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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide, causing progressive cognitive decline, memory impairment, and neurological deficits. Methylene blue (MB), an antioxidant, has emerged as a potential drug for the treatment of AD owing to its cognitive improvement and neuroprotective functions. Despite the small molecular size of MB, which can cross the BBB, the therapeutic effective dosage using a BBB-permeable delivery system in a specific brain localization remains unclear. In this study, we presented magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) as a delivery system to enhance BBB permeability for the effective treatment of AD. MRgFUS using two ultrasound intensities (0.25 and 0.32 MPa) was used to intravenously deliver MB to the hippocampal region. Compared with treatment with 0.25 MPa FUS, treatment with 0.32 MPa FUS significantly enhanced MB brain accumulation. Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neural cell damage was significantly reduced in 0.32 MPa FUS/MB-treated APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, aquaporin-4 expression increased significantly in the 0.32 MPa FUS and 0.32 MPa FUS/MB groups without glial fibrillary acidic protein activation. The results from this study demonstrate that FUS improved MB delivery to the brain, and FUS/MB combination treatment reduced the number of Aβ plaques. This study revealed the potential of FUS-BBBD as an effective strategy to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic drugs for AD.

Objective To determine the risk factors for herpes zoster (HZ) in patients with rheumatic diseases in Korea. Methods We used the nationwide database of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service to analyse patients aged ≥20 years who had visited a hospital more than twice for rheumatic disease as a principal diagnosis from January 2009 to April 2013. HZ was identified using HZ-related Korean Standard Classification of Diseases 6 (KCD-6) codes and the prescription of antiviral agents. The relationship between demographics, comorbidities and medications and HZ risk was analysed by Cox proportional hazards models. Results HZ developed in 1869 patients. In Cox proportional hazards models, female sex but not age showed an increased adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for HZ. Comorbidities such as haematologic malignancies, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic lung and liver diseases led to an increased HR. HZ risk was higher in patients with SLE (HR: 4.29, 95% CI: 3.49, 5.27) and Behçet’s syndrome (BS, HR: 4.54; 95% CI: 3.66, 5.64) than with RA. The use of conventional DMARDs, immunosuppressants, TNF inhibitors, glucocorticoids and NSAIDs increased the HR. Infliximab and glucocorticoids (equivalent prednisolone dose >15 mg/day) produced the highest HZ risk (HR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.72, 4.89; HR: 2.85, 95% CI: 2.15, 3.77, respectively). Conclusion Female sex, comorbidities and medications increased HZ risk in patients with rheumatic diseases and even young patients could develop HZ. Compared with RA, SLE and BS are stronger HZ risk factors. Patients with rheumatic diseases and these risk factors are potential target populations for HZ vaccination.

Objectives This study aims to investigate the outcomes and risk factors associated with the progression of systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. Patients and methods A total of 532 patients (73 males, 459 females; median age 49 years; interquartile range (IQR), 36 to 62 years) registered with the Registry of Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Rheumatic Diseases were included. Mortality curves were constructed using the Kaplan- Meier method and comparisons were performed using the log-rank test. A paired t-test was performed to evaluate the patients with markedly elevated sPAP between baseline and follow-up. Results The average follow-up duration was 31 months (IQR, 9 to 60 months). Of the patients, 196 had follow-up echocardiographs at least one year later. We defined the sPAP over 60 mmHg as markedly elevated. Patients in the increased sPAP above 60 mmHg at follow-up and persistently markedly elevated sPAP were associated with worse outcomes in all-cause mortality and pulmonary arterial hypertension-related mortality (p

Until recently, four types of cellobiose-fermenting

Background Patient-centered management is becoming increasingly important in gout, but there are limited studies exploring patients' perspectives and preferences. We aimed to investigate patients' perspectives and preferences regarding gout and gout management, and their impacts on adherence to urate lowering therapy (ULT). Methods A paper-based survey was performed in patients with gout seen at the rheumatology outpatient clinics of 16 tertiary hospitals. The survey included questions regarding demographics, comorbidities, gout attacks, current treatment and adherence, and patients' perspectives and preferences regarding gout and gout management. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with ULT adherence. Results Of 809 surveyed patients with gout, 755 (94.5%) were using ULT. Among those using ULT, 89.1% had ≥ 80% adherence to ULT. Majority of the patients knew management strategies to some extent (94.8%), perceived gout as a life-long disease (91.2%), and were making efforts toward practicing at least one lifestyle modification (89.2%). Most patients (71.9%) obtained information about gout management during their clinic visits. Approximately half of the patients (53.6%) preferred managing their disease with both ULT and lifestyle modification, 28.4% preferred ULT only, and 17.4% preferred lifestyle modification only. Adherence was better in patients with older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.03), those with better knowledge of gout management strategies (OR, 3.56), and those who had preference for ULT (OR, 2.07). Conclusion Patients' perspectives and management preferences had high impacts on adherence to ULT in gout. Consideration of patients' perspectives and preferences is important for achieving the desired clinical outcome in gout., Graphical Abstract

A blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening induced by focused ultrasound (FUS) has been widely studied as an effective way of treating brain diseases. We investigate the effect of ultrasound’s incidence angle at caudate putamen (Cp) and thalamus (Th) of the rat brain by inducing the same power of focused ultrasound that corresponds to the acoustic pressure of 0.65 MPa in free field. The BBB permeability (Ktrans) was quantitatively evaluated with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. The group averaged (n = 11) maximum Ktrans at Cp (0.021 ± 0.012 min−1) was 1.39 times smaller than the Ktrans of Th (0.029 ± 0.01 min−1) with p = 0.00343. The group averaged (n = 6) ultrasound’s incidence angles measured using the computed tomography image of rat skulls were compared with the maximum Ktrans and showed a negatively linear relation R2 = 0.7972). The maximum acoustic pressure computed from the acoustic simulation showed higher average acoustic pressures at Th (0.37 ± 0.02 MPa) compared to pressures at Cp (0.32 ± 0.01 MPa) with p = 0.138 × 10−11. More red blood cell were observed at the Th region compared to the Cp region in the tissue staining. These results indicate that localized characteristics of the sonication target within the subject should be considered for safer and more efficient BBB disruption induced by FUS.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term exposure to ambient particulate matter less than 10μm in diameter (PMThe data of emergency department (ED) cases with acute gout flare in Incheon city, Korea between January 1st 2008 and December 31st 2015 were collected from the National Health Insurance Service claims data. The levels of PMThe risk of daily ED visits for acute gout flares per interquartile range increment of the average daily PMOur time-series study demonstrated a modest, but significant effect of short-term exposure to PM

Background We purposed to evaluate the seasonality and associated factors of the incidence of gout attacks in Korea. Methods We prospectively enrolled patients with gout attacks who were treated at nine rheumatology clinics between January 2015 and July 2018 and followed them for 1-year. Demographic data, clinical and laboratory features, and meteorological data including seasonality were collected. Results Two hundred-five patients (men, 94.1%) were enrolled. The proportion of patients with initial gout attacks was 46.8% (n = 96). The median age, body mass index, attack duration, and serum uric acid level at enrollment were 50.0 years, 25.4, 5.0 days, and 7.4 mg/dL, respectively. Gout attacks were most common during spring (43.4%, P < 0.001) and in March (23.4%, P < 0.001). A similar pattern of seasonality was observed in the group with initial gout attacks. Alcohol was the most common provoking factor (39.0%), particularly during summer (50.0%). The median diurnal temperature change on the day of the attack was highest in the spring (9.8°C), followed by winter (9.3°C), fall (8.6°C), and summer (7.1°C) (P = 0.027). The median change in humidity between the 2 consecutive days (the day before and the day of the attack) was significantly different among the seasons (3.0%, spring; 0.3%, summer; −0.9%, fall; −1.2%, winter; P = 0.015). One hundred twenty-five (61%) patients completed 1-year follow-up (51% in the initial attack group). During the follow-up period, 64 gout flares developed (21 in the initial attack group). No significant seasonal variation in the follow-up flares was found. Conclusion In this prospective study, the most common season and month of gout attacks in Korea are spring and March, respectively. Alcohol is the most common provoking factor, particularly during summer. Diurnal temperature changes on the day of the attack and humidity changes from the day before the attack to the day of the attack are associated with gout attack in our cohort., Graphical Abstract

The hard X-ray free-electron laser at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL-XFEL) in the Republic of Korea achieved saturation of a 0.144 nm free-electron laser beam on 27 November 2016, making it the third hard X-ray free-electron laser in the world, following the demonstrations of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free Electron Laser (SACLA). The use of electron-beam-based alignment incorporating undulator radiation spectrum analysis has allowed reliable operation of PAL-XFEL with unprecedented temporal stability and dispersion-free orbits. In particular, a timing jitter of just 20 fs for the free-electron laser photon beam is consistently achieved due to the use of a state-of-the-art design of the electron linear accelerator and electron-beam-based alignment. The low timing jitter of the electron beam makes it possible to observe Bi(111) phonon dynamics without the need for timing-jitter correction, indicating that PAL-XFEL will be an extremely useful tool for hard X-ray time-resolved experiments. The Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL) in South Korea has now entered operation with a timing jitter of just 20 fs.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term exposure to ambient particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) on occurrence of acute gout flares in the general population and identify susceptible groups accordingly. Methods The data of emergency department (ED) cases with acute gout flare in Incheon city, Korea between January 1st 2008 and December 31st 2015 were collected from the National Health Insurance Service claims data. The levels of PM10 and meterological measurements were provided by the Ministry of Environment and the National Meterological Office, respectively. To estimate the risk of daily ED visits due to acute gout flare, these time-series data set were analyzed using generalized additive models with Poisson distribution, including daily average PM10 level, temperature, relative humidity, day of the week, national holiday, season, and date. Results The risk of daily ED visits for acute gout flares per interquartile range increment of the average daily PM10 levels significantly increased in the cumulative lag 0–7 model (relative risk, 1.018; 95% confidence interval, 1.008–1.027, P Conclusions Our time-series study demonstrated a modest, but significant effect of short-term exposure to PM10 on ED visits for acute gout flares. Ambient PM10 may be a newly identified environmental risk factor for acute gout flares.

A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus was detected in malformed fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus strain ASI2792, one of bottle cultivated commercial strains of the edible oyster mushroom. The partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the P. ostreatus ASI2792 mycovirus (PoV-ASI2792) was cloned, and a cDNA sequences alignment revealed that the sequence was identical to the RdRp gene of a known PoSV found in the P. ostreatus strain. To investigate the symptoms of PoV-ASI2792 infection by comparing the isogenic virus-free P. ostreatus strains with a virus-infected strain, isogenic virus-cured P. ostreatus strains were obtained by the mycelial fragmentation method for virus curing. The absence of virus was verified with gel electrophoresis after dsRNA-specific virus purification and Northern blot analysis using a partial RdRp cDNA of PoV-ASI2792. The growth rate and mycelial dry weight of virus-infected P. ostreatus strain with PoV-ASI2792 mycovirus were compared to those of three virus-free isogenic strains on 10 different media. The virus-cured strains showed distinctly higher mycelial growth rates and dry weights on all kinds of experimental culture media, with at least a 2.2-fold higher mycelial growth rate on mushroom complete media (MCM) and Hamada media, and a 2.7-fold higher mycelial dry weight on MCM and yeastmalt-glucose agar media than those of the virus-infected strain. These results suggest that the infection of PoV mycovirus has a deleterious effect on the vegetative growth of P. ostreatus.

Kenalog is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug used to treat various cancers including ocular and choroidal melanoma. However, the drug achieves rarely sustainable results for patients. To overcome this difficulty, the structure of Kenalog was altered by ionizing radiation (IR) to develop a more effective anticancer agent for treatment of various skin cancers. The anticancer effect of modified Kenalog (Kenalog‑IR) was assessed in melanoma cancer cells in vitro. The assessment of mitochondrial functions by MTT assay revealed significant inhibition of melanoma cancer cell viability by Kenalog‑IR compared to Kenalog. Moreover, Kenalog‑IR‑induced apoptotic cell death was associated with the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway by triggering the release of intrinsic apoptosis molecules through activation of caspase‑related molecules in concentration and time‑dependent manners. Furthermore, it was observed that Kenalog‑IR‑induced apoptosis was associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with increased G2/M cell cycle arrest. Collectively, Kenalog‑IR may be a potential suppressor of skin‑related cancer in particular melanoma cancer.

PAL-XFEL utilizes a three-chicane bunch compression (3-BC) scheme (the very first of its kind in operation) for free-electron laser (FEL) operation. The addition of a third bunch compressor allows for more effective mitigation of coherent synchrotron radiation during bunch compression and an increased flexibility of system configuration. Start-to-end simulations of the effects of radiofrequency jitter on the electron beam performance show that using the 3-BC scheme leads to better performance compared with the two-chicane bunch compression scheme. Together with the high performance of the linac radiofrequency system, it enables reliable operation of PAL-XFEL with unprecedented stability in terms of arrival timing, pointing and intensity; an arrival timing jitter of better than 15 fs, a transverse position jitter of smaller than 10% of the photon beam size, and an FEL intensity jitter of smaller than 5% are consistently achieved.

Background/Aims: This study was undertaken to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Behcet’s Disease Current Activity Form (BDCAF, version 2006) questionnaire to the Korean language and to evaluate its reliability and validity in a population of Korean patients with Behcet’s disease (BD). Methods: A cross-cultural study was conducted among patients with BD who attended our rheumatology clinic between November 2012 and March 2013. There were 11 males and 35 females in the group. The mean age of the participants was 48.5 years and the mean disease duration was 6.4 years. The first BDCAF ques tionnaire was completed on arrival and the second assessment was performed 20 minutes later by a different physician. The test-retest reliability was analyzed by computing κ statistics. Kappa scores of > 0.6 indicated a good agreement. To assess the validity, we compared the total BDCAF score with the patient’s/clinician’s perception of disease activity and the Korean version of the Behcet’s Disease Quality of Life (BDQOL). Results: For the test-retest reliability, good agreements were achieved on items such as headache, oral/genital ulceration, erythema, skin pustules, arthralgia, nausea/vomiting/abdominal pain, and diarrhea with altered/frank blood per rectum. Moderate agreement was observed for eye and nervous system involvement. We achieved a fair agreement for arthritis and major vessel involvement. Signifi cant correlations were obtained between the total BDCAF score with the BDQOL and the patient’s/clinician’s perception of disease activity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Korean version of the BDCAF is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring current disease activity in Korean BD patients.

Objectives Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a major cause of mortality in connective tissue disease (CTD). The survival rates and mortality-predictive factors of a nationwide registry of Korean patients with CTD-PH measured by echocardiography were determined. Methods Patients with CTD-PH were enrolled between April 2008 and December 2012. Hemodynamic parameters and clinical data (WHO-functional class [FC], organ involvement, laboratory tests and treatment agents) were recorded. Survival rates were calculated by using the Kaplan–Meier method. Mortality-associated factors were examined by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results In total, 174 incident PH cases (61 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 50 with systemic sclerosis, 10 with mixed CTD, 22 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 31 with other CTDs) were diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography. Of these, 25 (14%) died during the 3.8 ± 2.7 year follow-up period after PH diagnosis. The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 90.7% and 87.3%, respectively. Compared to the other CTD-PHs, RA-PH had the lowest survival rates (56% 3 year survival; P = 0.022). Multiple regression analysis revealed that low diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO), pleural effusion and diabetes mellitus were poor prognostic factors (P = 0.008, 0.04 and 0.009, respectively). Anti-UI-RNP (ribonucleoprotein) antibody positivity was protective (P = 0.022). In patients with WHO-FC III/IV, patients who received vasodilators had lower mortality than those who did not (P = 0.038). Conclusions In Korean patients with CTD-PH, the 3-year survival rate was 87%. Low diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO), pleural effusion and diabetes mellitus were independent poor prognostic factors. Anti-UI-RNP antibody was protective. Prompt PAH-specific vasodilator therapy may improve the survival of patients with severe CTD-PH.

Aim To describe the prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia (FM) in patients with underlying rheumatic disease, and to compare it by three different measures. Methods We studied 546 patients with chronic rheumatic diseases who attended our rheumatology clinic. If patients answered all of a screening questionnaire with yes, then we considered patients to be having widespread pain as assessed by the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ), widespread pain index (WPI), and symptom severity (SS). A physician administered the tender point (TP) exam and clinician's judgment of FM. We collected demographics, clinical and laboratory features. Results One hundred and sixty-four (30.0%) patients among 546 cases had a further exam. The male-to-female count was 25 : 139. The mean age was 49.7 years, disease duration 3.7 years, TP counts 4.2, FIQ score 47.0 and WPI with SS score was 11.1. We classified 17 patients (10.4%) with concomitant FM with widespread pain by tender point exam, 56 patients (34.2%) by WPI with SS, and 36 patients (22.0%) by a clinician's judgment. A total of 70.6% (n = 12) of those classified as FM by 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria wee categorized as FM by clinician's judgment, while 33.3% by clinician's judgment were classified by 1990 ACR criteria. Conclusions We found a 10.4~34.2% prevalence of concomitant FM in the patients with chronic widespread pain. The 1990 ACR criteria were the most restrictive except for SLE. Although The 2010 ACR criteria had a wide spectrum, it can be used for FM diagnosis even in the patient with underlying rheumatic diseases.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the intensity of physical activity and symptoms of depression. [Subjects and Methods] We analyzed the influence of different intensities of physical activity on depressive symptoms using the data of 12,350 adults over the age of 20 years who had completed the 2011 Korea Health Panel. After controlling for confounding variables, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the association between the intensity of physical activity and depressive symptoms. [Results] The results showed that vigorous physical activity had a significant effect on depressive symptoms. The incidence of depressive symptoms was 1.487 (95% CI 1.137, 1.943) OR higher among people who did not participate in regular activity than it was among those who took part in regular intense physical activity. [Conclusion] It appears that physical activity affects depressive symptoms, a result which is in agreement with previous studies. However, we also showed a difference in influence according to activity intensity. Thus, the intensity of physical activity should be considered when developing physical activity programs for improving depressive symptoms.

The null pigmentation mutant (npgA1) in Aspergillus nidulans results in a phenotype with colorless organs, decreased branching growth, delayed of asexual spore development, and aberrant cell wall structure. The npgA gene was isolated from A. nidulans to investigate these pleiomorphic phenomena of npgA1 mutant. Sequencing analysis of the complementing gene indicated that it contained a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) superfamily domain. Enzymatic assay of the PPTase, encoded by the npgA gene, was implemented in vivo and in vitro. Loss-of-function of LYS5, which encoded a PPTase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was functionally complemented by NpgA, and Escherichia coli-derived NpgA revealed phosphopantetheinylation activity with the elaboration of 3'5'-ADP. Deletion of the npgA gene caused perfectly a lethal phenotype and the absence of asexual/sexual sporulation and secondary metabolites such as pigments in A. nidulans. However, a cross feeding effect with A. nidulans wild type allowed recovery from deletion defects, and phased-culture filtrate from the wild type were used to verify that the npgA gene was essential for formation of metabolites needed for development as well as growth. In addition, forced expression of npgA promoted the formation of conidia and cleistothecia as well as growth. These results indicate that the npgA gene is involved in the phosphopantetheinylation required for primary biological processes such as growth, asexual/sexual development, and the synthesis of secondary metabolites in A. nidulans.

Although one study showed minimal progression of erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) one year after TNFα inhibition therapy, no studies have investigated very early bone changes after initiation of anti-TNFα treatment. We investigated the effects of 3-month anti-TNFα treatment on bone erosion progression and bone microarchitecture in RA patients using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Patients with RA (n = 27) (17 in the anti-TNFα and 10 in the MTX-only group) underwent assessment of disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS-28), radiographs, 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and HR-pQCT of metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints at baseline and 3 months. HR-pQCT-derived erosion volume, joint volume/width and bone microarchitecture were computed and joint destruction was assessed using Sharp and RAMRIS scorings on radiographs and MRI, respectively. Overall, 73 erosions were identified by HR-pQCT at baseline. Over 3 months, the anti-TNFα group had decreased mean erosion volume; increased erosion volume was observed in one clinical non-responder. The MTX-only group in contrast, trended toward increasing erosion volume despite low disease activity. In the anti-TNFα group, joint-space width and volume of MCP joints decreased significantly and was positively correlated with erosion volume changes (R 2 = 0.311, p = 0.013; R 2 = 0.527, p = 0.003, respectively). In addition, erosion volume changes were significantly negatively correlated with changes in trabecular bone mineral density (R 2 = 0.353, p = 0.020) in this group. We observed significant correlation between percentage change in erosion volume and change in DAS-28 erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein CRP scores (R 2 = 0.558, p

Dexamethasone (Dex) is widely used in the management of leukemia and lymphoma. While Dex is commonly used for hematological malignancies, the effects of Dex in solid cancer cells remain controversial. To develop a more effective anticancer drug for solid cancers, Dex was modified by ionizing radiation and the anticancer activity of ionizing-radiation-irradiated Dex (Dex-IR) was investigated in human lung cancer cells. Using the MTT assay, the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells was significantly inhibited after treatment with Dex-IR compared with Dex. Furthermore, Dex-IR induced apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest of H1650 human lung cancer cells. The invasiveness of H1650 cells was significantly reduced and the matrix metalloproteinase activity was strongly suppressed. These results indicate that Dex-IR acts as a tumor suppressor by both inducing apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle. Although the structure of Dex-IR remains to be determined, our results suggest it may be useful as a novel anticancer agent for the treatment of solid cancers.

Thermal transformation of the (+)-catechin (1) with heating processing afforded a new oxidation product, gambiriin D (2), along with catechin [6'-8]-catechin (3), and (+)-epicatechin (4). The structure of a new catechin dimer with C-C linkage was determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation. The catechin dimers 2 and 3 exhibited significantly improved inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 0.16±0.2 and 0.14±0.2μM, respectively, when compared to parent (+)-catechin. Kinetic analysis showed that the two effective compounds 2 and 3 have noncompetitive modes of action.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dyeing properties and the functionalities of the cotton and silk fabrics dyed with Alnus japonica bark and heartwood extracts. The dyeing properties of the fabrics were studied by investigating the characteristics of the colorants; the effect of dyeing conditions such as dye concentrations, dyeing temperatures, and the duration of dye uptakes; the effect of mordants; and color changes. The study also estimated the colorfastness, antimicrobial abilities, ultraviolet-cut abilities, and deodorant abilities of the dyed fabrics. In the ultravi- olet-visible spectrum, the wavelengths of maximum absorption for the Alnus japonica bark and heartwood extracts were found to be 279 and 281 nm, respectively, and tannin was found to be the major colorant component. On the basis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results, tannin was assumed to be hydrolyzable. The dye uptake of silk was better than that of cotton and increased depending on the increasing dye concentration, dyeing time, and dyeing temperature. It showed relatively better affinity toward heartwood than the bark. The dyed fabric without a mordant produced a tan color and showed various other colors depending on the mordant types. The washing fastness was found to be not good, but the light, dry cleaning, and perspiration fastness were moderate. However, the rubbing fastness showed a relatively good grade. The ultraviolet-cut abilities and deodorant abilities of the dyed fabrics were improved. Moreover, the dyed fabrics showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9% against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the association between mean platelet volume (MPV) and clinical manifestations, disease activity or infection in patients with Behcet's disease (BD). Methods In total, 193 patients diagnosed with BD according to the international criteria for BD were enrolled. Demographic data, clinical manifestations and laboratory results were collected by medical interviews and reviewing medical records. Results The female : male ratio was 2 : 1 and the age of symptom onset was 32.2 ± 11.1 years. The age at diagnosis of BD was 44.7 ± 11.1 years and the follow-up duration was 4.7 ± 3.8 years. MPV at diagnosis were significantly lower than of age and sex-matched controls (8.2 ± 1.2 vs. 8.6 ± 1.2 fL, P < 0.0001). Lower MPV was not related to organ involvement except skin diseases. During follow-up, MPV was lower in BD flare than in stable BD (8.2 ± 1.4 vs. 9.1 ± 1.4 fL, P < 0.0001) in the same patients. MPVs were significantly higher in cases of accompanying infections than in those with both BD flare and stable BD (9.3 ± 1.4 vs. 8.1 ± 1.3 fL, P = 0.018 and 9.7 ± 1.4 vs. 8.8 ± 1.0 fL, P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions MPV was significantly lower in patients with BD than controls. MPV declined in BD flare and increased in cases of infection in same patients. MPV may be useful as a marker of BD activity and its monitoring can be helpful for differentiating BD flare from infection in BD patients.

Background/Aims The clinical manifestations of Behcet disease (BD) have been reported to differ according to country, region, and race. Gender, onset age, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B51 have also been known as the factors that influence the clinical features of BD. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical phenotypes of Korean patients who visited the rheumatology clinic with BD with respect to gender, onset age, and HLA-B51. Methods Total 193 Korean patients (129 females and 64 males) fulfilling the international criteria for BD were retrospectively assessed. Results The mean age at disease onset and disease duration of the BD patients were 32.2 ± 11.1 and 14.2 ± 9.3 years, retrospectively. Females suffered more frequently from genital ulcers (90.7% vs. 75.0%, p < 0.01), peripheral arthritis (67.4% vs. 43.8%, p < 0.01), and inf lammatory low back pain (38.8% vs. 23.4%, p = 0.03) than males, while skin involvement was more frequent in males than in females (90.6% vs. 75.2%, p = 0.01). The patients with late onset of BD (> 40 years) suffered from neurologic involvement (15.9% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.007) more frequently than those with early onset of BD. The patients with HLA-B51 showed earlier onset of disease than without HLA-B51 (28.3 ± 11.4 years vs. 33.8±11.6 years, p = 0.02) and the neurologic and gastrointestinal involvements were more frequent in the patients without HLA-B51 than with HLA-B51 (17.2% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.02 and 20.7% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.01, respectively). Conclusions The clinical phenotypes in Korean patients with BD may be influenced by gender, onset age and HLA-B51.

The objective of this study is to investigate the value of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the assessment of sacroiliitis in patients with established ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Paired plain radiographs and MDCT images of the 330 sacroiliac (SI) joints in 165 patients with definite or probable ankylosing spondylitis were analyzed for sacroiliitis. Sacroiliitis on plain radiographs were graded on a scale of 0-4 according to the modified New York (NY) criteria. For grading of sacroiliitis by MDCT, modified NY criteria were revised for MDCT application introducing the concept of quantification. The relationship between sacroiliitis grades by plain radiography and MDCT was analyzed by two radiologists, blinded for all clinical data. Of the 330 SI joints assessed, there was agreement between the sacroiliitis grading by plain radiography and MDCT in 73 (22.1 %) SI joints. Sacroiliitis grade by MDCT was higher in 250 (75.8 %) SI joints and lower in 7 (2.1 %) SI joints than that by plain radiography. Using the MDCT, 83.6 % of patients met the modified NY radiologic criteria for the classification of AS, compared with 58.2 % of the patients by plain radiography. Twenty-six percent of the patients, who did not meet the modified NY criteria for the classification of AS by plain radiography, met the criteria by MDCT. Disease durations in patients with grade 2 and grade 3 sacroiliitis were significantly shorter in patients evaluated by MDCT compared with plain radiography. MDCT is a useful imaging method that can be applied to the initial diagnosis of the AS, and by better visualization of SI joint changes, it can be used to predict the progress of the disease.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the mediating effects of self-efficacy between academic stress and college adjustment in first year nursing students. Method: Data were collected from 396 first year nursing students from 3 junior colleges and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations and structural equation model (SEM) with PASW 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. Results: There was a negative relationship between academic stress and college adjustment but a positive relationship between self-efficacy and college adjustment. There was a partial mediating effect of self-efficacy between academic stress and college adjustment. Conclusion: The results indicate a need to develop programs that effectively promote the self-efficacy of first year nursing students to decrease academic stress and maximize college adjustment. Further studies are needed in which other factors that could affect college adjustment are examined.

Background: Recent recommendations have established clinical remission ideally or low disease activity (LDA) as therapeutic targets in all patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Controlled studies of biologic agents have primarily assessed treatment effects in patients with severe RA; patients with moderate disease activity, whoconstitute a larger group, have received far less attention. In Period 1 of the PRESERVE trial, the proportion of subjects with moderately active RA achieving LDA or remission were evaluated after treatment with etanercept 50mg once weekly (QW) plus methotrexate for 36 weeks.Methods: Subjects with DAS28 >3.2 and ≤5.1 despite stable doses of oral methotrexate received open-label etanercept 50mg QW plus methotrexate (screening dose permitted to be titrated up to 25 mg/wk through week 28) for 36 weeks.Results: 834 subjects received treatment and were analyzed. Subjects were mostly female (83%), Caucasian (74%), RFþ (73%), and aCCPþ (78%), with a mean age of 48 years and disease duration of 7 years. Mean baseline DAS28 was 4.4; SDAI, 19.1; ESR, 22.2 mm/hr; and CRP, 12.3 mg/L. Efficacy results from Period 1 are shown in the table. The most commonly reported adverse events (AEs) were headache (6.1%), nasopharyngitis (5.4%), and upper respiratory tract infection (4.4%). Twenty-two subjects (2.6%) discontinued due to AEs.Conclusions: Substantial proportions of subjects with moderately active RA who received etanercept 50mg QW plus methotrexate for 36 weeks achieved LDA (85%-86%), DAS28 remission (67%), or SDAI remission (25%). Therefore, these ambitious goals can be achieved realistically in a high percentage of patients with moderate disease activity.

The most efficient measures to reduce damage from natural disasters include activities which prevent disasters in advance, decrease possibility of disasters and minimize the scale of damage. Therefore, developing of the risk assessment model is very important to reduce the natural disaster damage. This study estimated a typhoon damage which is the biggest damage scale among increased natural disasters in Korea along with climate change. The results of 3-second gust at the height of 10m level from the typhoon 'Maemi' which did considerable damage to Korean in 2003, using the wind data at the height of 700 hPa. September 12th 09 LST~13th 12 LST period by the time a typhoon Maemi approached to the Korean peninsula. This study estimate damage amount using 'Fragility curve' which is the damage probability curve about a certain wind speed of the each building component factors based on wind load estimation results by using 3-second gust. But the fragility curve is not to Korea. Therefore, we use the fragility curves to FPHLM(FDFS, 2005). The result of houses damage amount is about 11 trillion 5 million won. This values are limit the 1-story detached dwelling, of total area. Therefore, this process is possible application to other type houses.

As the damages due to natural disasters continue to increase, a growing interest is being witnessed in such studies that focus on preventive measures to reduce damages rather than on their recovery. As such, the U.S. has been actively conducting projects to develop new models that can forecast potential damages due to natural disasters and widely employing them in actual cases. With no specific models developed in Korea yet, this study aimed to introduce an overseas typhoon model as part of the advanced efforts and apply it the actual cases occurring across the nation. This model estimates wind loads by measuring the impact of a strong wind upon buildings, and measurements require a number of parameters. Those parameters should include the types and dimensions of buildings and the type of the roofs. As for the FPHLM(Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model), a precedent model for our study, we were able to take advantage of number of the statistics and detailed categorizations on the residential buildings in the U.S., which enabled us to select the representative building types and produce their wind loads. With no sufficient relevant statistics available for the nation, however, we may not be able to readily measure the wind loads on the nation's residential buildings. Therefore, this study tried to choose the representative types, heights and dimensions of the buildings for the measurement of wind loads. We consequently came up with a representative house having an area between 62.81 and 95.56 , either a flat roof or hip roof, a height of 2.6 m, an side ratio of 1.5, and the width and length of the ㎡ mean 85 sized house being 11,300 mm and 7,530 mm, respectively. ㎡

This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in Korean psoriasis patients and to evaluate its clinical features. The authors evaluated 504 patients with psoriasis who visited the dermatology clinic at Seoul National University Hospital. Fifty-three of these patients (10.5%) were diagnosed as having PsA. Plaque-type psoriasis was the most common in both the PsA and psoriasis only groups, and pustular psoriasis was more frequent in the PsA group (19.0%) than in the psoriasis only group (4.3%, p=0.001). Nail change was more common in the PsA group (54.3% vs 35.3%, respectively; p=0.015). Dactylitis and enthesopathy were observed in 8.5% and 9.1% of PsA patients, respectively. Psoriasis was followed by arthritis in 73.6% of PsA patients, with a mean interval of 12.2 ± 10.1 (mean ± SD) years, and spondylitis (43.4%) was the most predominant disease type. HLA-B27 was detected in 21.1% of patients in the PsA group. In conclusion, plaque-type psoriasis was most common in PsA patients, and nail change was more common in PsA patients than in patients with psoriasis only. Spondylitis was the most predominant form of arthritis.

This study aims to find out a state of the damages and vulnerable areas from natural disasters in the Korean peninsula using the prevention meteorological database information made by Park(2007b). Through the correlation analysis between damage elements and total property losses, we investigate the damages of public facilities, which have high correlation coefficient, and the cause of disasters and want to propose the basic information to set up the disaster prevention measures in advance. As a result, because most of the total property losses is the damages of public facilities, we can reduce the damages of natural disasters if we can predict the damages of public facilities or carry out the prevention activities in advance. The most vulnerable area for the natural disasters are Cangwon-do and Gyeongsangnam-do provinces. The vulnerable areas for the damages of public facilities by typhoon are Daegu metropolitan city, Cangwon-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do provinces. These vulnerable areas will take place more frequently due to the climate change including Gyeongsangnam-do province so that we need to set up the disaster prevention measures and natural disaster mitigation plan. Also, we think that it has effect on reducing the damages of natural disasters to predict the damage scale and strongly perform the prevention activities in advance according to typhoon track and intensity.