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Global biodiversity is largely dependent on aquatic habitats. The state of fish habitats and the health of the aquatic ecosystem as a whole are important indicators of environmental quality. In recent years, the implications of human interference and climate change on aquatic environments have gained significant attention. Hydrological modifications driven on by anthropogenic activities are steadily degrading flow conditions and threatening the abundance of fish in the geographic region, while simultaneously having an impact on the health of the watershed. Therefore, the integrated hydrological-hydrodynamic-habitat modelling under diverse flow regimes can be used to assess the eco-sustainability and habitat suitability of the fish species. This article categorizes the habitat variables of fish into three groups: eco-hydrological, hydrodynamic-water quality, and eco-biological. This categorization facilitates an understanding of the mechanisms by which each factor affects fish and their habitats. The study, as the first of its kind, provides an extensive review of eco-hydrological models, hydrodynamic-water quality models, and habitat models, along with their relevant influencing components. It proposes a scientific framework for evaluating the potential hazards of aquatic habitat degradation, with an emphasis on data-scarce regions. This strategy could potentially establish a scientific basis for the preservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems. Article Highlights: A comprehensive overview of the research hotspots and holistic modelling approaches. A framework for freshwater fish habitat assessment with emphasis on data-scarce regions Cascade of eco-hydrological, hydrodynamic-water quality and habitat models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the flood hazard index in Kuala Langsa Village, Langsa City, Aceh, a region prone to frequent flooding due to its low-lying coastal location in eastern Aceh. It serves as a crucial link between North Sumatra and Aceh provinces. The area's significance underscores the importance of understanding and mitigating flood risks. By utilizing the coupled 1D/2D Hydraulic model, flood hazards are accurately predicted and mapped. The field data collection (as calibration) measures the maximum tidal water level based on information from residents affected by flooding on the land surface under their houses. Hydrological conditions during the December 2017 flood event are simulated using HEC-HMS. Hydraulic conditions are evaluated using HEC-RAS 6.4.1. The research aims to assess the flood hazard index in Kuala Langsa Village under spring tide conditions, considering variations in base flow and flood flow with return periods of 2 and 50 years upstream. The main results show that an FHI >2.62 (high) covers an area of 169.74 ha, 2.62 > FHI >2.23 (moderate) encompasses 172.60 ha, and FHI

The current evaluation of the suitability of lithological trap-type compressed gas geological storage sites is mostly based on static factors. It lacks a coupled analysis of dynamic multiple factors, leading to a significant gap between the assessment results and actual engineering applications. To develop a refined method for evaluating the suitability of energy storage sites, an integrated approach that combines static feasibility analysis with dynamic performance assessment, considering key aspects such as reservoir properties, energy storage safety, and practical operability was proposed. The method was applied in the A2 geological formation of the Gudong Oilfield. Through the static analysis of site geological features, quantitative evaluation using GPSFLOW numerical simulation software, and on-site pilot gas injection tests, the results show that after injecting 9.4×104 m3 of air, the pressure in the A2 geological formation decreases by 8.16% within 6 days. It indicates the good sealing performance meeting the requirements of energy storage space. Considering the dynamic performance of energy storage systems, the suitability evaluation method can provide more accurate data support for the site selection, construction, evaluation, and optimization of energy storage efficiency, further promoting sustainable development of clean energy utilization and energy transition.

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Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sikkim Himalaya, a part of the North-Eastern Himalayan region, is affected by the landslides and it causes the loss of life, property, and other human infrastructure, etc. The objective of study is identification of landslides susceptibility zones of the Sikkim Himalaya, using various factors/thematic layers, such as absolute relief, relative relief, relief ratio, dissection index, hypsometric integral, slope index, drainage density, drainage frequency, drainage intensity, drainage texture, infiltration number, junction frequency, length of overland flow, ruggedness index, stream transport index, topographic wetness index, stream power index, and rainfall and all these layers are integrated in Arc GIS software using FR model. These spatial factors are generated using Alos Palsar DEM and rainfall data with the help of the Arc GIS. The FR model was utilised for the purpose of determining the weights of such all-thematic layers for the possibility of landslides occurring in regions that are susceptible to the effects of landslides. These weight of such all thematic layers are combined using the Arc GIS to create the map of landslide susceptibility zones. The map of the landslide susceptibility zones of the region has been split into five distinct categories, including 'very high' (13.20%), 'high' (19.75%), 'moderate' (30.81%), 'low' (27.14%), 'very low' (9.09%). For accuracy analysis of the model the area under the curve is used and is estimated as 84.6% with the help of the FR model and occurrence of previous landslides in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River water environmental capacity (RWEC) is an essential indicator of sustainable development. However, there are several studies on the dependence of RWEC on hydrological and hydraulic factors, especially self-cleaning ability. This study aims to clarify the role of self-cleaning factors in RWEC formation in a specific river basin. The method used in this study employed a set of models, including hydrological and eco-hydrodynamic models, with an added set of water quality parameters. The proposed research framework was applied to a specific river basin for four selected pollutants: NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, and BOD. The results revealed that the self-cleaning factors contributed significantly to the increase in RWEC. Specifically, RWECNH4+ improved by 22.6 % in the wet season and 22.7 % in the dry season; RWECNO3- improved by 10.22 % and 13.08 % in the wet and dry seasons, respectively; RWECPO43- exhibited the most significant improvement (143 % and 73 %, respectively), RWECBOD in the dry season decreased slightly by about 9%, the wet season increased by 88.34%. Our results demonstrate the critical role of self-cleaning factors in improving the carrying capacity, leading to developing medium- and long-term plans to preserve ecosystems in river systems in different basins.

Copyright of Water Conservancy Science & Techonlogy & Economy is the property of Water Conservancy Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

East Flood Canal is a canal built to handle flooding in the city of Jakarta. In addition to the canal flow as the main element, there are also borders on the left and right of the canal as supporting elements of the Banjir Kanal Timur. The border area of the Banjir Kanal Timur has the potential to be used as a green open space or public open space that helps increase the functional, ecological and aesthetic value of the city. The objective of this study is to provide input to optimize the Banjir Kanal Timur border as a public open space while still prioritizing the hydrological and ecological functions This research uses rationalistic and descriptive methods. Data was obtained through observation, interviews and theoretical data, established regulations. The research location was divided into several zones to facilitate analysis. From the results of this study it was found that the boundaries of Banjir kanal Timur can be utilized as a shared public green open space. The existing condition of its land use is still not optimal, does not have adequate facilities and infrastructure as a public area with recreational activities. Limitations of the study – From the results of this study it was found that the boundaries of the Banjir Kanal Timur can be mandated as a team or togetherness of public green spaces. The definition of a community is a social group that shares an environment with each other. This research uses community theory in developing public green open spaces on the banks of the Banjir Kanal Timur through the concept of inclusive landscape design.

The Kuialnyk Estuary belongs to the group of closed estuaries of the Northwestern Black Sea coast and is a unique water body of national importance with therapeutic properties. The natural territories of the Kuialnyk Estuary were declared as a resort of national importance and form a part of the Kuialnyk National Nature Park. The purpose of the research is to introduce the results of the hydrological, hydrochemical, hydrobiological and medico-biological studies of the condition of the Kuialnyk Estuary and seawater in the Odesa Bay that were conducted in 2021 and to compare them with the results of previous years. This would help to determine the conditions under which the estuary’s natural system is functioning, to ensure preservation and restoration of its natural resources, to prevent their pollution, clogging and depletion, as well as to identify changes of the natural resources of the Kuialnyk Estuary in the context of its artificial replenishment with seawater from the Odesa Bay and varying hydro-ecological factors. The general conclusion is as follows: replenishment of the estuary with seawater during the cold period of 2020-2021, increasing amount of atmospheric precipitation and decreasing rate of evaporation from the estuary’s water surface in 2021 raised the Kuialnyk Estuary’s water level. This led to significant improvement of the estuary’s hydro-ecological condition compared to 2020, however, because of its contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons, some toxic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the water quality in 2021 is still assessed as satisfactory. The quality of the bottom sediments of the Kuialnyk Estuary from the environmental perspective is assessed as very poor because of their contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The physicochemical composition of colloidal dispersions of the Kuialnyk Estuary’s peloids is barely different as compared to previous years. As per indicators of Eh (2017-2021) and pH (2020-2021), the quality of the peloids within the area used by the sanatorium did not meet the established conditions and the Medical (Balneological) Conclusion. Compared to 2020, the sanitary and microbiological condition of peloids improved in 2021, however, was still unsatisfactory. The characteristics of peloids’ biological activity during different periods of studies correlate with general mineralization fluctuations. Maintaining oil mineralization at a level not higher than 250 g/dm3 is quite important in order to preserve the unique deposit of natural healing resources of the Kuialnyk Estuary. Therefore, solving the following problems remains a priority: reducing the mineralization of the estuary’s water via increase of the rate of clean fresh water supply from various sources instead of using salty seawater; preventing the pollution from anthropogenic sources from entering the estuary (through water runoff from the watercourses flowing into the Kuialnyk Estuary such as the chute from the sandbar, Korsuntsivska and Hildendorfska gullies and others).

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Researches is the property of Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Land use/land cover, along with climate variability, play vital roles in hydrological functionality of catchments and are leading threats to inter-related hydrological processes. In the current study, a physically distributed Soil and Water Assessment Tool model is used to investigate the impact of historical changes on the hydrologic response of the Damodar catchment (Jharkhand, India) in terms of inflow to the Panchet reservoir. The model was validated for the monthly runoff and inflow at the outlets of four watersheds and three reservoirs in the Damodar catchment before the assessment of changes in inflow at the Panchet reservoir was performed. The analysis of land cover thematic maps prepared using satellite images of Landsat 4, 5 and 7 showed that from 1972 to 2001, the land cover in the Damodar catchment changed considerably. The interpretation of land cover results indicates that significant increases in settlements (140%), waterbodies (98.42%) and agricultural land (26.71%), along with decreases in wasteland (32.63%) and forest (15.28%), occurred due to development. The Mann–Kendall test was used for measuring the rainfall and temperature for the Damodar catchment, which showed that this region became drier during 1970–2005, with decreases in the annual rainfall and increases in the mean temperature. A simulated hydrological impact under land cover dynamics and climate variability in the historical time frame of 1970–2000 using the model revealed a gradual increase of 26.16% in the Panchet reservoir inflow. The study revealed that the increased inflow is relatively greater under the influence of climate variability due to changes in rainfall and temperature, rather than land cover, that were observed over the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Overflows are an ordinary singularity that origins substantial fatalities of lifecycle and possessions and anthropological civilizations each time and persons have recognized it as a predictable occurrence. In this investigation, to forecast the overflowing in Kasiliyan SWAT hydrological prototypical was applied. Evidence wanted to be this investigation, with topographical maps, terrestrial usage, soil information, and climatological information, information about steady precipitation, temperature, and current degree were organized earlier. SUFI-2 database was applied for prototypical standardization. Subsequently the standardization and optimization of the prototypical, justification of the prototypical in the study zone was completed. The standardization of the prototypical was done from 2004 to 2010 and corroboration was completed from 2011 to 2014. To examine the consequences of arithmetical gauges R2, bR2, and Nash Sutcliffe constant were applied. Afterward prototypical standardization the particular constants were 0.79, 0.66, and 0.79 and the individual corroboration constants were 0.79, 0.76, and 0.71. The sensitivity consequences of 25 components that are important on overflow aquatic displayed that static components of groundwater improper current, its period, and the smallest quantity of aquatic essential for groundwater improper current are more complex than other components. Quantity Kasiliyan component curvatures were applied for overflow washbasin. Kasiliyan washbasin was separated into 24 zones to investigate the overflowing design. Lastly applying the overhead professed Mockups, it was decided that sub basin number 7 had the primary-rank with runoff 128.06, sub basin number 12 had the next rank with overflow in relations of overflowing and sub basin number 2 with a 12.62 has the minimum quantity of overflow.

The present study tackled the geomorphological perils of Rahaliya town, which is located in the southeastern part of Ramadi district within Anbar Governorate. It occupies an area of (2863 km2). The natural, morphometric and hydrological features were studied, and the impact of these features in determining the strength and quality of geomorphological perils within the study area was shown. However, the study used modern technologies and special mathematical equations in calculating the values of the variables required in order to draw maps of the perils to which the study area is exposed, as the study included determining the dangers of morphometric, hydrological and net flow features. studied. The basins in which the degree of danger is (1), which is of less danger, included one basin that is (4) to occupy a percentage (20%) of the total basins, while the basins in which the degree of danger is (2), which is of medium danger, occupied a percentage of ( 40%) of the total basins, to include basins (2, 5), while the basins with a degree of dangernet (4) and which are very dangerous occupied (40%) of the total studied basins, represented by basins (1, 3).

As the resolution of global and regional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models increases, urban parameterizations are increasingly important because urbanization has significant impacts on the surface energy and water balance. However, NWP models tend to fail to accurately simulate the surface latent heat flux, with most urban canopy models lacking or oversimplifying urban hydrological and vegetation processes. In this study, we develop an urban hydrology scheme and couple it with WRF/BEP + BEM, which improves the regional model performance in urban areas at high resolution. The evaluation results show improved model accuracy not only for the surface latent heat flux but also for the air temperature and humidity. The vertical section analysis suggests that the urban hydrology scheme can have impacts on the boundary layer to a height of 1,000 m. Consequently, improved precipitation simulation causes reasonable prediction of urban surface water depth, which is valuable for early warning of waterlogging. Key Points: We develop an urban hydrology scheme and couple it with WRF/BEP + BEM to improve model performance in the regional model in urban areasThe evaluation results show improved model accuracy not only for the surface latent heat flux but also for air temperature and humidityThe impact of urban hydrology scheme can attain a height of 1,000 m [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought vulnerability is the extent to which an area is susceptible to damage as well as causing a threat to human society. Drought frequently occurs in the Indian state of Rajasthan, and so far, very little attention has been paid towards its vulnerability assessment. Therefore, the present study focuses on a spatial multi-criteria integrated technique for an all-out drought vulnerability assessment and mapping consisting of geographic information systems (GIS) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques. The data have been acquired from various secondary sources pertaining to a total of 16 indicators under meteorological (rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration), hydrological (hydrogeology, elevation, groundwater level, groundwater development and surface water bodies), agricultural (available water holding capacity of soils, land use and slope) and socio-economic (density of population, female-to-male ratio, irrigated land, agriculture-dependent population and deep tube wells) drought categories. Further, spatial layers for each category have been developed by various GIS operations followed by the calculation of weights for each drought category and type employing pair-wise comparison matrices by means of AHP criterion. Afterwards, individual drought category and comprehensive drought vulnerability maps have been prepared by employing the weighted overlay technique. The generated maps have effectively displayed the areal spreads and levels of drought vulnerability with respect to normal, mild, moderate, severe and extreme category of droughts. The findings from this study have demonstrated a proneness of severe to extreme drought vulnerability in 25% area of the state. Distinctively, the eastern, western, central and small pockets of south-western parts of the state have witnessed severe to extreme drought vulnerability, while the remaining areas have demonstrated normal to moderate drought vulnerability. The results of the overall drought vulnerability have been validated by employing normalized difference vegetation index and past occurrence of drought disasters, which revealed an accuracy of 81%. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of geoinformatics and AHP techniques in comprehensive drought vulnerability assessment and mapping. Finally, the findings of the present study may be easily applied for designing suitable drought mitigation strategies of the vulnerable areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overflows are an ordinary singularity that origins substantial fatalities of lifecycle and possessions and anthropological civilizations each time and persons have recognized it as a predictable occurrence. In this investigation, to forecast the overflowing in Kasiliyan SWAT hydrological prototypical was applied. Evidence wanted to be this investigation, with topographical maps, terrestrial usage, soil information, and climatological information, information about steady precipitation, temperature, and current degree were organized earlier. SUFI-2 database was applied for prototypical standardization. Subsequently the standardization and optimization of the prototypical, justification of the prototypical in the study zone was completed. The standardization of the prototypical was done from 2004 to 2010 and corroboration was completed from 2011 to 2014. To examine the consequences of arithmetical gauges R2, bR2, and Nash Sutcliffe constant were applied. Afterward prototypical standardization the particular constants were 0.79, 0.66, and 0.79 and the individual corroboration constants were 0.79, 0.76, and 0.71. The sensitivity consequences of 25 components that are important on overflow aquatic displayed that static components of groundwater improper current, its period, and the smallest quantity of aquatic essential for groundwater improper current are more complex than other components. Quantity Kasiliyan component curvatures were applied for overflow washbasin. Kasiliyan washbasin was separated into 24 zones to investigate the overflowing design. Lastly applying the overhead professed Mockups, it was decided that sub basin number 7 had the primary-rank with runoff 128.06, sub basin number 12 had the next rank with overflow in relations of overflowing and sub basin number 2 with a 12.62 has the minimum quantity of overflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reviews the current GeoAI and machine learning applications in hydrological and hydraulic modeling, hydrological optimization problems, water quality modeling, and fluvial geomorphic and morphodynamic mapping. GeoAI effectively harnesses the vast amount of spatial and non-spatial data collected with the new automatic technologies. The fast development of GeoAI provides multiple methods and techniques, although it also makes comparisons between different methods challenging. Overall, selecting a particular GeoAI method depends on the application's objective, data availability, and user expertise. GeoAI has shown advantages in non-linear modeling, computational efficiency, integration of multiple data sources, high accurate prediction capability, and the unraveling of new hydrological patterns and processes. A major drawback in most GeoAI models is the adequate model setting and low physical interpretability, explainability, and model generalization. The most recent research on hydrological GeoAI has focused on integrating the physical-based models' principles with the GeoAI methods and on the progress towards autonomous prediction and forecasting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the ability of remote sensing sensors to map subsurface fault zones with the support of hydrological information collected from boreholes. We first extract linear features crosscut and drain the study area and its adjoining mountainous areas from the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), the Landsat 8 images and a set of slope and shaded relief maps derived from the PALSAR DEM using visual interpretation and D8 algorithm. To delineate displacements of subsurface faults were then, interpreted from interpolated maps of groundwater level and aquifer thickness. The subsurface faults are well evident in the form palaeochannels, abruption change in flow direction and the change in the groundwater table and aquifer thickness. The extracted surface linear features were compared against those that exist in the geological map. The result showed that the subsurface geological structures can be indicated from remote sensing and hydrological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Region: Chari-Logone River basin, Lake Chad basin. Study Focus: The objective of this study was to better understand the hydrological functioning of the Chari-Logone basin under the effect of the high variability of rainfall which has affected the Sahel during the last sixty years. The study is based on hydro-climatic data for the period between 1960 and 2015 obtained from the national and international institutions. This work based on the following steps: 1) Average hydrological balances were estimated for different geographical areas, to identify the most productive parts of the basin. 2) The rainfall-runoff relation was compared for the wettest and driest decades of the study period, to identify the areas that contribute most to the amplification of the hydrological response to variations in rainfall. 3) The long-term period stability of the rainfall-runoff relation was evaluated for climatic conditions close to the average situation, in order to detect potential evidence of the anthropogenic impact. New Hydrologic Insights for the Region: During the period 1960–2015, the average water flow in the Chari-Logone basin (42 mm/year) represented only 5% of precipitation. Between the two climatically most contrasted wet (1960−1971) and dry (1982−1997) periods, the average flow differed by 75 % against a decrease of 15 % of precipitation. Our hydroclimatic data show no clearly detectable evidence of an anthropogenic impact responsible for a decrease in flows or a modification of the hydrological regime in the Chari-Logone basin.

Irbid city has suffered from several flash floods over the past few years, which caused several damages to the infrastructure and to people's lives. In this study, an approach based on the integration of Geographic Information System, Watershed Modeling System, Hydrological Modeling System, and River Analysis System has been used to construct hydrologic, hydraulic, and floodplain models to detect the areas with the high risk of flooding. The Digital Elevation Model from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission was used in WMS to delineate drainage networks and sub-catchments' characteristics. The hydrological modeling was carried out using rainfall data from fifteen meteorological stations obtained over thirty-eight years. The SCS curve numbers for the subcatchments were obtained for normal conditions according to the land use data and the soil types of the study area, and were calculated to be 85.7, 88.1, 83.6, 79.9, and 82.4, respectively. The peak flood discharge was calculated over 2, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000-Year return periods. The hydraulic modeling carried out by the HEC-RAS model is based on the hydrographs resulting from the hydrological modeling, and steady-flow simulations were performed for the return periods of 2, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 1000-Years. Different scenarios for the maximum water surface profiles were constructed for each return period for the twenty main channels in the study area. The results showed that the volume of the flooded water will exceed the wadi banks for the 100- and 1000-Year rainfall return periods and flood inundation will occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic impacts on the environment, land cover and land use change such as urbanisation and deforestation affect rainfall and change riverflow responsiveness and seasonal flows as a result of their influence on nonlinear behaviour of the catchments of rivers. Water supply is seriously affected which invariably impacts on domestic activities and agriculture. In some countries river transportation, hydropower, irrigation and fish farming are at risk due to these impacts. Within this paper, a review of existing hydrological and climatic studies in Africa and Ghana in particular is presented. The paper highlights the knowledge gaps identified in the review, such as rainfall-riverflow processes and their controls in the country, estimation of cycles in evapo-transpiration and solar radiation time series, together with the complete characterisation of the temporal and spatial fluctuations within the climate cycles. The establishment of a monograph of catchment response characteristic across the Ghanaian latitudinal gradient and if possible across the tropics is recommended. This could be used for the prediction of hydrologic response of ungauged catchments in the country.

This paper describes landslide occurrences in debris materials, together with its engineering geological and geotechnical setting. The predictions from conventional geotechnical slope stability analyses, taking into account topography, hydrological, geotechnical and engineering geological effects, are compared with the observed pattern of instability. Physical and mechanical properties of eight (8) soil samples indicated that the failure materials mainly consist of poorly graded materials of sandy clay soils and characterized by low to intermediate plasticity, containing of normal clay (0.42 to 0.95), very high degree of swelling (5.63 to 10.35), variable low to high water content (11.95 % to 19.92 %), specific gravity ranges from 2.60 to 2.68, low permeability (6.68 X 10-4 to 1.52 X 10-4 cm/s), friction angle () ranges from 18.50˚ to 34.20˚ and cohesion (C) ranges from 3.36 kN/m2 to 19.50 kN/m2 with very soft to soft of undrained shear strength (9.47 kN/m2 to 32.30 kN/m2). Geotechnical limit equilibrium stability analyses of entire slopes are rarely able to predict the smaller-scale initiation events leading to landslide occurrences, because the se are controlled by local topography, water runoff and groundwater conditions, weathered materials and engineering geological setting. Slope stability analysis shows that the factor of safety value is ranges from 0.805 to 0.817 (unstable). It is concluded that the failures was debris flow and resulted from a combination of factors. Engineering geological evaluation should be prioritized and take into consideration in the initial step in all infrastructure program. Development planning has to consider the geohazard and geoenvironmental management program. This engineering geological study may play a vital role in slope stability assessment to ensure public safety.

Wastewater discharge and agricultural activities may pose microbial risks to natural water sources. The impact of different sources can be assessed by water quality modelling. The aim of this study was to use hydrological and hydrodynamic models to illustrate the risk of exposing grazing animals to faecal pollutants in natural water sources, using three zoonotic faecal pathogens as model microbes and fictitious pastures in Sweden as examples. Microbial contamination by manure from fertilisation and grazing was modelled by use of a hydrological model (HYPE) and a hydrodynamic model (MIKE 3 FM), and microbial contamination from human wastewater was modelled by application of both models in a backwards process. The faecal pathogens Salmonella spp., verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (VTEC) and Cryptosporidium parvum were chosen as model organisms. The pathogen loads on arable land and pastures were estimated based on pathogen concentration in cattle faeces, herd prevalence and within-herd prevalence. Contamination from human wastewater discharge was simulated by estimating the number of pathogens required from a fictitious wastewater discharge to reach a concentration high enough to cause infection in cattle using the points on the fictitious pastures as their primary source of drinking water. In the scenarios for pathogens from animal sources, none of the simulated concentrations of salmonella exceeded the concentrations needed to infect adult cattle. For VTEC, most of the simulated concentrations exceeded the concentration needed to infect calves. For C. parvum, all the simulated concentrations exceeded the concentration needed to infect calves. The pathogen loads needed at the release points for human wastewater to achieve infectious doses for cattle were mostly above the potential loads of salmonella and VTEC estimated to be present in a 24-h overflow from a medium-size Swedish wastewater treatment plant, while the required pathogen loads of C. parvum at the release points were below the potential loads of C. parvum in a 24-h wastewater overflow. Most estimates in this study assume a worst-case scenario. Controlling zoonotic infections at herd level prevents environmental contamination and subsequent human exposure. The potential for infection of grazing animals with faecal pathogens has implications for keeping animals on pastures with access to natural water sources. As the infectious dose for most pathogens is more easily reached for calves than for adult animals, and young calves are also the main shedders of C. parvum, keeping young calves on pastures adjacent to natural water sources is best avoided.

Drought is a natural phenomenon that causes water resources shortage in various sectors such as drinking water, industry and agriculture. Drought is one of the climatic phenomena that can be observed not only in arid and semi-arid regions, but also alternately in wet areas. It should be noted that aridity and drought are different, aridity is a climatic trait specific to arid and semi-arid regions and is a permanent feature of the climate of the dry region (Eslamian et al, 2012). Liu et al (2011) with the study of meteorological and hydrological droughts in Oklahoma State discovered the two-day drought incidence of 2 months and the correlation coefficient between SPI and SDI profiles in an optimal state was 0.63. Eskandari-Damaneh (2015) investigated temporal and spatial relationships between meteorological and hydrological droughts in Tehran province. The results showed a correlation of 99% between meteorological and hydrological droughts and the increasing trend of drought in Tehran province. Mahmoudi et al. (2015) assessed the drought of meteorology in Sistan and Baluchestan Province using a standard score index and its impact on water quality in the province. Delpla et al (2009) examined the impact of climate change on the quality of surface waters in relation to drinking water production and concluded that climate change has reduced the quality of drinking water that has potential health impacts. Also, Mosley (2015) indicated that drought increased salinity, algae and soluble ions, which greatly reduced the quality of freshwater. According to drought studies, the main objective of this study is to study the drought of meteorology and hydrology, as well as to determine the probable delay between the occurrence of these two types of drought and their impact on river water quality, for water resources management in Godarkhosh basin which is one of the most important basins in Ilam province.

Biological exudates, such as plant mucilage, can greatly stabilize soils, but as the mechanical and hydrological drivers depend much on soil particle size composition, eroding and depositional areas of a slope may respond differently. Soils from an eroded midslope and a depositional footslope in an arable farm were amended with chia (Salvia hispanica) seed mucilage at concentrations of 0 g C kg−1, 0.46 g C kg−1 and 2.3 g C kg−1 mucilage, formed into cores, and then imparted with wetting and drying (WD) cycles. Mucilage increased the stability of these inherently stable soils from 80% to >98% water‐stable macroaggregates at 0 WD cycles regardless of slope position. Aggregate stability was maintained after 5 WD cycles by mucilage, whereas the stability of unamended soil dropped by 66.7% in the footslope and 30.1% in the midslope compared with 0 WD. The underlying physical stability properties were measured by tensile strength and penetration resistance for mechanical properties, water sorptivity and repellency for hydrological properties, and micro‐, meso‐, macro‐ and total porosity for structural properties. Almost every soil physical property measured changed less with WD cycles if mucilage was present. Compared to unamended soil, 2.3 g C kg−1 mucilage amendment decreased water sorptivity from 0.289 mm s−1/2 to 0.122 mm s−1/2 in the midslope and 0.230 mm s−1/2 to 0.182 mm s−1/2 in the footslope after 5 WD cycles. Aggregate stability, total porosity and water sorptivity were correlated. In the midslope, hydrology and penetration resistance were affected the most, which was likely to be driven by mucilage deposition in the macropores of this more coarsely textured soil. In the footslope, the greater impact of mucilage on tensile strength was likely to be driven by buffering of macroporosity formation by WD cycles in this finer‐textured soil. Highlights: We explored how slope position interacts with plant mucilage to drive soil physical stability.Changes in soil physical stability by plant mucilage have rarely been considered with slope position.Interactions between mucilage and soil particles caused greater physical stability in the midslope than footslope.Mucilage stabilized soil by easing changes in pore structure, DOC redistribution and water repellency, with particle bonding less important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic impacts on the environment, land cover and land use change such as urbanisation and deforestation affect rainfall and change riverflow responsiveness and seasonal flows as a result of their influence on nonlinear behaviour of the catchments of rivers. Water supply is seriously affected which invariably impacts on domestic activities and agriculture. In some countries river transportation, hydropower, irrigation and fish farming are at risk due to these impacts. Within this paper, a review of existing hydrological and climatic studies in Africa and Ghana in particular is presented. The paper highlights the knowledge gaps identified in the review, such as rainfall-riverflow processes and their controls in the country, estimation of cycles in evapo-transpiration and solar radiation time series, together with the complete characterisation of the temporal and spatial fluctuations within the climate cycles. The establishment of a monograph of catchment response characteristic across the Ghanaian latitudinal gradient and if possible across the tropics is recommended. This could be used for the prediction of hydrologic response of ungauged catchments in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of rainfall is a key role in renewing natural water resources. Which is the component of the Hydrological Cycle. The research title the rainfall analysis depending on the rainfall season for five metrological station in Iraq for period (1988-2017) (Baghdad, Hilla, Najaf, Karbala and Diwaniya). By choosing the theoretical distribution (Mathematical Model) that features data values. The suitable for the theoretical distribution of the data distribution was evaluated through statistical tests. An attempt is made to fit three of the available theoretical distributions i.e. The Normal, Gamma and Log-Normal distributions. These three distribution apply to quarterly data during comparison of the value Chi-square calculated with standard value that is available from its tables at a 95% confidence level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reliable and continuous streamflow simulation capability is essential for systematic management of water resource systems. Thus, predicting streamflow is important for water management and flood control. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a few data-driven procedures, such as the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), M5P tree, and random forest (RF) algorithm for estimating streamflows of the Bernam and Tualang rivers of Malaysia. Three standard statistical measures, i.e., correlation coefficient (CE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE), were used to evaluate the performance of the developed model. The performance of RF-based models was found to be higher than that of LS-SVM and M5P-based models with respect to predicting streamflow for both the rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]