the corrosion of the tinplate.

One of the urgent problems of materials science is the search for the optimal combination of graphene modifications and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the formation of layered hybrid material with specified physical properties. High electrical conductivity and stability are one of the main optimality criteria for a graphene/CNT hybrid structure. This paper presents results of a theoretical and computational study of the peculiarities of the atomic structure and the regularities of current flow in hybrid films based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a diameter of 1.2 nm and bilayer zigzag graphene nanoribbons, where the layers are shifted relative to the other. It is found that the maximum stresses on atoms of hybrid film do not exceed ~0.46 GPa for all considered topological models. It is shown that the electrical conductivity anisotropy takes place in graphene/SWCNT hybrid films at a graphene nanoribbon width of 4 hexagons. In the direction along the extended edge of the graphene nanoribbon, the electrical resistance of graphene/SWCNT hybrid film reaches ~125 kOhm; in the direction along the nanotube axis, the electrical resistance is about 16 kOhm. The prospects for the use of graphene/SWCNT hybrid films in electronics are predicted based on the obtained results.

Nanocomposite films were synthesized by introducing phosphotungstic acid (PWA) into the poly (vinylpyrrolidone and methyl acrylate) (P (VP(N-vinylpyrrolidone)coMA(methyl acrylate))). FT-IR curves illustrated that non-covalent bond interaction was built between PWA particles and organic matrixes. In combination the results of SEM, TG-DTA and DSC, it was conducted that the ratio of functional groups of VP had a critical effect on the surface morphology, thermal stability of the hybrid films. Irradiated with ultraviolet light, the transparent thin hybrid films change from colorless to blue. Stored in air, the hybrid films could recover colorless gradually. The analysis of kinetics told us that higher VP content within the different systems always accompanied more superior photochromic performance, faster coloring and fading speed. Appearance of W5+ in ESR spectra indicated that the photo-reduction process between PWA and copolymer matrix occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and fabrication of multifunctional UV-shielding materials based on naturally abundant and biodegradable raw materials have far-reaching significance for various practical applications and sustainable development. In the present work, novel multifunctional cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs)/halloysite nanotubes-zinc oxide (HNTs-ZnO) hybrid films with synergic feature of excellent UV-shielding, superhydrophobic properties and thermal stability were firstly fabricated via vacuum-assisted filtration strategy and following hydrophobic modification. The successful immobilization of ZnO nano-protrusions on HNTs surface effectively suppressed the aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles, giving a positive contribution for the UV-shielding performance. Particularly, the CNFs/HNTs-ZnO hybrid films achieved a high UV-blocking efficiency in both UVA (95.7%), UVB (98.7%) and UVC (99.8%). Besides, the filtration membrane template endowed the CNFs/HNTs-ZnO hybrid films with hierarchical rough architecture, and as-fabricated hybrid films presented superhydrophobicity with a contact angle over 155° and simultaneous self-cleaning function. Moreover, the CNFs/HNTs-ZnO hybrid films also displayed an outstanding thermal and UV stability. The findings conceivably indicate that the CNFs/HNTs-ZnO hybrid films provide a versatile way for the development of sustainable multifunctional UV-shielding films and have promising applications in packaging, intelligent windows and other outdoor UV-sensitive materials areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation of polymer−clay nanobrick wall film is considered as an ingenious, effective and environment friendly strategy to prevent metal corrosion. The key point is to design and synthesize ultrathin and well dispersed clay nanosheets, which can achieve an orderly orientation in polymer matrix. Herein, we proposed a "bottom-up" strategy to direct synthesis of layered double hydroxides monolayer nanosheets (LDH-NS), and the as-prepared nanosheets was used in a brick wall hybrid film with polyvinyl butyral (PVB) via a straightforward and time-efficient assembly process. The uniform and ultrathin LDH-NS was well aligned along the substrate surface under flow induction and thus forming a highly ordered layered composite film. The present film as a barrier coating for mild steel exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in chloride solutions, because the brick wall structure could effectively inhibit the diffusion of aggressive species. This work provides a new paradigm for designing polymer−clay nanobrick wall hybrid films towards metal anticorrosion applications. Unlabelled Image • LDH monolayer nanosheets was synthesized through a "bottom-up" strategy. • The LDH nanosheets dispersed with well-ordered orientation in PVB matrix. • A layered structure film was fabricated via a facile assembly process. • The present hybrid film as a barrier coating exhibits excellent corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • PET was thiolated by TES molecules to enhance adhesive strength of substrate/film. • Thiol-grafted CNTs by TES molecules with AgNPs to improve interfacial wettability. • AgNPs@CNTs/Ag hybrid films were prepared by an innovative spin-spray method. • Integrated circuit show usage of AgNPs@CNTs/Ag films for flexible electronics. Abstract As the baseplate and hinge of various components for the transmission of circuit signals, the flexible printed circuit (FPC) has become a vital component of flexible electronics. However, the bonding strength of the substrate/film which affects the practical application is usually weak, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), an ideal reinforcement for enhancing metal-based films, show subdued performance for the interfacial wettability problem. Hereon, we presented a method for simultaneously modifying a flexible PET substrate and CNT by the same TES molecules. Consequently, adhesive strength of substrate/film was enhanced effectively to 12 N/cm and the interfacial wettability of CNTs and Ag matrix was improved in the form of coating Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on thiol-grafted CNTs to change the interface from "CNTs-Ag matrix" type to "AgNPs-Ag matrix" type, distinctly reducing the sheet resistance of hybrid films by 64.5% compared to pristine CNTs/Ag hybrid films and 90.9% to silver films, which mattered of great significance for hybrid films. What's more, based on flexible AgNPs@CNTs/Ag hybrid films, multiple electronic components were integrated and perfectly worked, illustrating the practicability of AgNPs@CNTs/Ag hybrid films for flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the low-temperature (100 °C) processing and characteristics of PS TiO 2 cross-linked hybrid films, obtained by a simple sol-gel route using titanium butoxide (TB) as the inorganic source, styrene (ST) as the organic source, and 3-trimetoxy-silyl-propyl- methacrylate (TMSPM) as the coupling agent. The films were characterized by FTIR to identify the characteristic chemical groups. TGA determined the content of the organic and inorganic components. AFM and SEM images revealed the homogeneous and smooth surface with very low roughness of the hybrid films. At macroscopic level, the hybrid films were homogeneous with high transparency and high refractive index, determined from optical spectroscopy. These characteristics support the formation of a cross-linked hybrid material with strong bonds between organic and inorganic phases. The hybrid films dielectric characteristics were studied by measuring capacitance-voltage (C V) and current-voltage (I V) curves in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures. The dielectric constant measured was 5.2 and leakage current around 10−6 A/cm2. Image 1 • Good quality hybrid films processed at low temperature. • In situ, simultaneous polymerization and condensation of phases. • PS TiO 2 cross-linked network formed by TMSPM coupling agent. • Dielectric characteristic analyzed employing MIM structures. • PS properties enhanced by TiO 2 integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we describe the in situ inhibitory activity of three hybrid films (FL1, FL2, and FL3) against two wild strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium digitatum as causal agents of rot in Persian limes. The films FL2 and FL3 contained 1.0 and 1.3 % weight/volume Litsea glaucescens essential oil (LgEO) and significantly (p<0.05) delayed rot emergence in Persian limes caused by both pathogens up to 10 days. The physicochemical properties of LgEO and hybrid films were obtained, whereas detailed HPLC profiling revealed that fruit covered with these films significantly (p<0.01) preserved reducing sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), organic acids (citric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, and oxalic acid), and flavonoids with nutraceutical activity (hesperidin, eriocitrin, naruritin, neohesperidin, diosmin, vitexin, rutin, and quercetin). This evidence sustains that the composites generated in this investigation improve the shelf life of Persian limes and conserve their nutraceutical content., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Free‐standing films of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) based Ni(OH)2 nanowall structures are generated at a liquid/liquid interface involving in situ reaction and self‐assembly. The nanowall network of Ni(OH)2 sheets anchored on rGO layers with 10–15 nm wall thickness and ordered voids of average size 100 nm can serve as excellent candidates for catalyzing electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as they expose maximum edge sites of Ni(OH)2 and allow diffusion and penetration of electrolytes into voids enhancing the contact area of the electrolyte/electrocatalyst interface. The unique morphology of the hybrid films exhibited high electrochemical surface area and low charge transfer resistance. Accordingly, rGO−Ni(OH)2 hybrid films display excellent catalytic activity and high cycling stability in alkaline solutions giving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 378 mV with a Tafel slope of 56 mV dec−1. The hybrid films also exhibited a high specific and areal capacitance of 1402 Fg−1 and 98.12 mF cm−2 at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1. OER activity and capacitance of the hybrid rGO−Ni(OH)2 films are higher compared to that of bare Ni(OH)2 film and is attributed to the synergic effect between the rGO layer and the ordered interconnected nanowall Ni(OH)2 nanostructures. The primary advantage of these hybrid films is that they can be collected on the desired substrate for ready use as electrodes without the use of any external binders. Fabrication of electrodes based on nickel hydroxide nanowall arrays anchored on rGO employing liquid/liquid interface method for use as supercapacitors and electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solution is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]