746 results on '"Hydrolyse"'
Search Results
2. Zellulose
- Author
-
Olatunji, Ololade and Olatunji, Ololade
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Investigation of antidiabetic peptides in protein hydrolysates from Lupinus spp. using high-resolution inhibition profiling
- Author
-
Stærk, Dan, Kjærulff, Louise, Mikkelsen, Anja Toft, Stærk, Dan, Kjærulff, Louise, and Mikkelsen, Anja Toft
- Published
- 2024
4. Organofunktionelle Silane als Haftvermittler: Molekulare Brücken für stabile Haftverbindungen – Teil I: Struktur und Chemismus.
- Subjects
- *
SILANE coupling agents , *SILANE , *FILLER materials , *PHASE transitions , *SILANE compounds , *SILOXANES - Abstract
Summary Adhesion promoters are used to improve the adhesion of liquid‐applied polymeric materials to fillers and substrates. They accomplish this task by replacing the interface with a gradual transition phase (interphase). Organofunctional silanes and oligomeric siloxanes are a technically particularly important class of adhesion promoters. The first part of this two‐part article series deals with the function and structure, the chemistry, and the structure‐property relationships of organically functionalized silane coupling agents. In particular, the partial reactions of hydrolysis, intermolecular self‐condensation (oligomerization), hydrogen bonding and condensation with substrate or filler as well as reaction with the organic polymer are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Malassezia spp.: Wechselwirkungen mit Lipidbestandteilen von Topika – eine Übersicht: Malassezia und Topika.
- Author
-
Mayser, P. and Koch, Christin
- Abstract
Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Bioactive Peptide Fractions from Collagen Hydrolysate of Common Carp Fish Byproduct: Antioxidant and Functional Properties
- Author
-
Diego J. González-Serrano, Milad Hadidi, Matin Varcheh, Aniseh Zarei Jelyani, Andres Moreno, and Jose M. Lorenzo
- Subjects
antioxidative activity ,functional property ,solubility ,common carp ,byproducts and waste ,hydrolyse ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Collagen isolated from byproducts of common carp was hydrolyzed with alcalase enzyme to obtain peptide fractions. The resulting >30 kDa (PF1), 10–30 kDa (PF2), 3–10 kDa (PF3) and 2/g), followed by PF3 (99.6 m2/g), PF2 (89.5 m2/g) and PF1 (78.2 m2/g). In contrast to what has been found in the case of EAI, the emulsion stability of the peptide fractions decreased at lower molecular weight, which ranged from 24.4 to 31.6 min. Furthermore, it was revealed that PF1 had the highest foam capacity (87.4%) and foam stability (28.4 min), followed by PF2 and PF3. Overall, the findings suggest that peptide fractions isolated from byproducts of common carp are a promising source of natural antioxidants for application in functional food and pharmaceutical products.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Étude de l'hydrolyse chimique de la biomasse lignocellulosique.
- Author
-
Zoubiri, F. Z., El-bey, S., Rihani, R., and Bentahar, F.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL protection ,INDUSTRIAL wastes ,APRICOT ,SUSTAINABLE development ,SULFURIC acid ,ETHANOL as fuel - Abstract
Copyright of Algerian Journal of Environmental Science & Technology is the property of Algerian Journal of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
8. Ein Vergleich der Chemie von Silicium und Titan: Wie ähnlich können Haupt‐ und Nebengruppen‐Elemente sein?
- Author
-
Schubert, Ulrich
- Subjects
- *
SILICON compounds , *OXYGEN compounds , *TITANIUM compounds , *TITANATES , *SILICON , *SOL-gel processes - Abstract
Summary Reactivity and properties of many silicon and titanium compounds are very similar. The mostly molecular compounds MX4 (M = Si, Ti; X = electronegative substituent) hydrolyse very rapidly to give silicon/titanium‐oxygen compounds. SiO2 and TiO2 can be prepared by the same processes (precipitation from aqueous solutions, flame hydrolysis, sol‐gel processes) and are insoluble or hardly soluble in acids. Silicates and titanates are formed when the oxides are reacted with bases. Because of the higher reactivity of titanium compounds towards water, different strategies have to be used for the preparation of organically modified derivatives of oxidic compounds. The greatest differences in the chemistry of silicon and titanium are found in the structures of analogous compounds and can mainly be traced back to the greater radius and lower electronegativity of titanium atoms. Titanium prefers octahedral coordination for this reason, but silicon tetrahedral coordination. The different possibilities to connect tetrahedral and octahedral building blocks with each other result in different construction principles of solid state structures. The latter are discussed for oxygen compounds as examples, such as the oxides, silicates/titanates and oxidic cage compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Kinetics and thermodynamics of urea hydrolysis in the presence of urease and nitrification inhibitors.
- Author
-
Lasisi, Ahmed A. and Akinremi, Olalekan O.
- Subjects
NITRIFICATION inhibitors ,UREA ,UREASE ,SOIL temperature ,UREA as fertilizer ,HYDROLYSIS - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Entwicklung und ernährungsphysiologische Bewertung mikrobieller Hybrid-Phytasen
- Author
-
Metten, Alexander and Metten, Alexander
- Abstract
Um den organischen Phosphatspeicher der Pflanzen bestmöglich zu erschließen, ist es notwendig, die Phytaseeffizienz in vivo zu erhöhen. Dabei helfen sowohl ein besseres Verständnis für die Einflussfaktoren, welche den Phytatabbau in vivo limitieren, als auch eine stetige Verbesserung der biochemischen Eigenschaften von Phytasen, um an die Bedingungen im Verdauungstakt der Nichtwiederkäuer bestmöglich angepasst zu sein. Das Hauptziel der Arbeit war daher, mit Hilfe einer gerichteten Rekombination bekannter Phytasegene sequenziell neuartiger Hybrid-Phytasen zu erzeugen, welche die biochemischen Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Wildtyp-Phytasen übertreffen. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stand dabei die biochemische- und ernährungsphysiologische Bewertung der neu erzeugten Hybrid-Phytasen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als Futterzusatz. Alle untersuchten Hybrid-Phytasen zeigten bei einem pH-Wert von 3,0 einen effizienteren InsP6-Abbau als bei einem pH-Wert von 5,5, obwohl die eingesetzte Phytaseaktivität bei beiden pH-Werten gleich war. Während das InsP6 in vielen Fällen bei einem pH-Wert von 3,0 bis zum InsP1-2 dephosphoryliert wurde, kam es bei einem pH-Wert von 5,5 zu einer Akkumulation des Ins(1,2,5,6)P4-Isomers. In einem in vitro Modell zeigten Hybrid-Phytasen mit einer hohen sequenziellen Homologie zur E. coli und C. braakii-Phytase eine hohe Akkumulation von InsP4-Isomeren. Interessant war, dass diese Phytasen bevorzugt das Ins(1,2,5,6)P4-Isomer bildeten. Andere Hybrid-Phytasen konnten hingegen alle InsP4-Isomere abbauen und bildeten zum Teil hohe InsP2-Konzentrationen. In einem weiteren in vitro- Versuch mit einer komplexen Futtermatrix, bestehend aus Soja- und Rapsextraktionsschroten sowie Weizen mit einem hohen Mineralstoffanteil wurde das im Futter enthaltene InsP6 von allen eingesetzten Phytasen deutlich schlechter abgebaut als bei einer Futtermatrix mit einem geringen Mineralstoffgehalt. Während eine Hybrid-Phytase das InsP6 der Futtermatrix basierend auf Mais und Soja, To degrade the organic phosphate storage in the best possible way, it is necessary to increase phytase efficiency in vivo. Both a better understanding of the influencing factors limiting phytate degradation in vivo and a continuous improvement of the biochemical properties of phytases to be best adapted to the conditions in the digestive tract of non-ruminants will help to achieve this. Therefore, the main objective of this work was the generation of a large number of sequentially unique hybrid phytases by directed recombination of known phytase genes with the goal to achieve improved biochemical properties compared to the wild-type phytases used. The focus of this work was the biochemical and nutritional evaluation of the newly generated hybrid phytases with respect to their suitability as feed supplements. All hybrid phytases examined showed more efficient InsP6 degradation at pH 3.0 than at pH 5.5, although the phytase activity supplemented was the same at both pH values. While InsP6 was dephosphorylated to InsP1-2 in many cases at pH 3.0, accumulation of the Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 isomer occurred at pH 5.5. In an in vitro model simulating the digestive tract of broilers, hybrid phytases with high sequential homology to the E. coli and C. braakii phytase showed high accumulation of InsP4 isomers. Interestingly, these phytases preferentially formed the Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 isomer. In contrast, other hybrid phytases were able to degrade all InsP4 isomers and in some cases high InsP2 concentrations were observed. Another in vitro experiment with a complex feed matrix consisting of soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and wheat with a high mineral content, illustrated the negative influence of certain feed-related factors on phytase efficiency. InsP6 present in the feed was significantly less degraded by all phytases used compared to a corn and soy-based feed matrix with a low mineral content. While a hybrid phytase was able to completely dephosphorylate the InsP6 of the corn and soy-base
- Published
- 2023
11. Rapid Chemical Reaction Monitoring by Digital Microfluidics‐NMR: Proof of Principle Towards an Automated Synthetic Discovery Platform.
- Author
-
Wu, Bing, Ecken, Sebastian, Swyer, Ian, Li, Chunliang, Jenne, Amy, Vincent, Franck, Schmidig, Daniel, Kuehn, Till, Beck, Armin, Busse, Falko, Stronks, Henry, Soong, Ronald, Wheeler, Aaron R., and Simpson, André
- Subjects
- *
CHEMICAL reactions , *PROOF of concept , *DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE , *NMR spectrometers , *NUCLEAR magnetic resonance , *CHEMICAL libraries - Abstract
Microcoil nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been interfaced with digital microfluidics (DMF) and is applied to monitor organic reactions in organic solvents as a proof of concept. DMF permits droplets to be moved and mixed inside the NMR spectrometer to initiate reactions while using sub‐microliter volumes of reagent, opening up the potential to follow the reactions of scarce or expensive reagents. By setting up the spectrometer shims on a reagent droplet, data acquisition can be started immediately upon droplet mixing and is only limited by the rate at which NMR data can be collected, allowing the monitoring of fast reactions. Here we report a cyclohexene carbonate hydrolysis in dimethylformamide and a Knoevenagel condensation in methanol/water. This is to our knowledge the first time rapid organic reactions in organic solvents have been monitored by high field DMF‐NMR. The study represents a key first step towards larger DMF‐NMR arrays that could in future serve as discovery platforms, where computer controlled DMF automates mixing/titration of chemical libraries and NMR is used to study the structures formed and kinetics in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Effect of in vitro hydrolysis on coconut milk digestibility.
- Author
-
Benaissa, Y., Addou, S., Dib, W., Benhatchi, S., Mehidi, A., Kheroua, O., and Saidi, D.
- Abstract
Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Diglycine Enables Rapid Intrabacterial Hydrolysis for Activating Anbiotics against Gram‐negative Bacteria.
- Author
-
Wang, Jiaqing, Cooper, Deani L., Zhan, Wenjun, Wu, Difei, He, Hongjian, Sun, Shenghuan, Lovett, Susan T., and Xu, Bing
- Subjects
- *
PRODRUGS , *GRAM-negative bacteria , *MESENCHYMAL stem cells , *HYDROLYSIS , *ANTI-infective agents - Abstract
Antimicrobial drug resistance demands novel approaches for improving the efficacy of antibiotics, especially against Gram‐negative bacteria. Herein, we report that conjugating a diglycine (GG) to an antibiotic prodrug drastically accelerates intrabacterial ester‐bond hydrolysis required for activating the antibiotic. Specifically, the attachment of GG to chloramphenicol succinate (CLsu) generates CLsuGG, which exhibits about an order of magnitude higher inhibitory efficacy than CLsu against Escherichia coli. Further studies reveal that CLsuGG undergoes rapid hydrolysis, catalyzed by intrabacterial esterases (e.g. BioH and YjfP), to generate chloramphenicol (CL) in E. coli. Importantly, the conjugate exhibits lower cytotoxicity to bone marrow stromal cells than CL. Structural analogues of CLsuGG indicate that the conjugation of GG to an antibiotic prodrug is an effective strategy for accelerating enzymatic prodrug hydrolysis and enhancing the antibacterial efficacy of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Swelling‐Induced Chain Stretching Enhances Hydrolytic Degrafting of Hydrophobic Polymer Brushes in Organic Media.
- Author
-
Wang, Jian and Klok, Harm‐Anton
- Subjects
- *
SURFACE grafting (Polymer chemistry) , *POLYMERS , *BROOMS & brushes , *SILICON oxide , *ORGANIC solvents , *METHACRYLATES - Abstract
Hydrophilic polymer brushes grown via surface‐initiated polymerization from silicon oxide surfaces can detach or degraft in aqueous media. Degrafting of these chain end‐tethered polymers is believed to involve hydrolysis of bonds at the polymer–substrate interface. Degrafting so far has not been reported for hydrophobic polymer brushes in non‐aqueous media. This study has investigated the degrafting and swelling properties of poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) (PtBMA) brushes in different water‐miscible, organic solvents, viz. DMF, acetone and THF. In the presence of a sufficient quantity of water in the organic solvent, degrafting was also observed for PtBMA brushes. More importantly, however, the rate of degrafting depended on the nature of the organic solvent and the apparent initial rate constant of the degrafting reaction was found to correlate with the swelling ratio of the polymer brush in the different solvents. This correlation is first, direct evidence in support of the hypothesis that degrafting is facilitated by a tension that acts on the bond(s) that tether the polymer chains to the surface and which is amplified upon swelling of the polymer brush. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Zweifel an einem Dogma: Hydrolyse äquatorialer Liganden von PtIV‐Komplexen unter physiologischen Bedingungen.
- Author
-
Kastner, Alexander, Poetsch, Isabella, Mayr, Josef, Burda, Jaroslav V., Roller, Alexander, Heffeter, Petra, Keppler, Bernhard K., and Kowol, Christian R.
- Abstract
PtIV‐Komplexe gelten aufgrund ihrer hohen kinetischen Inertheit und der folglich reduzierten Nebenreaktionen mit Biomolekülen als die Zukunft der Platintherapeutika. In dieser Arbeit wurde unter physiologisch relevanten Bedingungen die Stabilität einer Reihe von PtIV‐Biscarboxylatokomplexen in wässriger Lösung untersucht. Entgegen des derzeitigen chemischen Kenntnisstandes zeigten (sogar in Zellkulturmedium und Serum) vor allem Oxaliplatin‐ und Satraplatinkomplexe eine schnelle äquatoriale Hydrolyse. Die gebildeten Hydrolyseprodukte unterscheiden sich besonders stark in ihrer Reduktionskinetik, einem entscheidenden Parameter für die Aktivierung von PtIV‐Medikamenten, welcher auch mit der zytotoxischen Effizienz der Verbindungen in der Zellkultur korreliert. Die Entdeckung, dass intakte PtIV‐Komplexe an äquatorialer Position hydrolysiert werden können, widerspricht dem Dogma hinsichtlich der allgemeinen kinetischen Inertheit von PtIV‐Verbindungen und muss beim Screening und der Entwicklung neuer platin‐basierter Krebsmedikamente berücksichtigt werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Development and nutritional evaluation of microbial hybrid phytases
- Author
-
Metten, Alexander
- Subjects
Hydrolyse ,Hybrid-Phytasen ,inositolphosphates ,Broiler ,ddc:630 ,Biobricks ,Agriculture ,phytate hydrolyses, hybrid phytases ,Phytase ,Phytate ,Phytatabbau ,Inositolphosphate - Abstract
Um den organischen Phosphatspeicher der Pflanzen bestmöglich zu erschließen, ist es notwendig, die Phytaseeffizienz in vivo zu erhöhen. Dabei helfen sowohl ein besseres Verständnis für die Einflussfaktoren, welche den Phytatabbau in vivo limitieren, als auch eine stetige Verbesserung der biochemischen Eigenschaften von Phytasen, um an die Bedingungen im Verdauungstakt der Nichtwiederkäuer bestmöglich angepasst zu sein. Das Hauptziel der Arbeit war daher, mit Hilfe einer gerichteten Rekombination bekannter Phytasegene sequenziell neuartiger Hybrid-Phytasen zu erzeugen, welche die biochemischen Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Wildtyp-Phytasen übertreffen. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stand dabei die biochemische- und ernährungsphysiologische Bewertung der neu erzeugten Hybrid-Phytasen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als Futterzusatz. Alle untersuchten Hybrid-Phytasen zeigten bei einem pH-Wert von 3,0 einen effizienteren InsP6-Abbau als bei einem pH-Wert von 5,5, obwohl die eingesetzte Phytaseaktivität bei beiden pH-Werten gleich war. Während das InsP6 in vielen Fällen bei einem pH-Wert von 3,0 bis zum InsP1-2 dephosphoryliert wurde, kam es bei einem pH-Wert von 5,5 zu einer Akkumulation des Ins(1,2,5,6)P4-Isomers. In einem in vitro Modell zeigten Hybrid-Phytasen mit einer hohen sequenziellen Homologie zur E. coli und C. braakii-Phytase eine hohe Akkumulation von InsP4-Isomeren. Interessant war, dass diese Phytasen bevorzugt das Ins(1,2,5,6)P4-Isomer bildeten. Andere Hybrid-Phytasen konnten hingegen alle InsP4-Isomere abbauen und bildeten zum Teil hohe InsP2-Konzentrationen. In einem weiteren in vitro- Versuch mit einer komplexen Futtermatrix, bestehend aus Soja- und Rapsextraktionsschroten sowie Weizen mit einem hohen Mineralstoffanteil wurde das im Futter enthaltene InsP6 von allen eingesetzten Phytasen deutlich schlechter abgebaut als bei einer Futtermatrix mit einem geringen Mineralstoffgehalt. Während eine Hybrid-Phytase das InsP6 der Futtermatrix basierend auf Mais und Soja bis zum InsP3- Isomer vollständig dephosphorylieren konnte und hohe InsP2-Konzentrationen bildete, waren bei Verwendung der komplexeren Futtermatrix noch InsP6-Konzentrationen nachweisbar, trotz ansonsten identischer Reaktionsbedingungen. In einem abschließenden Fütterungsversuch mit Broilern wurde eine der Hybrid-Phytasen gleichzeitig mit einer kommerziellen Phytase in je zwei Dosierungen (500- und 1500 FTU/kg) eingesetzt, um ihre Eignung als Futterzusatz bewerten zu können. Es wurde ein Versuchsfutter auf Mais- und Sojabasis und ohne Zulage von Monocalciumphosphat verwendet, um einen möglichst effizienten Phytatabbau zu erreichen. Die Zulage der Hybrid-Phytase führte zu einer dosisabhängigen Zunahme der Leistungsdaten der Broiler im Vergleich zu der Basalration ohne Enzymzugabe. Außerdem konnte der Fußaschegehalt bei einer Dosierung von 1500 FTU/kg Phytase um 21,6 % erhöht werden, was für eine verbesserte Knochenmineralisierung durch das freigesetzte InsP6-Phosphat spricht. Durch die Analyse der InsP6-Konzentration und dessen Abbauprodukte in verschiedenen Segmenten des Verdauungstraktes konnte ein effizienter InsP6-Abbau in vivo beobachtet werden. Im Gegensatz zu den in vitro-Versuchen konnte keine Akkumulation von InsP3-4-Isomeren nachgewiesen werden. Neben einer hohen exogenen Phytaseaktivität spricht dieses Ergebnis ebenso für eine hohe endogene Phytase- sowie Phosphataseaktivität im Verdauungstrakt der Broiler. Es ist anzunehmen, dass der Verzicht auf MCP in den experimentellen Versuchsrationen die Expression endogener Phytasen sowie Phosphatasen begünstigt haben könnte. Diese Vermutung wird durch den praecaecalen InsP6- Abbau in vivo bestätigt, welcher in der Basalration ohne Phytasezugabe bei 63,5 % lag. Nichtsdestotrotz konnte die Zugabe der Hybrid-Phytase den praecaecalen InsP6-Abbau auf 76,3 % signifikant erhöhen. Die hohe Phytaseeffizienz spiegelte sich auch in der gemessenen praecaecalen Phosphor-Verdaulichkeit wider, die im Vergleich zur Basalration um 6,8 % erhöht wurde. Die eingesetzte kommerzielle Phytase zeigte eine vergleichbare Verbesserung der Leistungsdaten der Broiler wie die nicht optimierte Hybrid-Phytase. In diesem Projekt wurde eine Vielzahl sequenziell einzigartiger Hybrid-Phytasen durch die Rekombination bekannter Wildtyp-Phytasegene entwickelt, welche in einigen relevanten Aspekten die biochemischen Eigenschaften der Wildtyp-Phytasen übertrafen. Einige der Phytasen zeigten bei der Simulation des Verdauungstraktes von Broilern in vitro einen sehr effizienten Phytatabbau. Ebenso konnte die Eignung der getesteten Hybrid-Phytase als Futterzusatz anhand der gesteigerten Leistungsdaten der Broiler nachgewiesen werden. Die höheren Leistungsdaten der Broiler konnten auf einen effizienten Phytatabbau zurückgeführt werden. Um einen maximalen InsP6-Abbau zu erreichen, müssen die futterbedingten- und tierbezogenen Faktoren auf die Phytaseeffizienz in vivo noch besser verstanden und die InsP6-Verfügbarkeit erhöht werden. To degrade the organic phosphate storage in the best possible way, it is necessary to increase phytase efficiency in vivo. Both a better understanding of the influencing factors limiting phytate degradation in vivo and a continuous improvement of the biochemical properties of phytases to be best adapted to the conditions in the digestive tract of non-ruminants will help to achieve this. Therefore, the main objective of this work was the generation of a large number of sequentially unique hybrid phytases by directed recombination of known phytase genes with the goal to achieve improved biochemical properties compared to the wild-type phytases used. The focus of this work was the biochemical and nutritional evaluation of the newly generated hybrid phytases with respect to their suitability as feed supplements. All hybrid phytases examined showed more efficient InsP6 degradation at pH 3.0 than at pH 5.5, although the phytase activity supplemented was the same at both pH values. While InsP6 was dephosphorylated to InsP1-2 in many cases at pH 3.0, accumulation of the Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 isomer occurred at pH 5.5. In an in vitro model simulating the digestive tract of broilers, hybrid phytases with high sequential homology to the E. coli and C. braakii phytase showed high accumulation of InsP4 isomers. Interestingly, these phytases preferentially formed the Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 isomer. In contrast, other hybrid phytases were able to degrade all InsP4 isomers and in some cases high InsP2 concentrations were observed. Another in vitro experiment with a complex feed matrix consisting of soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and wheat with a high mineral content, illustrated the negative influence of certain feed-related factors on phytase efficiency. InsP6 present in the feed was significantly less degraded by all phytases used compared to a corn and soy-based feed matrix with a low mineral content. While a hybrid phytase was able to completely dephosphorylate the InsP6 of the corn and soy-based feed matrix down to the InsP3 isomer resulting in high InsP2 concentrations, the InsP6 were still detectable in the in vitro model with the more complex feed matrix and high mineral content, despite identical reaction conditions. In a final feeding trial with broilers, one of the hybrid phytases was supplemented at two doses each (500 and 1500 FTU/kg) to evaluate its suitability as a feed supplement. Also, a commercial phytase was included in the study design at the same doses setting the benchmark for phytase efficiency. A low phosphorus experimental feed based on corn and soybean meal was used. The supplementation of the used hybrid phytase resulted in a dose-dependent increase in broiler performance data such as daily weight gain, feed intake and significantly improved feed efficiency compared to the basal ration without enzyme supplementation. In addition, foot ash content was increased by 21.6% at a dose of 1500 FTU/kg phytase, indicating significantly improved bone mineralization due to the released InsP6 phosphate. By analyzing InsP6 concentration and its degradation products in different segments of the digestive tract, efficient InsP6 degradation was observed. In contrast to the in vitro experiments, no accumulation of InsP3-4 isomers could be detected in crop, gizzard or small intestine. In addition to a high exogenous phytase activity, this result also suggests a high endogenous phytase as well as phosphatase activity in the digestive tract of broilers. It can be assumed that the absence of monocalcium phosphate in the experimental rations may have induced the expression of endogenous phytases and phosphatases. This assumption is confirmed by the high precaecal InsP6 degradation, which was 63.5% in the basal ration without phytase supplementation. Nevertheless, the used hybrid phytase significantly increased the precaecal InsP6 degradation to 76.3%. The high phytase efficiency was also reflected in the measured precaecal phosphorus digestibility, which was increased by 6.8% compared to the basal ration. The commercial phytase used showed comparable improvement in broiler performance data to the non optimized hybrid phytase. This project demonstrated the development of a variety of sequentially unique hybrid phytases by recombination of known phytase genes, which exceeded the biochemical properties of the wild-type phytases in some relevant aspects. Some of the phytases showed very efficient phytate degradation when simulating the digestive tract of broilers in vitro. Also, the suitability of the tested hybrid phytase as feed additives was demonstrated by the increased performance data of broilers. The higher performance data of the broilers could be attributed to efficient phytate degradation. To achieve maximum InsP6 degradation in vivo, the feed-related and animal-related factors on phytase efficiency need to be better understood.
- Published
- 2023
17. Eisenaufnahme in Pilzen der Gattung Aspergillus: strukturelle und biochemische Einblicke in Siderophoresterasen.
- Author
-
Ecker, Felix, Haas, Hubertus, Groll, Michael, and Huber, Eva M.
- Abstract
Pilze nutzen hoch‐affine Chelatoren, so genannte Siderophore, um das essentielle Spurenelement Eisen aus ihrer Umgebung aufzunehmen. Siderophore zeichnen sich durch ihr breites Spektrum an chemischen Strukturen aus und bilden mit Fe3+‐Ionen einige der stabilsten Komplexe. Die intrazelluläre Freisetzung des Schwermetallions kann dabei durch die Aktivität spezifischer Hydrolasen erleichtert werden. Hier werden die biochemische Charakterisierung sowie Röntgenkristallstrukturen der Siderophoresterasen AfEstB und AfSidJ aus Aspergillus fumigatus sowie AnEstB und AnEstA aus Aspergillus nidulans beschrieben. Obwohl diese Enzyme alle der Klasse der α/β‐Hydrolasen angehören, konnten entscheidende Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Erkennung chemisch ähnlicher sowie strukturell unterschiedlicher Substrate festgestellt werden. Eine Komplexstruktur zwischen AfEstB und dessen Substrat Triacetylfusarinin C gibt Einblicke in eine aktive Siderophoresterase mit einem tetraedrischen Intermediat zwischen dem katalytischen Serin und der zu spaltenden Esterbindung. Pilze nutzen Siderophore zur Fe3+‐Aufnahme. Die intrazelluläre Eisenfreisetzung wird durch Esterase‐katalysierte Hydrolyse des Siderophor‐Rückgrats erleichtert. Strukturelle und biochemische Analysen von zwei homologen EstB‐Esterasen, ebenso wie EstA und SidJ, zeigen, wie sich eine konservierte Faltung an vielfältige Substrate anpasst. Die Komplexstruktur eines aktiven Enzyms mit seinem Siderophorliganden zeigt eine tetraedrische Zwischenstufe am katalytisch aktiven Serin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Hydrolysis and thermochemical technologies for the recovery of bio-based fertiliser from fishery waste
- Author
-
Andreola, C., Maceratesi, V., González-Camejo, J., Eusebi, A.L., Fatone, F., Andreola, C., Maceratesi, V., González-Camejo, J., Eusebi, A.L., and Fatone, F.
- Published
- 2022
19. Hydrolysis Batteries: Generating Electrical Energy during Hydrogen Absorption.
- Author
-
Xiao, Rui, Chen, Jun, Fu, Kai, Zheng, Xinyao, Wang, Teng, Zheng, Jie, and Li, Xingguo
- Subjects
- *
HYDROLYSIS , *HYDROGEN absorption & adsorption , *ELECTRIC power production , *ALUMINUM foil , *HYDRIDES - Abstract
Abstract: The hydrolysis reaction of aluminum can be decoupled into a battery by pairing an Al foil with a Pd‐capped yttrium dihydride (YH2–Pd) electrode. This hydrolysis battery generates a voltage around 0.45 V and leads to hydrogen absorption into the YH2 layer. This represents a new hydrogen absorption mechanism featuring electrical energy generation during hydrogen absorption. The hydrolysis battery converts 8–15 % of the thermal energy of the hydrolysis reaction into usable electrical energy, leading to much higher energy efficiency compared to that of direct hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Presence versus Proximity: The Role of Pendant Amines in the Catalytic Hydrolysis of a Nerve Agent Simulant.
- Author
-
Islamoglu, Timur, Ortuño, Manuel A., Proussaloglou, Emmanuel, Howarth, Ashlee J., Vermeulen, Nicolaas A., Atilgan, Ahmet, Asiri, Abdullah M., Cramer, Christopher J., and Farha, Omar K.
- Subjects
- *
ZIRCONIUM compounds , *CATALYTIC activity , *METAL-organic frameworks , *AMINES , *AMINO group - Abstract
Abstract: Amino‐functionalized zirconium‐based metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown unprecedented catalytic activity compared to non‐functionalized analogues for hydrolysis of organophosphonate‐based toxic chemicals. Importantly, the effect of the amino group on the catalytic activity is significantly higher in the case of UiO‐66‐NH2, where the amino groups reside near the node, compared to UiO‐67‐
m ‐NH2, where they are directed away from the node. Herein, we show that the proximity of the amino group is crucial for fast catalytic activity towards hydrolysis of organophosphonate‐based nerve agents. The generality of the observed amine‐proximity‐dictated catalytic activity has been tested on two different MOF systems which have different topology. DFT calculations reveal that amino groups on all the MOFs studied are not acting as Brønsted bases; instead they control the microsolvation environment at the Zr6‐node active site and therefore increase the overall catalytic rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Sol‐Gel‐Chemie.
- Author
-
Schubert, Ulrich
- Abstract
Summary: Sol‐gel processing for the preparation of materials with an basic oxidic structure is a method, which is technically easy (mixing – waiting – processing – drying). Detailed chemical knowledge is necessary, however, if one wants to achieve the optimal materials properties and to exploit all possibilities the method is offering („better materials through chemistry“). The reason is that the gel synthesis proceeds under kinetic control. The obtained materials are therefore amorphous and metastable. Each parameter influencing the reaction rates of precursors or intermediates thus influences structure and properties of the gels and must be carefully controlled. The chemical composition of the gels can be nearly deliberately adjusted by the proper combination of precursors. This affords the possibility to influence materials properties purposefully and to produce demanding “tailor‐made” materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Accelerated hydrolysis of boronic acid in a modified poly(amidoamine) dendrimer: identification of a factor leading to the production of an impurity in boronic acid containing poly(amidoamine) dendrimers.
- Author
-
Tsai, Ching-Hua, Fang, Yu-Wen, Chen, Hui-Ting, and Kao, Chai-Lin
- Subjects
- *
BORONIC acids , *DENDRIMERS , *HYDROLYSIS , *ULTRAVIOLET-visible spectroscopy , *AMINES , *MACROMOLECULES - Abstract
The preparation of boronic acid containing dendrimers is still a difficult task in dendrimer chemistry. In this investigation, an unanticipated hydrolysis product ( 4) was identified during the preparation of (G:2)-PAMAM- dendri-(4-phenyl boronic acid)14 ( 3) by acquiring its 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV-vis absorption spectra and IR spectra and comparing them with those of 4-hydroxylbenzoic acid ( 5). Furthermore, an Alizarin Red S staining analysis, ICP-MS, and 11B NMR spectrum indicated the lack of boronic acid in 4. Finally, treatment of 3 with hydrogen peroxide gave a product that was determined to be identical to dendrimer 4. By analyzing the formation of 4 under various conditions, the presence of numerous primary amines in a PAMAM dendrimer did accelerate the hydrolysis of peripheral boronic acid. This investigation revealed an apparent intrinsic problem that needs to be overcome during the preparation of boronic acid containing dendrimers and related boronic acid containing macromolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Lipase-catalyzed production of lysophospholipids.
- Author
-
Mnasri, Taha, Hérault, Josiane, Gauvry, Laurent, Loiseau, Céline, Poisson, Laurent, Ergan, Françoise, and Pencréac'h, Gaëlle
- Subjects
- *
LYSOPHOSPHOLIPIDS , *HYDROLYSIS , *PHOSPHOLIPIDS , *ACYLATION , *GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS - Abstract
Lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidic acid or lysophosphatidylcholine, are important bioactive lipids, involved in various normal and pathological cellular processes. They also have industrial and pharmaceutical uses such as emulsifiers or components of drug delivery systems. Lipases, which natural substrates are long chain triacylglycerols, are important biocatalysts for organic synthesis mainly due to their broad substrate specificity and their ability to display high catalytic activity in organic media. This paper describes the various lipase-catalyzed reactions implemented for the production of lysophospholipids. They include hydrolysis or alcoholysis of phospholipids and acylation of the glycerophosphoryl moiety. Special emphasis is made on our work dealing with the production of lysophospholipids rich in dososahexaenoic acid, an important dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid via the hydrolysis of phospholipids extracted from the microalga Isochrysis galbana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Supported Rhodium Catalysts for Ammonia-Borane Hydrolysis: Dependence of the Catalytic Activity on the Highest Occupied State of the Single Rhodium Atoms.
- Author
-
Wang, Liangbing, Li, Hongliang, Zhang, Wenbo, Zhao, Xiao, Qiu, Jianxiang, Li, Aowen, Zheng, Xusheng, Hu, Zhenpeng, Si, Rui, and Zeng, Jie
- Subjects
- *
RHODIUM catalysts , *AMMONIA , *BORANES , *HYDROLYSIS , *CATALYTIC activity - Abstract
Supported metal nanocrystals have exhibited remarkable catalytic performance in hydrogen generation reactions, which is influenced and even determined by their supports. Accordingly, it is of fundamental importance to determine the direct relationship between catalytic performance and metal-support interactions. Herein, we provide a quantitative profile for exploring metal-support interactions by considering the highest occupied state in single-atom catalysts. The catalyst studied consisted of isolated Rh atoms dispersed on the surface of VO2 nanorods. It was observed that the activation energy of ammonia-borane hydrolysis changed when the substrate underwent a phase transition. Mechanistic studies indicate that the catalytic performance depended directly on the highest occupied state of the single Rh atoms, which was determined by the band structure of the substrates. Other metal catalysts, even with non-noble metals, that exhibited significant catalytic activity towards NH3BH3 hydrolysis were rationally designed by adjusting their highest occupied states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Resistance of glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6.6 materials to automotive cooling fluids: an analytical method for lifetime prediction
- Author
-
Roumen Tsekov, Konstantina Harrass, and Sebastian Mauer
- Subjects
Arrhenius equation ,Hydrolyse ,Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,business.industry ,Organic Chemistry ,Glass fiber ,Automotive industry ,Hydrolysis ,symbols.namesake ,Polyamide ,Materials Chemistry ,symbols ,ddc:500 ,Composite material ,business - Abstract
Two types (with and without a hydrolysis stabilizer) of polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) reinforced with 30% w/w glass fibres were examined against the influence of automotive cooling fluids, e.g. ethylene glycol aqueous solutions. The overall goal was to find a methodology to compare the performance of PA6.6 materials against the impacts of the hydrolysis environment. The stabilizer effect on the hydrolytic resistance of the materials was assessed using tensile tests according to ISO 527, and their strain‐at‐break values were evaluated in more detail. The degradation mechanism of both PA types was monitored by infrared spectroscopy and SEM. The material lifetime was described by the Arrhenius equation. The results show that the hydrolysis stabilizer operates effectively at low temperature but exhibits weak performance above 130 °C, which is explained by faster consumption of the stabilizing agent. © 2021 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.
- Published
- 2022
26. Preparation and characterization of cuprous oxide for improved photoelectrochemical performance
- Author
-
Kurniawan, Mario
- Subjects
Hydrolyse ,Kupferoxid ,Galvanische Abscheidung ,Fotoelektrochemie ,Poröser Stoff ,Photokathode - Abstract
Die Photoelektrochemische (PEC) Wasserspaltung stellte eine nachhaltige und saubere Methode dar, um Wasserstoff zu erzeugen, ohne auf fossile Brennstoffe angewiesen zu sein. Der P-Typ Cu2O-Halbleiter ist ein vielversprechender Kandidat für die Verwendung als Photokathodenmaterial in Bezug auf Kosten, Verfügbarkeit, Lichtabsorption und Energiebandposition. Ein neuartiges und kostengünstiges Herstellungsverfahren für hochporöse Strukturen (55-80 Poren/mm2) von Cu2O-Photokathoden mit verbesserter PEC-Leistung unter ausschließlicher Verwendung der elektrochemischen Abscheidung wird vorgestellt. Dieses Verfahren beinhaltet drei Schritte, um ein stabiles und hochporöses Cu-Metallgerüst als Substrat für die Cu2O-Schichten herzustellen. Im ersten Schritt wurde ein Abscheideprozess unterstützt durch die dynamische Entwicklung von Wasserstoff-Blasen entwickelt, um poröse Cu-Strukturen mit feinen Porennetzwerken herzustellen. Die porösen Cu-Strukturen wurden durch Abscheidung homogener und kompakter Cu-Schichten auf den fein verästelten Porenwänden mechanisch verstärkt. Da die poröse Cu-Struktur nicht vollständig verstärkt war, wurde in einem dritten Schritt die teilweise verstärkte Struktur mit Hilfe von Ultraschall vom planaren Cu-Substrat abgelöst, um ein stabiles freistehendes poröses Netzwerk mit röhrenförmigen Durchgangsporen zu erhalten. Die Porengröße kann durch Veränderung der Abscheidezeit während des ersten Herstellungsschrittes leicht eingestellt werden. Cu2O-Schichten mit Dicken zwischen ~0,5 und ~3 µm wurden auf den freistehenden porösen Cu-Schichten durch Variation der Abscheidezeit elektrochemisch hergestellt. Die PEC-Wasserspaltung der Cu2O-Photokathoden wurde unter gepulser simulierter AM 1,5-Beleuchtung in einem wässrigen Elektrolyten aus 0,5 M Na2SO4 (pH 6) untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Proben mit kleineren Poren den höchsten Photostrom von -2,75 mA cm-2 bei 0 V vs. RHE aufwiesen, gefolgt von -2,25 mA cm-2 für die Proben mit großen Poren, während ein niedriger Dunkelstrom beibehalten wurde. Diese Photoströme sind 120 % bzw. 80 % höher als die PEC-Leistung einer Cu2O-Schicht auf planarem Cu-Substrat, die mit den gleichen Abscheideparametern hergestellt wurde. Die hohe Leistung wird auf die vergrößerte Oberfläche durch die poröse Struktur, die dünne und homogene Bedeckung der Cu2O-Schicht mit kleiner Korngröße und die höheren Lochkonzentrationen zurückgeführt, wie die Mott-Schottky-Analyse zeigte. Die weitere Auswertung der freistehenden porösen Cu2O-Proben zeigte, dass sie eine direkte optische Durchlässigkeit von 14 % für die feinporigen Proben bzw. 23 % für die grobporigen Proben besitzen ([Lambda] = 400-800 nm). Die Herstellung des transluzenten Metallgerüsts mit Hilfe des elektrochemischen Abscheidungsprozesses wurde bisher nicht berichtet, sodass neue Innovationen für verschiedene Anwendungen, insbesondere im Bereich der Energiematerialien, ermöglicht werden., Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting offers a sustainable and clean alternative method to produce hydrogen without relying on fossil fuels. P-type Cu2O semiconductor is a promising candidate to be used as a photocathode material with respect to cost, abundance, light absorption, and energy band position. A novel and inexpensive fabrication procedure using solely electrodeposition as presented here to produce a highly porous structure (55 - 80 pores/mm2) of Cu2O photocathodes with improved PEC performance. A Three-step procedure was implemented to produce a stable and highly porous Cu metal framework as a substrate to then be coated with the Cu2O film. In the first step, a dynamic hydrogen-bubble-assisted Cu electrodeposition process was employed to prepare porous Cu structures with delicate pore networks. The porous Cu structures were mechanically reinforced by electrodepositing homogenous and compact Cu layers on the delicate ramified pore walls. As the porous Cu structure was not entirely reinforced, in a third step the reinforced porous layer was detached from the planar Cu substrate using ultrasonication to obtain a stable free-standing porous Cu framework with tubular through-pores networks. The pore size can be easily tuned by changing the deposition time during the first electrodeposition step for the Cu deposition. Cu2O films with various thicknesses between ~0.5 and ~3 µm were electrodeposited on the free-standing porous Cu frameworks by varying the deposition time. The PEC water splitting evaluation of the Cu2O photocathodes was performed under chopped simulated AM 1.5 illumination in an aqueous electrolyte of 0.5 M Na2SO4 (pH 6). It was found that the samples with smaller pores exhibited the highest photocurrent of -2.75 mA cm-2 at 0 V vs. RHE, followed by -2.25 mA cm -2 for large pores samples while maintaining a low dark current. These photocurrents are 120% and 80% higher than the PEC performance of the Cu2O film on planar Cu substrate that was deposited using the same electrodeposition parameters. The high performance is attributed to the increased surface area from the porous structure, thin and homogenous coverage of the Cu2O film with small grain size, and higher hole concentrations as was shown by Mott-Schottky analysis. Further evaluation of the free-standing porous Cu2O samples reveals that they possess direct optical transmittance between 14% and 23% ([Lambda]=400-800 nm) for the small-pores samples and the large-pores samples, respectively. The fabrication of the translucent metal framework using the electrodeposition process has not been reported elsewhere, which can unfold new innovations for different applications, especially in the field of energy materials.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Monitoring Farmed Fish Welfare by Measurement of Cortisol as a Stress Marker in Fish Feces by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Author
-
Meling, Vanessa Andrea, Berge, Kjetil, Knudsen, David Lausten, Rønning, Per Ola, and Brede, Cato
- Subjects
Hydrocortisone ,akvakultur ,Deconjugation ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Aquaculture ,Analytical Chemistry ,Feces ,hydrolyse ,Salmon ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Drug Discovery ,Animals ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Glucuronidase ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] ,Hydrolyses ,Chromatography ,laks ,fisk ,Organic Chemistry ,Fishes ,aquaculture ,fish ,salmon ,feces ,deconjugation ,hydrolysis ,extraction ,chromatography ,mass spectrometry ,LC-MS/MS ,Fish ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Molecular Medicine ,Biomarkers ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
The aquaculture industry has become a sustainable source of food for humans. Remaining challenges include disease issues and ethical concerns for the discomfort and stress of farmed fish. There is a need for reliable biomarkers to monitor welfare in fish, and the stress hormone cortisol has been suggested as a good candidate. This study presents a novel method for measurement of cortisol in fish feces based on enzymatic hydrolysis, liquid–liquid extraction, derivatization, and finally instrumental analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Hydrolysis and extraction conditions were optimized. Cortisol appeared to be mostly conjugated to sulfate and less conjugated to glucuronic acid in the studied samples of feces from farmed Atlantic salmon. The method was suitable for quantification of cortisol after enzymatic deconjugation by either combined glucuronidase and sulfatase activity, or by glucuronidase activity alone. The limit of detection was 0.15 ng/g, the limit of quantification was 0.34 ng/g, and the method was linear (R2 > 0.997) up to 380 ng/g, for measurement of cortisol in wet feces. Method repeatability and intermediate precision were acceptable, both with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 11%. Stress level was high in fish released into seawater, and significantly reduced after eight days.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Influence of Accelerated Aging on the Fiber-Matrix Adhesion of Regenerated Cellulose Fiber-Reinforced Bio-Polyamide
- Author
-
Celia Katharina Falkenreck, Nicole Gemmeke, Jan-Christoph Zarges, and Hans-Peter Heim
- Subjects
Hydrolyse ,Polymers and Plastics ,temperature ,bio-polyamide ,General Chemistry ,mechanical properties ,cellulose ,Kraftfahrzeugindustrie ,resistance ,fiber reinforcement ,hydrolysis ,automotive ,Mechanische Eigenschaft - Abstract
With regard to the sustainability and biological origin of plastic components, regenerated cellulose fiber (RCF)-reinforced polymers are expected to replace other composites in the future. For use under severe conditions, for example, as a housing in the engine compartment, the resistance of the composites and the impact on the fiber and fiber-matrix adhesion must be investigated. Composites of bio-polyamide with a reinforcement of 20 wt.% RCF were compounded using a twin-screw extruder. The test specimens were manufactured with an injection molding machine and aged under conditions of high humidity at 90% r. H, a high temperature of 70 °C, and water storage using a water temperature of 23 °C for 504 h. Mechanical tests, single-fiber tensile tests (SFTT), single-fibre pull-out tests (SFPT), and optical characterization revealed significant changes in the properties of the composites. The results of the SFPT show that accelerated aging had a significant effect on the bio-polymer and an even stronger effect on the fiber, as the single-fiber tensile strength decreased by 27.5%. Supplementary notched impact strength tests revealed a correlation of the impact strength and the accelerated aging of the RCF-reinforced composites. In addition, it could be verified that the tensile strength also decreased at about 37% due to the aging effect on the RCF and a lowered fiber-matrix adhesion. The largest aging impact was on the Young’s modulus with a decrease of 45% due to the accelerated aging. In summary, the results show that the strengthening effect with 20 wt.% RCF was highly decreased subsequent to the accelerated aging due to hydrolysis and debonding because of the shrinkage and swelling of the matrix and fiber. These scientific findings are essential, as it is important to ensure that this bio-based material used in the automotive sector can withstand these stresses without severe degradation. This study provides information about the aging behavior of RCF-reinforced bio-based polyamide, which provides fundamental insights for future research.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Méthodologies de criblage des peptides chélateurs de métaux dans les hydrolysats de protéines pour leurs propriétés antioxydantes
- Author
-
El Hajj, Sarah, UL, Thèses, and ISITE - Isite LUE - - LUE2015 - ANR-15-IDEX-0004 - IDEX - VALID
- Subjects
Hydrolyse ,Ferroptose ,[SPI.GPROC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,Hydrolysis ,Peptide chélateur de métaux ,Screening ,[SDV.BBM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology ,Ferroptosis ,Metal-Chelating peptides ,Antioxydant ,Antioxidants ,Criblage - Abstract
Currently, the discovery of new biomolecules is essential for various industrial applications. Peptides produced by hydrolysis of plant or animal proteins are of interest because of their potential bioactivities. Some peptides, by their ability to complex iron(II), can inhibit and slow down oxidation phenomena. To date, the discovery of new bioactive molecules is generally based on long and fastidious empirical approaches, involving large quantities of solvents, harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is important to develop new and highly sensitive screening methods before implementing a selective separation process of these peptides of interest present in mixture. The objective of this thesis is therefore to (i) develop highly sensitive screening methods to identify the presence of these metal chelating peptides (MCPs) in hydrolysates, produced in the laboratory, before undertaking a time-consuming separation phase and (2) to study their antioxidant activities, using biochemical and cellular assays. In the first approach, time-resolved molecular dynamics (switchSENSE) was first implemented on model peptides capable of complexing metals and then applied to non-filtrated soy and tilapia protein hydrolysates. It has proven to be very sensitive for detecting the presence of MCPs in peptide hydrolysates. This technology is based on the electrical movement of DNA strands, present on the surface of gold microelectrodes, on which are immobilized metal ions. When a peptide has an affinity for an immobilized metal ion and thus forms a peptide-metal complex, this results in a variation of the measured fluorescence signal. On the other hand, MCPs were screened in ultrafiltrated soy and pea protein hydrolysates using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). This advanced technique, allows to determine an affinity constant between a peptide and a metal ion immobilized on a microchip at the molecular scale. It is used here in an original way to study different hydrolysates and thus screen the best hydrolysis condition to produce MCPs. The biological interest in exploring metal-chelating activity in these hydrolysates is to evaluate their antioxidant power in cellulo. These peptides could be promising for ferroptosis inhibition by chelating excess iron ions and thus contribute to the prevention of cell death in several diseases including Atherosclerosis (AS). We aimed to develop a ferroptosis model (induction and rescuing) on human aortic smooth muscle cells to mimic ferroptosis happening during AS development. The ferroptosis model was developed in three steps taking into consideration three essential parameters such as the concentration of ferroptosis inducers (Erastin and ferric ions), the time and the medium of incubation. At each step, 2 biomarkers i.e. intracellular concentration of GSH and lipid peroxidation were followed by NDA and TBARS methods, respectively. The rescue of the ferroptosis model was validated using metal chelators such as DFO and DFr, which are also control molecule regarding MCP activity., Actuellement, la découverte de nouvelles biomolécules est primordiale pour diverses applications industrielles. Les peptides produits par hydrolyse de protéines végétales ou animales, présentent un intérêt en raison de leurs bioactivités potentielles. Certains peptides, par leur capacité à complexer le fer(II), peuvent inhiber les phénomènes d’oxydation. À ce jour, la découverte de nouvelles molécules bioactives est généralement basée sur des approches empiriques longues, et fastidieuses. Par conséquent, il est important de développer de nouvelles méthodes de criblage très sensibles avant de mettre en place un procédé de séparation sélectif de ces peptides d’intérêt présents en mélange. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de (1) développer des méthodes de criblage à haute sensibilité pour identifier la présence de ces peptides chélateurs de métaux (PCMs) dans les hydrolysats, produits en laboratoire, avant d’entreprendre une phase séparative chronophage et (2) d’étudier leurs activités antioxydantes, à l’aide de tests biochimiques et cellulaires. Dans une première approche, ces PCM ont été criblés dans les hydrolysats de protéines de soja en utilisant une approche par Résonance Plasmonique de Surface (SPR). Cette technique permet de déterminer une constante d’affinité entre un peptide et un ion métallique immobilisé sur une micro-puce à l’échelle moléculaire. Elle est utilisé ici pour étudier différents hydrolysats et ainsi cribler la meilleure condition d'hydrolyse pour produire des PCMs. Avec ce même objectif, la dynamique moléculaire à résolution temporelle (switchSENSEⓇ) constitue une seconde approche basée sur un biocapteur et un suivi de fluorescence. Cette technologie est basée sur le mouvement électrique d'ADN, présents en surface de microélectrodes, sur lesquels sont immobilisés des ions métalliques immobilisés. Lorsqu’un peptide forme un complexe peptide-métal, cela entraîne une variation du signal de fluorescence mesuré. Cette méthode a d'abord été mise en place sur des PCMs de synthèse modèles, puis appliquée sur des hydrolysats de protéines de soja et Tilapia. Elle s’avère d’une très grande sensibilité pour détecter la présence de PCMs dans des hydrolysats. L'intérêt biologique d'explorer l'activité chélatrice de métaux dans ces hydrolysats est d'évaluer leur pouvoir antioxydant in cellulo. Ces peptides pourraient être prometteurs pour l'inhibition de la ferroptose en chélatant l'excès d'ion fer et ainsi contribuer à la prévention de la mort cellulaire dans plusieurs maladies dont l'athérosclérose (AS). Nous avons voulu développer un modèle de ferroptose (induction et sauvetage) sur des cellules musculaires aortiques humaines pour imiter la ferroptose qui se produit pendant le développement de l'AS. Le modèle de ferroptose a été développé en trois étapes en prenant en considération trois paramètres essentiels tels que la concentration des inducteurs de ferroptose (Erastin et ions ferriques), le temps et le milieu d'incubation. À chaque étape, 2 biomarqueurs, à savoir la concentration intracellulaire de GSH et la peroxydation lipidique, ont été suivis par les méthodes NDA et TBARS, respectivement. Enfin, le modèle de ferroptose a été validé lors d'une incubation de 10 µM d'Erastin et 50 µM d'ions ferriques pendant 1 nuit dans un milieu complet dilué 2 fois. L'Erastin a réussi à bloquer le système Xc- conduisant à la déplétion de la cystéine intracellulaire nécessaire à la synthèse du GSH. L'ajout d'ions ferriques a accéléré les réactions oxydatives, produisant des espèces réactives qui ont attaqué les membranes lipidiques des cellules et provoqué une peroxydation lipidique. Le sauvetage du modèle de ferroptose a été validé en utilisant des chélateurs de métaux tels que le DFO et le DFr, qui sont également des contrôles de l'activité des MCP. Seul la DFr à 150 µM a été capable d'inhiber la peroxydation lipidique provoquée par l'Erastin et l'ion ferrique.
- Published
- 2022
30. Les lipases immobilisées et leurs applications
- Author
-
Thonart P., Blecker C., Ghalfi H., Destain J., Alloue WAM., Aguedo M., and Wathelet JP.
- Subjects
Lipases ,immobilization ,hydrolyse ,transesterification ,interesterification ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Immobilized lipases and their applications. Lipases are able to catalyse the hydrolysis of glyceridic esters in aqueous media and the synthesis of esters in non-aqueous media. They are thus able to catalyse numerous reactions of industrial interest. Whether it is by inclusion, by adsorption or by covalent link, the immobilisation of lipases aims at conferring them a good stability that enables a reuse of the enzymes after a reaction and the development of continuous processes. The reactions of triglycerides hydrolysis constitute main applications for immobilised lipases, however their use in different types of esterification reactions has also arose: there exist processes involving reactions of transesterification, of interesterification or of esters synthesis. The production of structured lipids by interesterification is one example. Although the reaction conditions dissent from those of hydrolysis, the same lipases have been used in both cases. A lipase specifically adapted for esterification though would be a highly capable tool: a series of strategies is in progress in order to reach this goal.
- Published
- 2008
31. Association d'acides boroniques et de glycolipides pour la formation d'organogels
- Author
-
Ludwig, Andréas, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Rennes 1, Fabienne Berrée, and Loïc Lemiègre
- Subjects
Hydrolyse ,Ester boronique ,[CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry ,Boronate ester ,Hydrolysis ,Organogel ,Fluorescence ,N-Alkylglucoside - Abstract
The target of this work was the development of a new family of organogelators based on the association of a glycolipid and a boronic acid. The first chapter presents the state of knowledge on the combination of boronic acids and sugars as well as the state of the art concerning gelling molecules structurally close to the family of glycolipid boronates, namely the 4,6-O-benzylidene-glycosides. In the second chapter, the synthesis and evaluation as gelling agents of esters derived from phenylboronic acid derivatives bearing various substituents associated with n-alkylglucosides equipped with different chain lengths, is discussed.The gels obtained were characterized at different scales: macroscopic, microscopic and molecular scales. Their sensitivity to water was then assessed in regards to the molecular structure of the organogelator. The third chapter reports the synthesis and evaluation as organogelling agents of esters derived from fluorescent boronic acids. The gels were characterized in the same way as above in addition to the determination of their fluorescent properties by fluorescent spectroscopy.; L’objectif de cette thèse était de développer une nouvelle famille d’organogélifiants basés sur l’association entre un glycolipide et un acide boronique. Le premier chapitre aborde l’état des connaissances sur les associations entre les acides boroniques et les sucres ainsi que l’état de l’art concernant des molécules gélifiantes proches structurellement de la famille des boronates de glycolipides, à savoir les 4,6-O-benzylidène glycosides. Dans le deuxième chapitre, est présentée la synthèse et l’évaluation comme organogélifiants d’esters boroniques issus de l’acide phénylboronique ou de derivés présentant une substitution sur le cycle aromatique associés à des n-alkylglucosides avec différentes longueurs de chaîne. Les gels obtenus ont été caractérisés à différentes échelles : macroscopique, microscopique et moléculaire ce qui a permis d’en déduire leurs principales propriétés viscoélastiques et le mode d’auto-assemblage des organogélifiants. La sensibilité à l’eau de ces gels en regard avec la structure du gélifiant, a ensuite été évaluée. Le troisième chapitre rapporte la synthèse et l’évaluation comme organogélifiants d’esters issus d’acides boroniques fluorescents. Les gels ont été caractérisés de la même manière que précédemment et leurs propriétés de fluorescence ont été étudiées par spectroscopie de fluorescence.
- Published
- 2021
32. Cellulose-Nanokristalle in hoher Ausbeute durch Abbau und Kristallisation von Cellulose mittels gasförmigem Chlorwasserstoff.
- Author
-
Kontturi, Eero, Meriluoto, Anne, Penttilä, Paavo A., Baccile, Niki, Malho, Jani ‐ Markus, Potthast, Antje, Rosenau, Thomas, Ruokolainen, Janne, Serimaa, Ritva, Laine, Janne, and Sixta, Herbert
- Abstract
Im Pflanzenreich kommt der Cellulose eine zentrale, strukturgebende Rolle zu. Daneben gibt es jedoch unzählige Bestrebungen, dieses doch widerspenstige Polysaccharid abzubauen, vor allem im Zusammenhang mit der Gewinnung von Biokraftstoffen und erneuerbaren Nanomaterialien. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, wie die Behandlung von cellulosischen Fasern mit gasförmigem Chlorwasserstoff zu einem schnellen Abbau bei gleichzeitiger Kristallisation führt. Aufgrund der unveränderten Probentextur und dem fehlenden Stoffaustrag im vorliegenden Gas/Feststoff ‐ System können die Veränderungen der Kristallinität zuverlässig untersucht werden. Hierdurch eröffnet sich ein Weg zur Herstellung von Cellulose ‐ Nanokristallen in hoher Ausbeute bei minimalem Wasserverbrauch. Supramolekulare Feststoffeigenschaften von morphologisch heterogenen biologischen Materialien können gezielt angepasst werden. Nicht nur heißer Dampf… Die Adsorption von gasförmigem Chlorwasserstoff auf mit Wasser bedeckten Cellulosemikrofasern führt zu einem schnellen Abbau und erhöhter Kristallinität der Fasern, ohne die Fasermorphologie zu verändern. Hierdurch eröffnet sich ein Weg zur Herstellung von Cellulose ‐ Nanokristallen in hoher Ausbeute bei minimalem Wasserverbrauch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Trapping Aluminum Hydroxide Clusters with Trisilanols during Speciation in Aluminum(III)-Water Systems: Reproducible, Large Scale Access to Molecular Aluminate Models.
- Author
-
Lokare, Kapil Shyam, Frank, Nicolas, Braun ‐ Cula, Beatrice, Goikoetxea, Itziar, Sauer, Joachim, and Limberg, Christian
- Subjects
- *
ALUMINUM hydroxide , *INTERMEDIATES (Chemistry) , *HYDROLYSIS , *LIGANDS (Chemistry) , *SOLVENTS , *FUNCTIONAL groups - Abstract
To gain molecular level insights into the properties of certain functions and units of extended oxides/hydroxides, suitable molecular model compounds are needed. As an attractive route to access such compounds the trapping of early intermediates during the hydrolysis of suitable precursor compounds with the aid of stabilizing ligands is conceivable, which was tested for the aluminum(III)/water system. Indeed, trisilanols proved suitable trapping reagents: their presence during the hydrolysis of Al iBu2H in dependence on the amount of water used allowed for the isolation of tri- and octanuclear aluminum hydroxide cluster complexes [Al3(μ2-OH)3(THF)3(PhSi(OSiPh2O)3)2] ( 1) and [Al8(μ3-OH)2(μ2-OH)10(THF)3(p-anisylSi(OSiPh2O)3)4] ( 2). 1 can be regarded as the Al(OH)3 cyclic trimer, where six protons have been replaced by silyl residues. While 2 features a unique [Al8(μ3-OH)2(μ2-OH)10]12+ core. In contrast to most other known aggregates of this type, 1 and 2 can be readily prepared at reasonable scales, dissolve in common solvents, and retain an intact framework even in the presence of excessive amounts of water. This finding paves the way to future research addressing the reactivity of the individual functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Acidic Ultrafine Tungsten Oxide Molecular Wires for Cellulosic Biomass Conversion.
- Author
-
Zhang, Zhenxin, Sadakane, Masahiro, Hiyoshi, Norihito, Yoshida, Akihiro, Hara, Michikazu, and Ueda, Wataru
- Subjects
- *
CATALYSIS , *METALLIC oxides , *BIOMASS conversion , *NANOWIRES , *HYDROLYSIS - Abstract
The application of nanocatalysis based on metal oxides for biomass conversion is of considerable interest in fundamental research and practical applications. New acidic transition-metal oxide molecular wires were synthesized for the conversion of cellulosic biomass. The ultrafine molecular wires were constructed by repeating (NH4)2[XW6O21] (X=Te or Se) along the length, exhibiting diameters of only 1.2 nm. The nanowires dispersed in water and were observed using high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. Acid sites were created by calcination without collapse of the molecular wire structure. The acidic molecular wire exhibited high activity and stability and promoted the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond. Various biomasses including cellulose were able to be converted to hexoses as main products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The effect of the migrating group structure on enantioselectivity in lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of 1-phenylethanol.
- Author
-
Melais, Nedjma, Aribi-Zouioueche, Louisa, and Riant, Olivier
- Subjects
- *
LIPASES , *BURKHOLDERIA cepacia , *KINETIC resolution , *HYDROLYSIS , *ACYLATION - Abstract
We have studied the effects of the acyl moiety on the enantioselectivity of three lipases: Candida antarctica B , Pseudomonas cepacia and Candida cylindracea , frequently used in kinetic resolutions by acylation or hydrolysis. The size of the acyl group was examined using various enol esters during the transesterification of 1-phenylethanol and the hydrolysis of the corresponding phenylethylesters. C. antarctica-B lipase showed the highest selectivity in the transesterification of 1-phenylethanol with isopropenyl and vinyl acetate, vinyl decanoate, vinyl laurate, ( E > 200). The esters 1-phenyl -ethyl-acetate, decanoate and laurate are also hydrolyzed with high selectivities ( E > 150) with CAL-B. The results can be correlated to the three-dimensional form of each lipase. The effect of the migrating group on the reactivity and selectivity of the lipases are discussed for both reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Broad-Spectrum Liquid- and Gas-Phase Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents by One-Dimensional Heteropolyniobates.
- Author
-
Guo, Weiwei, Lv, Hongjin, Sullivan, Kevin P., Gordon, Wesley O., Balboa, Alex, Wagner, George W., Musaev, Djamaladdin G., Bacsa, John, and Hill, Craig L.
- Subjects
- *
GAS phase reactions , *CHEMICAL warfare agents , *DECONTAMINATION (From gases, chemicals, etc.) , *POLYOXOMETALATES , *CHEMICAL research - Abstract
A wide range of chemical warfare agents and their simulants are catalytically decontaminated by a new one-dimensional polymeric polyniobate (P-PONb), K12[Ti2O2][GeNb12O40]⋅19 H2O ( KGeNb) under mild conditions and in the dark. Uniquely, KGeNb facilitates hydrolysis of nerve agents Sarin (GB) and Soman (GD) (and their less reactive simulants, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP)) as well as mustard (HD) in both liquid and gas phases at ambient temperature and in the absence of neutralizing bases or illumination. Three lines of evidence establish that KGeNb removes DMMP, and thus likely GB/GD, by general base catalysis: a) the k(H2O)/k(D2O) solvent isotope effect is 1.4; b) the rate law (hydrolysis at the same pH depends on the amount of P-PONb present); and c) hydroxide is far less active against the above simulants at the same pH than the P-PONbs themselves, a critical control experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The effect of pH on the nucleation of titania by hydrolysis of TiCl4.
- Author
-
Kotsyubynsky, V. O., Myronyuk, I. F., Myronyuk, L. I., Chelyadyn, V. L., Mizilevska, M. H., Hrubiak, A. B., Tadeush, O. K., and Nizamutdinov, F. M.
- Subjects
- *
TITANIUM dioxide , *NUCLEATION , *HYDROGEN-ion concentration , *MONOMERS , *SCATTERING (Physics) - Abstract
We have proposed and experimentally tested a phenomenological model of nucleation of a specific polymorphic phase of titanium dioxide (anatase, rutile, brookite) resulting from the interaction of Ti4+ hydroxocomplexes at different pH values of reaction medium. The degree of hydrolysis was determined as a function of pH for the monomers formed during the hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride. Mixtures of anatase and brookite with an average size of coherently scattering domains of 5 nm and particles of ellipsoidal shape were obtained by precipitation at pH = 8. At the same time, nanoparticles of rutile with rod-like morphology and an average size of 10 nm were obtained at a pH = 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The effect of pH on the nucleation of titania by hydrolysis of TiCl4.
- Author
-
Kotsyubynsky, V. O., Myronyuk, I. F., Myronyuk, L. I., Chelyadyn, V. L., Mizilevska, M. H., Hrubiak, A. B., Tadeush, O. K., and Nizamutdinov, F. M.
- Subjects
TITANIUM dioxide ,NUCLEATION ,HYDROGEN-ion concentration ,MONOMERS ,SCATTERING (Physics) - Abstract
We have proposed and experimentally tested a phenomenological model of nucleation of a specific polymorphic phase of titanium dioxide (anatase, rutile, brookite) resulting from the interaction of Ti
4+ hydroxocomplexes at different pH values of reaction medium. The degree of hydrolysis was determined as a function of pH for the monomers formed during the hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride. Mixtures of anatase and brookite with an average size of coherently scattering domains of 5 nm and particles of ellipsoidal shape were obtained by precipitation at pH = 8. At the same time, nanoparticles of rutile with rod-like morphology and an average size of 10 nm were obtained at a pH = 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Enzymatic hydrolysis of vegetable and insect proteins using technical enzyme preparations
- Author
-
Großmann, Kora Kassandra and Großmann, Kora Kassandra
- Abstract
The present dissertation covers the usage of technical enzyme preparations (TEPs) for vegetable and insect protein hydrolysis, due to the mounting interest in alternative protein sources to cover the increasing demand for food from a growing world population. The TEPs, as defined in this study, are enzyme preparations that include side activities and are used in food processing. Today, TEPs are used by food manufacturers based on the suppliers information that usually states the main enzyme activity and includes information on side activities only in some cases. However, knowledge about the activity profile is crucial as side activities can contribute to the properties of the protein hydrolysates produced (e.g. degree of hydrolysis [DH], liberation of amino acids) and the final food product quality. In the first study, an automated photometric analyzer (GalleryTM Plus, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was introduced for the comprehensive activity determination of TEPs. The new setup of the analyzer covered 32 synthetic and natural substrates in order to determine aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidylpeptidase and endopeptidase activities distinguishably. Accordingly, the overall proteolytic activity of TEPs was quantified and detailed information about the substrate spectra and peptidase side activities was generated. Furthermore, several batches of the industrial TEP Flavourzyme1000L were measured. By determining 32 peptidase activities, batch variations were shown. As Flavourzyme1000L is standardized by its supplier Novozymes on only one activity (leucine aminopeptidase), the additional 31 new peptidase activities determined showed differences of the side activities of the batches. In addition, the study showed that the detailed information of the peptidase activities of the TEPs could explain the properties of the resulting lupine protein hydrolysates (DH and liberation of amino acids). Due to the determination of 32 peptidase activities (so-called activity fin, Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Verwendung von technischen Enzympräparaten (TEP) zur Hydrolyse von Pflanzen- und Insektenproteinen. Alternative Proteinquellen sind von zunehmendem Interesse, um die steigende Lebensmittelnachfrage der wachsenden Weltbevölkerung zu decken. In dieser Studie werden TEP als Enzympräparate definiert, die zur Herstellung von Lebensmitteln verwendet werden und meist Nebenaktivitäten aufweisen. In der Regel werden TEP von Lebensmittelherstellern basierend auf den Informationen der Produzenten verwendet. Diese nennen vorwiegend die Hauptenzymaktivität und selten weitere Nebenaktivitäten der Präparate. Detaillierte Informationen über Nebenaktivitäten sind allerdings wesentlich, da diese die Eigenschaften der erzeugten Proteinhydrolyse (z. B. Hydrolysegrad, Freisetzung von Aminosäuren) und die finale Lebensmittelqualität beeinflussen können. In der ersten Studie wurde ein automatisiertes photometrisches Analysengerät (GalleryTM Plus, Thermo Fisher Scientific) vorgestellt, um TEP umfangreich hinsichtlich ihrer Peptidaseaktivitäten zu bestimmen. Die neue Installierung des Analysengerätes beinhaltete 32 synthetische und natürliche Substrate, um Aminopeptidase-, Carboxypeptidase-, Dipeptidylpeptidase- und Endopeptidaseaktivitäten von TEP differenzierbar zu messen. Dabei wurden die allgemeine proteolytische Aktivität der TEP quantifiziert, sowie detaillierte Informationen über das Substratspektrum und über proteolytische Nebenaktivitäten generiert. Zudem wurden mehrere Chargen des industriellen TEP Flavourzyme1000L gemessen. Durch die Bestimmung der 32 Peptidaseaktivitäten wurden Batchvariationen aufgezeigt. Da Flavourzyme1000L vom Hersteller Novozymes auf nur eine Aktivität (Leucin Aminopeptidase) standardisiert wird, haben die weiteren 31 neu bestimmten Peptidaseaktivitäten die Unterschiede der Nebenaktivitäten aufgezeigt. Ferner hat diese Studie gezeigt, dass die detaillierten Informationen über die Peptidaseaktivitäten der TEP
- Published
- 2021
40. Étude physicochimique et biologique des polysaccharides hydrosolubles de Plantago notata Lagasca (Plantaginaceae).
- Author
-
Boual, Z., Chouana, T., Kemassi, A., Hamid Oudjana, A., Daddi Bouhoun, M., Michaud, P., and Ould El Hadj, M.
- Abstract
Copyright of Phytothérapie is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Instantaneous Hydrolysis of Nerve-Agent Simulants with a Six-Connected Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework.
- Author
-
Moon, Su-Young, Liu, Yangyang, Hupp, Joseph T., and Farha, Omar K.
- Subjects
- *
HYDROLYSIS , *ZIRCONIUM , *DEHYDRATION reactions , *AEROSOL hydrolysis , *SOLVOLYSIS - Abstract
A nerve-agent simulant based on a phosphate ester is hydrolyzed using a MOF-based catalyst. Suspensions of MOF-808 (6-connected), a material featuring 6-connected zirconium nodes, display the highest hydrolysis rates among all MOFs that have been reported to date. A plug-flow reactor was also prepared with MOF-808 (6-connected) as the active layer. Deployed in a simple filtration scheme, the reactor displayed high hydrolysis efficiency and reusability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Textile/Metal-Organic-Framework Composites as Self-Detoxifying Filters for Chemical-Warfare Agents.
- Author
-
López-Maya, Elena, Montoro, Carmen, Rodríguez-Albelo, L. Marleny, Aznar Cervantes, Salvador D., Lozano-Pérez, A. Abel, Cenís, José Luis, Barea, Elisa, and Navarro, Jorge A. R.
- Subjects
- *
CHEMICAL warfare agents , *ZIRCONIUM , *ACTIVATED carbon , *ALKOXIDES , *SARIN - Abstract
The current technology of air-filtration materials for protection against highly toxic chemicals, that is, chemical-warfare agents, is mainly based on the broad and effective adsorptive properties of hydrophobic activated carbons. However, adsorption does not prevent these materials from behaving as secondary emitters once they are contaminated. Thus, the development of efficient self-cleaning filters is of high interest. Herein, we report how we can take advantage of the improved phosphotriesterase catalytic activity of lithium alkoxide doped zirconium(IV) metal-organic framework (MOF) materials to develop advanced self-detoxifying adsorbents of chemical-warfare agents containing hydrolysable PF, PO, and CCl bonds. Moreover, we also show that it is possible to integrate these materials onto textiles, thereby combining air-permeation properties of the textiles with the self-detoxifying properties of the MOF material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Facile Hydrolysis and Alcoholysis of Palladium Acetate.
- Author
-
Bedford, Robin B., Bowen, John G., Davidson, Russell B., Haddow, Mairi F., Seymour-Julen, Annabelle E., Sparkes, Hazel A., and Webster, Ruth L.
- Subjects
- *
PALLADIUM , *SOLID state physics , *ETHANOL , *OXIDATION , *ALKOXIDES - Abstract
Palladium(II) acetate is readily converted into [Pd3(μ2-OH)(OAc)5] ( 1) in the presence of water in a range of organic solvents and is also slowly converted in the solid state. Complex 1 can also be formed in nominally anhydrous solvents. Similarly, the analogous alkoxide complexes [Pd3(μ2-OR)(OAc)5] ( 3) are easily formed in solutions of palladium(II) acetate containing a range of alcohols. An examination of a representative Wacker-type oxidation shows that the Pd-OH complex 1 and a related Pd-oxo complex 4 can be excluded as potential catalytic intermediates in the absence of exogenous water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Structure and reactivity of phosphate diesters. Dependence on the nonleaving group.
- Author
-
Kirby, Anthony J., Souza, Bruno S., and Nome, Faruk
- Subjects
- *
PHOSPHATES , *HYDROLYSIS , *CHEMICAL reactions , *CHEMICAL structure , *TRANSITION state theory (Chemistry) - Abstract
The hydrolytic reactivity of simple phosphate diesters with very good leaving groups is known to be practically independent of the nonleaving group at 100 °C. Calculations on the (too slow to measure) hydrolysis at 25 °C of a series of p-nitrophenyl diesters ROPO2--OpNP with a wide range of nonleaving group OR indicate a small but significant effect at the lower temperature, making the R = methyl ester the most reactive. This is in the opposite sense to the much larger effect observed for the reactions of triesters and consistent with a reaction driven primarily by leaving group departure. The calculations use a continuum model with up to four discrete water molecules: two or three waters give the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Transition-state structure for the hydronium-ion-promoted hydrolysis of α- d-glucopyranosyl fluoride.
- Author
-
Chan, Jefferson, Tang, Ariel, and Bennet, Andrew J.
- Subjects
- *
TRANSITION state theory (Chemistry) , *OXONIUM ions , *HYDROLYSIS , *FLUORIDES , *GLYCOSIDES , *CHEMICAL bonds - Abstract
The transition state for the hydronium-ion-promoted hydrolysis of α- d-glucopyranosyl fluoride in water has been characterized by combining multiple kinetic isotope effect measurements with theoretical modelling. The measured kinetic isotope effects for the C1-deuterium, C2-deuterium, C5-deuterium, anomeric carbon-13, and ring oxygen-18 are 1.219 ± 0.021, 1.099 ± 0.024, 0.976 ± 0.014, 1.014 ± 0.005, and 0.991 ± 0.013, respectively. The transition state for the hydronium ion reaction is late with respect to both C-F bond cleavage and proton transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Hydrothermale Karbonisierung: 3. Kinetisches Modell Hydrothermal Carbonization: 3. Kinetic Model.
- Author
-
Kruse, Andrea and Grandl, Robert
- Abstract
Based on experiments in the micro autoclave, a simple kinetic model for hydrothermal carbonization was developed. This model was then applied to describe the transformation of ten different biomasses with varying lignin content and showed good correspondence to measured data. It was assumed that the presence of lignin slows down the hydrolysis of biomass as first reaction step, but a direct correlation between the lignin content and the low reaction speed of lignin containing biomasses was not confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Self-Sustained Cycle of Hydrolysis and Etching at Solution/Solid Interfaces: A General Strategy To Prepare Metal Oxide Micro-/Nanostructured Arrays for High-Performance Electrodes.
- Author
-
Zhang, Yingmeng, Zhang, Weixin, Yang, Zeheng, Gu, Heyun, Zhu, Qing, Yang, Shihe, and Li, Mei
- Subjects
- *
HYDROLYSIS , *CHEMICAL synthesis , *SEMICONDUCTOR etching , *METALLIC oxides , *NANOSTRUCTURES , *LITHIUM-ion batteries - Abstract
Assembling micro-/nanostructured arrays on conducting substrates allows the integration of multiple functionalities into modern electronic devices. Herein, a novel self-sustained cycle of hydrolysis and etching (SCHE) is exploited to selectively synthesize an extensive series of metal oxide micro-/nanostructured arrays on a wide range of metal substrates, establishing the generality and efficacy of the strategy. To demonstrate the potential application of this method, the as-prepared NiO porous nanobelt array was directly used as the anode for lithium-ion batteries, exhibiting excellent capacity and rate capability. Conclusively, the SCHE strategy offers a systematic approach to design metal oxide micro-/nanostructured arrays on metal substrates, which are valuable not only for lithium-ion batteries but also for other energy conversion and storage systems and electronic devices at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Struktur und Mechanismus einer Aspartimid-abhängigen Peptidligase in humanem Legumain.
- Author
-
Dall, Elfriede, Fegg, Julia C., Briza, Peter, and Brandstetter, Hans
- Abstract
Peptidligasen erweitern das genetisch kodierte Repertoire der Proteinstrukturen und -funktionen. Unter Verbrauch von ATP oder NTP knüpfen diese Ligasen nicht-kanonische Peptidbindungen. Hier beschreiben wir die Entdeckung einer konzeptuell neuen Ligaseaktivität im humanen Legumain (AEP). Legumain ist eine Cysteinprotease, die eine wichtige Rolle für die Immunabwehr und im Tumorgeschehen spielt. Diese Aufgaben wurden bis dato ihrer gut charakterisierten Proteaseaktivität zugeschrieben. Völlig unerwartet erweist sich der der Ligaseaktivität zugrunde liegende Mechanismus unabhängig vom katalytischen Cystein. Stattdessen wird bei der Ligation die Umwandlung eines energiereichen, metastabilen Aspartimids zu Aspartat als endogenes Energiereservoir genutzt. Während die Proteasefunktion bei saurem pH dominiert, zeigt die Ligase bei neutralem pH ihr Aktivitätsoptimum. Diese pH-Abhängigkeit der beiden gegensätzlichen Aktivitäten legt nahe, dass die Lokalisierung des Enzyms über seine Funktion bestimmt. Relevant wird diese duale Wirkungsweise beispielsweise beim reversiblen Ein-/Ausschalten von Inhibitoren der Cystatin-Familie, bei der (In-)Aktivierung von Enzymen, wie auch bei der Generierung von 3D-Epitopen für die Beladung von MHCII-Rezeptoren. Zudem stellt das hier verwendete Aspartat-Aspartimid(Succinimid)-Paar eine neue Möglichkeit dar, endergonische Reaktionen in ATP-armen Umgebungen durch Kupplung zu realisieren. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Acceleration of Acetal Hydrolysis by Remote Alkoxy Groups: Evidence for Electrostatic Effects on the Formation of Oxocarbenium Ions.
- Author
-
Garcia, Angie, Otte, Douglas A. L., Salamant, Walter A., Sanzone, Jillian R., and Woerpel, K. A.
- Subjects
- *
HYDROLYSIS , *ALKOXY group , *ACETAL resins , *OLIGOSACCHARIDE synthesis , *SUBSTITUTION reactions , *ELECTROSTATIC interaction - Abstract
In contrast to observations with carbohydrates, experiments with 4-alkoxy-substituted acetals indicate that an alkoxy group can accelerate acetal hydrolysis by up to 20-fold compared to substrates without an alkoxy group. The acceleration of ionization in more flexible acetals can be up to 200-fold when compensated for inductive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Production of a seasoning sauce based on Tenebrio molitor by fermentation and hydrolysis
- Author
-
Lethen, Hans Moritz
- Subjects
Hydrolyse ,Mehlkäfer ,Fermentation ,Würzsoße - Abstract
Insekten gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung als Lebensmittel für den menschlichen Verzehr und der Mehlwurm ist kürzlich als Inhaltstoff verarbeiteter Lebensmittel in der Europäischen Union zugelassen worden. In dieser Arbeit wurden durch Fermentation und chemische Hydrolyse wurden drei unterschiedliche Würzsaucen hergestellt. Die unterschiedlichen Herstellungsmethoden bedienten sich Vorbildrezepturen bestehender Würzsaucen, enthielten allerdings alle Tenebrio Molitor als Hauptzutat. T. molitor wurde vor der Weiterverarbeitung blanchiert und zerkleinert. Der Sauce nach Vorbild einer Garum wurde Aspergillus oryzae, Gerste, Wasser und Salz zugesetzt und sie wurde 35 Tage bei 36°C im Brutschrank aufbewahrt. Der Sauce nach Vorbild einer Sojasauce wurde Aspergillus sojae, Reismehl, Salz und Wasser zugefügt. Die Herstellung der Sauce durch chemische Hydrolyse erfolgte durch Zugabe von Salzsäure, Erhitzung auf 80°C für 2 Stunden und Neutralisation mit Natronlauge. Die Saucen wurden filtriert, pasteurisiert und anschließend wurde L-Glutaminsäuregehalt und pH-Wert gemessen und eine sensorische Evaluierung durchgeführt. Die Analyse des L-Glutaminsäuregehalts wurde unter Verwendung eines Testkits analysiert. Die Sauce nach Vorbild einer Garum wies nach 35 Tagen die gewünschten sensorischen Eigenschaften auf und es fand eine sichtbare Veränderung in der Farbe statt. Eine Erhöhung des L-Glutaminsäuregehalts von 533 mg/100ml am Tag 0 zu 1232 mg/100ml am Tag 35 wurde analysiert. Der pH-Wert wies keine signifikante Veränderung auf. Die Sauce nach Vorbild einer Sojasauce wies nach 30 Tagen nicht die erwarteten sensorischen Eigenschaften aus und war nicht genießbar. Es wurde bei dieser Methode eine deutliche Steigerung des L-Glutaminsäuregehalts von 59 mg/100ml auf 216 mg/100ml und eine Reduktion des pH-Wertes von 6,53 auf 5,25 analysiert. Die Würzsauce, welche durch chemische Hydrolyse herstellt wurde wies mit 83 mg/100ml im Vergleich den niedrigsten L-Glutaminsäuregehalt auf. Sie war sensorisch den Erwartungen entsprechend und eine deutliche Farbänderung war wahrnehmbar. Insects are gaining in importance as food for human consumption and mealworm has recently been approved as an ingredient in processed foods in the European Union. Three different seasoning sauces were produced by fermentation and chemical hydrolysis. The different production methods used model recipes of existing condiment sauces, all of which contained Tenebrio molitor as the main ingredient. The T. molitor were blanched and blended before further processing. Aspergillus oryzae, barley, water, and salt were added to the sauce modelled after a Garum-sauce, and it was kept in an incubator at 36°C for 35 days. Aspergillus sojae, rice flour, salt and water were added to the sauce modelled after a soy sauce. The sauce that was prepared by chemical hydrolysis was made by adding hydrochloric acid, heating to 80°C for 2 hours, and neutralizing with sodium hydroxide solution. The sauces were filtered, pasteurized and then L-glutamic acid content and pH were measured, and sensory evaluation was performed. The analysis of L-glutamic acid content was analysed using a test kit. The sauce modelled after a garum exhibited the desired sensory characteristics after 35 days and there was a visible change in colour. An increase in L-glutamic acid content from 533.12 mg/100ml on day 0 to 1232 mg/100ml on day 35 was analysed. The pH did not show any significant change. The sauce modelled on soy sauce did not exhibit the expected sensory properties after 30 days and was not edible. A significant increase in L-glutamic acid content from 59 mg/100ml to 216 mg/100ml and a reduction in pH from 6.53 to 5.25 were analysed using this method. The seasoning sauce produced by chemical hydrolysis had the lowest L-glutamic acid content in comparison, at 83 mg/100ml. Its sensory attributes were according to expectations and a clear colour change was perceptible. Hans Moritz Lethen Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Bachelorarbeit FH JOANNEUM 2021
- Published
- 2021
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.