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Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disorder of the reproductive tract, affecting approximately 10 ​% of women. The symptoms of this condition are vague and not correlated with the disease's stage. These associated symptoms significantly impact women's overall well-being. The etiology of endometriosis remains inadequately understood, with coelomic metaplasia, lymphatic and vascular dissemination being regarded as additional hypotheses in addition to the retrograde menstruation theory. Endometriosis is primarily treated with drug therapy and surgical intervention, but the recurrence rate of symptoms after five years remains approximately 50 ​%. Therefore, the advancement of more effective and safe therapies for the treatment of endometriosis is of paramount importance. In this review, we introduce the utilization of photodynamic therapy, hyperthermia, gene therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell therapy, nanotechnology, and micron technology in the management of endometriosis. The objective is to provide novel research perspectives for therapeutic approaches and facilitate future clinical translation to enhance patient outcomes.

The object of research is a frequency-reconfigurable L-Shape antenna. This paper presents an innovative study focusing on the design and analysis of a frequency-reconfigurable L-Shape antenna with a specific application in Hyperthermia Treatment. The antenna, operating in the frequency range of 2.5 to 8 GHz, utilizes a varactor to achieve agility and simplify design, thereby reducing component count. Constructed with a Roggers RT5880 (lossy) substrate, the L-Shape configuration ensures optimal performance. The incorporation of a single varactor, acting as a junction capacitance, not only enables straightforward tuning but also contributes to enhanced energy efficiency by reducing overall power consumption in the reconfigurable antenna system. The study employed CST Microwave Studio’s 3D Electromagnetic field simulation software for time domain solver-based simulations, with validation conducted using the frequency domain solver. Results from the simulations showcase the antenna’s performance at different frequency states. At the tuning state frequency of 2.7 GHz, the antenna exhibits an impressive gain of 1.905 dB and a directivity of 7.530 dB. Similarly, at the tuning state frequency of 6.89 GHz, the gain is measured at 6.806 dB with a directivity of 7.490 dB. The proposed L-Shape antenna design not only demonstrates significant potential for Hyperthermia Treatment, allowing targeted heating within the 2.5 to 8 GHz frequency range but also aligns with the multidisciplinary focus of medical science. This contribution reflects the commitment to advancing medical science through original research, fostering innovation, and promoting energy-efficient solutions with practical applications in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial and temporal thermal response of skin and malignant tissues under the influence of microwave irradiation at different powers and frequencies is investigated using both the analytical and finite difference time domain methods. Given that the microwave heating process is highly dependent on the physical characteristics of the tissue; therefore, the temperature and frequency dependence of the tissue conductivity and permittivity are considered to estimate the temperature distribution inside the biological tissue for hyperthermia treatment. The results show how the appropriate microwave frequency range can be selected to enhance the hyperthermia efficiency. This study may open an avenue for obtaining appropriate microwave parameters for hyperthermia treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors have solved the problem of simultaneous determination of a set of coefficients of a mathematical heat-transfer model for semitransparent materials: the thermal conductivity of a material and the coefficient of its heat exchange with the external medium, the heat flux from the heater, that has been absorbed by the material, and the coefficient of linear absorption of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurpose We studied the differences between planning and treatment position, their impact on the accuracy of hyperthermia treatment planning (HTP) predictions, and the relevance of including true treatment anatomy and position in HTP based on magnetic resonance (MR) images.Materials and methods All volunteers were scanned with an MR-compatible hyperthermia device, including a filled waterbolus, to replicate the treatment setup. In the planning setup, the volunteers were scanned without the device to reproduce the imaging in the current HTP. First, we used rigid registration to investigate the patient position displacements between the planning and treatment setup. Second, we performed HTP for the planning anatomy at both positions and the treatment mimicking anatomy to study the effects of positioning and anatomy on the quality of the simulated hyperthermia treatment. Treatment quality was evaluated using SAR-based parameters.Results We found an average displacement of 2 cm between planning and treatment positions. These displacements caused average absolute differences of ∼12% for TC25 and 10.4%–15.9% in THQ. Furthermore, we found that including the accurate treatment position and anatomy in treatment planning led to an improvement of 2% in TC25 and 4.6%–10.6% in THQ.Conclusions This study showed that precise patient position and anatomy are relevant since these affect the accuracy of HTP predictions. The major part of improved accuracy is related to implementing the correct position of the patient in the applicator. Hence, our study shows a clear incentive to accurately match the patient position in HTP with the actual treatment.

The use of nanoparticulate systems to diagnose and treat tumors has gained momentum with the rapid development of nanomedicine. Many nanotheranostics fail due to insufficient bioavailability and low accumulation at the tumor site, resulting in undesirable side effects. We describe the use of an engineered hepatitis E viral nanoparticle (HEVNP) with enhanced bioavailability, tissue retention and mucosal penetration capacities. HEVNP is a modular nanocapsule that can encapsulate heterologous nucleotides, proteins and inorganic metals, such as ferrite oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, the exterior protruding arms of HEVNP is composed of loops that are used for chemical coupling of targeting and therapeutic peptides. We propose the use of HEVNP to target colorectal cancer (i.e., polyps) with imaging-guided delivery using colonoscopy.

Qualitative microwave imaging methods provide a fast and accurate reconstruction of the shapes of the targets from scattered electric field measurements. In this paper, a qualitative imaging method, the singular sources method (SSM), is analyzed for two-dimensional transverse magnetic electromagnetic (2D-TM EM) inverse scattering scenarios. The contribution of the paper can be briefly summarized as: (i) The SSM was previously proposed for the far-field scenario, here we extend the SSM in the near field - inhomogeneous background setup. While making the extension each step (which includes an integral equation) is explained by exploiting the linearity and reciprocity principles to give physical insights. (ii) The relation between the electrical parameters of the scatterers and the indicator of SSM is derived. (iii) To analyze the performance of SSM in real-world problems, the proposed method is tested for monitoring hyperthermia treatment problems with a realistic breast model. Obtained results show that the SSM can handle realistic breast phantoms for monitoring hyperthermia problems.

Simple Summary: Non-invasive temperature monitoring during hyperthermia cancer treatment is of paramount importance. It allows physicians to verify the therapeutic temperature is reached in the treated area. Currently, only superficial or invasive thermometry is performed on a clinical level. Magnetic resonance thermometry has been proposed as a a non-invasive alternative but its applicability is limited. Conversely, microwave imaging based thermometry is a potential low cost candidate for non-invasive temperature monitoring. This works presents a computational study in which the use of deep learning is proposed to face the challenges related to the use of microwave imaging in hyperthermia monitoring. The paper deals with the problem of monitoring temperature during hyperthermia treatments in the whole domain of interest. In particular, a physics-assisted deep learning computational framework is proposed to provide an objective assessment of the temperature in the target tissue to be treated and in the healthy one to be preserved, based on the measurements performed by a microwave imaging device. The proposed concept is assessed in-silico for the case of neck tumors achieving an accuracy above 90%. The paper results show the potential of the proposed approach and support further studies aimed at its experimental validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The procedure in which a spatial heat source is subjected to tumor position to destroy the tumor cells without affecting the neighboring healthy tissues is known as hyperthermia treatment. During this process, accurate prediction and control of temperature is very important for the successful hyperthermia treatment. In this paper, we considered a mathematical heat transfer model in multi-layer skin tissue in the bounded domain in order to predict the temperature profile at the tumor position during the treatment. A multi-layer skin tissue consisting of three different layers known as epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer is presented in the following study. The Dual-phase-lag model of bio-heat transfer in multi-layer skin tissue is combined with Gaussian (Normal) distribution heat source term during the hyperthermia treatment under the general boundary conditions. The finite element scheme of Runge-Kutta (4, 5) has been used to solve the DPL (dual-phase-lag) heat transfer model. Effect of different parameters like water diffusion, water vaporization, blood perfusion, heat source due to metabolism, external heat source term, time lag due to heat flux, time lag due to temperature gradient, and different kind of boundary conditions in multi-layer skin tissue during hyperthermia treatment are discussed in detail and the results are presented graphically. The study concludes with the discussion of a better approach to treat the tumor cells during the hyperthermia treatment in such a way that no harm caused to the neighboring healthy tissues making this study significant for future clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the differences between planning and treatment position, their impact on the accuracy of hyperthermia treatment planning (HTP) predictions, and the relevance of including true treatment anatomy and position in HTP based on magnetic resonance (MR) images. All volunteers were scanned with an MR-compatible hyperthermia device, including a filled waterbolus, to replicate the treatment setup. In the planning setup, the volunteers were scanned without the device to reproduce the imaging in the current HTP. First, we used rigid registration to investigate the patient position displacements between the planning and treatment setup. Second, we performed HTP for the planning anatomy at both positions and the treatment mimicking anatomy to study the effects of positioning and anatomy on the quality of the simulated hyperthermia treatment. Treatment quality was evaluated using SAR-based parameters. We found an average displacement of 2 cm between planning and treatment positions. These displacements caused average absolute differences of ∼12% for TC25 and 10.4%–15.9% in THQ. Furthermore, we found that including the accurate treatment position and anatomy in treatment planning led to an improvement of 2% in TC25 and 4.6%–10.6% in THQ. This study showed that precise patient position and anatomy are relevant since these affect the accuracy of HTP predictions. The major part of improved accuracy is related to implementing the correct position of the patient in the applicator. Hence, our study shows a clear incentive to accurately match the patient position in HTP with the actual treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) present outstanding properties making them suitable as therapeutic agents for hyperthermia treatments. Since the main safety concerns of MNPs are represented by their inherent instability in a biological medium, strategies to both achieve long-term stability and monitor hazardous MNP degradation are needed. We combined a dynamic approach relying on flow field flow fractionation (FFF)-multidetection with conventional techniques to explore frame-by-frame changes of MNPs injected in simulated biological medium, hypothesize the interaction mechanism they are subject to when surrounded by a saline, protein-rich environment, and understand their behaviour at the most critical point of intravenous administration. In the first moments of MNPs administration in the patient, MNPs change their surrounding from a favorable to an unfavorable medium, i.e., a complex biological fluid such as blood; the particles evolve from a synthetic identity to a biological identity, a transition that needs to be carefully monitored. The dynamic approach presented herein represents an optimal alternative to conventional batch techniques that can monitor only size, shape, surface charge, and aggregation phenomena as an averaged information, given that they cannot resolve different populations present in the sample and cannot give accurate information about the evolution or temporary instability of MNPs. The designed FFF method equipped with a multidetection system enabled the separation of the particle populations providing selective information on their morphological evolution and on nanoparticle–proteins interaction in the very first steps of infusion. Results showed that in a dynamic biological setting and following interaction with serum albumin, PP-MNPs retain their colloidal properties, supporting their safety profile for intravenous administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this retrospective study, the understanding of heat transport and temperature variations on the tissues of the patients with recurrent cervical cancer subjected to chemoradiation or neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and radiotherapy has been studied in the light of Caputo–Fabrizio (CF) bio-heat transport law, in the context of Lord–Shulman (LS) model. The skin tissue is subjected to prescribed temperature and both ends of the tissue are thermally insulated. Laplace transform technique is implemented to solve the governing equations. The influences of CF order and moving heat source velocity on the temperature of skin tissues and the thermal injuries are precisely investigated. The thermal injuries to the tissue are assessed by the denatured protein range using the current formulation in which the numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is carried out using Zakian methods. The numerical outcomes of thermal injuries and temperatures have been represented graphically. Excellent predictive capability is demonstrated for identification of appropriate procedure to select different orders of CF derivative to reach effective heating in hyperthermia treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main challenges in hyperthermia treatment is how to improve the heating performance of nanoparticles with high specific loss power (SLP). To tackle this challenge, magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and coated magnetite nanoparticles with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA@MNPs) were fabricated via ultrasonic-assisted coprecipitation technique. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by using FT-IR, TEM, TGA, XRD, ICP-OES, DLS, zeta potential, VSM and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The self-heating properties of the MNPs and PVA@MNPs were studied under alternating magnetic strength, frequency and induction time. MNPs and PVA@MNPs showed that the nanoparticles have a nearly spherical shape ranging between 12.3 ± 3.2 and 10 ± 2.5 nm, respectively. The higher value of zeta potentials of PVA@MNPs (− 11.49 mV) implies that the nanoparticle may show good stability in aqueous solutions. The magnetization saturation values were 41.98 and 45.08 emu g−1 for MNPs and PVA@MNPs, respectively. The prepared nanoparticles showed small coercivity and a remanence magnetization due to the soft magnetic nature of the prepared nanoparticles. The highest SLP value was 163.81 W g−1 for PVA@MNPs, while the lowest SLP value was 4.84 W g−1 for MNPs under the same magnetic field condition. The presence of PVA shell improved the particle stability and the magnetization for PVA@ MNPs. This successfully caused an improvement in the heating performance and magnetic hyperthermia as well. These features make the prepared PVA@MNPs in this study applicable as hyperthermic agents for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperthermia therapy has recently become one of the primary treatment principles due to its prominence and success in curing deep-rooted malignancies, especially for breast tumors. Therefore, a proposed multi-resonance applicator (MRA) was designed and investigated in this study and compared with the performance of a single resonance applicator (SRA). The MRA applicator includes a set of 35 antenna elements operating simultaneously in different frequency bands. This is accomplished by applying a modified version of the gravitational search algorithm hybridized with particle swarm optimization to design the antenna element and focusing the heat on the tumor. Machine learning was used to build antenna elements operating in different frequency bands. Several scenarios considering realistic thermal and dielectric breast properties with a single tumor of different volumes and positions are addressed to evaluate the applicator’s performance and capability. The results showed the capability of the proposed MRA applicator to use a microwave power of 60 watts to elevate the temperature of the tumor to over 42.5° C with better performance indicators than SRA. The suggested methodology of using MRA can be considered to treat successfully other malignancies in different organs, such as brain, liver and larynx tumors.

Purpose In pancreatic cancer treatment, hyperthermia can be added to increase efficacy of chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Gas in stomach, intestines and colon is often in close proximity to the target volume. We investigated the impact of variations in gastrointestinal gas (GG) on temperature distributions during simulated hyperthermia treatment (HT). Methods We used sets of one CT and eight cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans obtained prior to/during fractionated image-guided radiotherapy in four pancreatic cancer patients. In Plan2Heat, we simulated locoregional heating by an ALBA-4D phased array radiofrequency system and calculated temperature distributions for (i) the segmented CT (sCT), (ii) sCT with GG replaced by muscle (sCT0), (iii) sCT0 with eight different GG distributions as visible on CBCT inserted (sCTCBCT). We calculated cumulative temperature-volume histograms for the clinical target volume (CTV) for all ten temperature distributions for each patient and investigated the relationship between GG volume and change in ΔT50 (temperature increase at 50% of CTV volume). We determined location and volume of normal tissue receiving a high thermal dose. Results GG volume on CBCT varied greatly (9-991 cm3). ΔT50 increased for increasing GG volume; maximum ΔT50 difference per patient was 0.4–0.6 °C. The risk for GG-associated treatment-limiting hot spots appeared low. Normal tissue high-temperature regions mostly occurred anteriorly; their volume and maximum temperature showed moderate positive correlations with GG volume, while fat-muscle interfaces were associated with higher risks for hot spots. Conclusions Considerable changes in volume and position of gastrointestinal gas can occur and are associated with clinically relevant tumor temperature differences.

Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemical therapy have been reported as the main treatments for cancer, which is one of the deadliest reported diseases. However, because of the high invasiveness of patients, cancer hyperthermia has been studied as a non-invasive treatment. Hyperthermia uses a difference in thermal tolerance between normal and cancer cells and provides an affected part thermal stimulation to kill cancer cells selectively. To develop effective conditions for hyperthermia, an in vitro study to evaluate the thermal tolerance is required. However, because the existing cell culture vessels cannot control the culture temperature, genuine thermal tolerance of cells cannot be investigated appropriately. To reveal the critical temperature proper for hyperthermia, we developed a culture device controlling culture temperature. With the developed device, culture temperature was regulated considerably more quickly than the conventional method with the existing vessels, which enabled us to study the thermal tolerance of cells appropriately. For the control of culture temperature, the device has a titanium culture substrate, where a Peltier element is adhered. Because the biocompatibility of the device was confirmed, the difference in thermal tolerance between normal and cancer cells was investigated using the developed device as well as normal human dermal fibroblasts and Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 as model cell species. Therefore, it was confirmed that cancer cells were more sensitive to thermal stimulation than normal cells, which was qualitatively consistent with previous studies. Thus, our developed device can be used to investigate the thermal tolerance of each cell species, which will contribute to the development of cancer hyperthermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) present outstanding properties making them suitable as therapeutic agents for hyperthermia treatments. Since the main safety concerns of MNPs are represented by their inherent instability in a biological medium, strategies to both achieve long-term stability and monitor hazardous MNP degradation are needed. We combined a dynamic approach relying on flow field flow fractionation (FFF)-multidetection with conventional techniques to explore frame-by-frame changes of MNPs injected in simulated biological medium, hypothesize the interaction mechanism they are subject to when surrounded by a saline, protein-rich environment, and understand their behaviour at the most critical point of intravenous administration. In the first moments of MNPs administration in the patient, MNPs change their surrounding from a favorable to an unfavorable medium, i.e., a complex biological fluid such as blood; the particles evolve from a synthetic identity to a biological identity, a transition that needs to be carefully monitored. The dynamic approach presented herein represents an optimal alternative to conventional batch techniques that can monitor only size, shape, surface charge, and aggregation phenomena as an averaged information, given that they cannot resolve different populations present in the sample and cannot give accurate information about the evolution or temporary instability of MNPs. The designed FFF method equipped with a multidetection system enabled the separation of the particle populations providing selective information on their morphological evolution and on nanoparticle–proteins interaction in the very first steps of infusion. Results showed that in a dynamic biological setting and following interaction with serum albumin, PP-MNPs retain their colloidal properties, supporting their safety profile for intravenous administration.

In pancreatic cancer treatment, hyperthermia can be added to increase efficacy of chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Gas in stomach, intestines and colon is often in close proximity to the target volume. We investigated the impact of variations in gastrointestinal gas (GG) on temperature distributions during simulated hyperthermia treatment (HT). We used sets of one CT and eight cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans obtained prior to/during fractionated image-guided radiotherapy in four pancreatic cancer patients. In Plan2Heat, we simulated locoregional heating by an ALBA-4D phased array radiofrequency system and calculated temperature distributions for (i) the segmented CT (sCT), (ii) sCT with GG replaced by muscle (sCT0), (iii) sCT0 with eight different GG distributions as visible on CBCT inserted (sCTCBCT). We calculated cumulative temperature-volume histograms for the clinical target volume (CTV) for all ten temperature distributions for each patient and investigated the relationship between GG volume and change in ΔT50 (temperature increase at 50% of CTV volume). We determined location and volume of normal tissue receiving a high thermal dose. GG volume on CBCT varied greatly (9-991 cm3). ΔT50 increased for increasing GG volume; maximum ΔT50 difference per patient was 0.4–0.6 °C. The risk for GG-associated treatment-limiting hot spots appeared low. Normal tissue high-temperature regions mostly occurred anteriorly; their volume and maximum temperature showed moderate positive correlations with GG volume, while fat-muscle interfaces were associated with higher risks for hot spots. Considerable changes in volume and position of gastrointestinal gas can occur and are associated with clinically relevant tumor temperature differences.Gastrointestinal gas displays large day-to-day variations Maximum differences in ΔT50 due to changes in gas were 0.4–0.6 °C Temperature differences due to variations in gas are clinically relevant Risk for treatment-limiting hot spots appears low [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cancerous bone may be treated using magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled with hyperthermia treatment technology. During the last three decades, calcium-silicate (CS) based bioceramics have been investigated as a proper choice due to their bioactivity, biocompatibility, magnetization property, and ability to form suitable apatite for hard tissue engineering approaches. For this purpose, three-dimensional bio-nanocomposite scaffolds utilizing bioactive wollastonite (WS) and bioglass (BG) as composed based materials with 0 wt% (S1), 5 wt% (S2), 10 wt% (S3), and 15 wt% (S4) of Zr–Fe 3 O 4 are considered in this study. These materials with two various space-agents such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) particles containing ball mill with high energy and pressing under 150 MPa, and sintered at 850 °C are analyzed. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and mechanical tests include of toughness and compressive strength are investigated. The powder's and scaffold's crystals size are measured between 30 and 50 nm, and the pores and porosity size are measured from 70 to 180 μm and 25%–40%. The VSM curves illustrate that the zirconium-ferrite has a soft magnetic property, which is easily magnetized by applying a small amount of magnetic field, and it rapidly loses its magnetic moment by cutting off the field. The low coercive force, as well as high magnetic saturation with low residue, are represented for the S2 and S3. The obtained outcomes indicate that the best amounts of mechanical properties amongst the specimens are related to the specimen with 15 wt%, 7.9 ± 1 MPa of compressive strength, and 203.3 ± 10 MPa of elastic modulus. Likewise, the biological assessment shows that the sample containing 10 wt% MNPs provides a better apatite creation on porous scaffolds after 28 days. The gained outcomes represent that those specimens containing 10 and 15 wt% MNPs provide proper biological and mechanical replies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional bio-nanocomposite scaffolds using bioactive wollastonite and bioglass as the base materials are composed with 0 (as the control), 5, 10, and 15 wt% of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with space-based agents sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The process, in this study, is performed by homogenizing and mixing MNPs, wollastonite, and bioglass, after high-energy ball mill, pressing at 150–200 MPa, and kept at 900 °C, which eventually produced scaffolds with 20–40% porosity. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical testing including compressive strength are investigated. The size of the powder and scaffold crystals size are measured between 30 and 50 nm, and the pores are measured between 70 and 180 μm. The results show that the best mechanical properties of the specimen belong to the sample containing 15 wt%, with 7.9 ± 0.5 MPa and 203.3 ± 5 MPa of compressive strength and elastic modulus, respectively. Besides, the biological evaluation confirms that the sample with 10 wt% MNPs presents a better apatite formation on porous scaffolds, after 28 days in SBF solution. The obtained results indicate that the samples with 10 and 15 wt% MNPs illustrate proper mechanical and biological responses for bone tissue application. The samples having sodium chloride space agent present an open porous architecture in comparison with the sample containing sodium bicarbonate space agent. Moreover, in this study, the global criterion method (GCM) has been used to find the best combination of nanocomposite scaffold having the optimal mechanical and biological properties. The total porosity of the fabricated scaffold is similar to real bone architecture and can be a useful option for cancer therapy and insert in the bone sarcoma tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop sorafenib loaded magnetic microspheres for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. To achieve this goal, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesised and encapsulated in alginate microspheres together with an antineoplastic agent, sorafenib. In the study, firstly SPIONs were synthesised and characterised by dynamic light scattering, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Then, alginate‐SPIONs microspheres were developed, and further characterised by electron spin resonance spectrometer and vibrating sample magnetometer. Besides the magnetic properties of SPIONs, alginate microspheres with SPIONs were also found to have magnetic properties. The potential use of microspheres in hyperthermia treatment was then investigated and an increase of about 4°C in the environment was found out. Drug release studies and cytotoxicity tests were performed after sorafenib was encapsulated into the magnetic microspheres. According to release studies, sorafenib has been released from microspheres for 8 h. Cytotoxicity tests showed that alginate‐SPION‐sorafenib microspheres were highly effective against cancerous cells and promising for cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of external stimuli-controlled payload systems has been sought after with increasing interest toward magnetothermally-triggered drug release (MTDR) carriers due to their non-invasive features. However, current MTDR carriers present several limitations, such as poor heating efficiency caused by the aggregation of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) or the presence of antiferromagnetic phases which affect their efficiency. Herein, a novel MTDR carrier is developed using a controlled encapsulation method that fully fixes and confines IONPs of various sizes within the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). This novel carrier preserves the MOF's morphology, porosity, and IONP segregation, while enhances heating efficiency through the oxidation of antiferromagnetic phases in IONPs during encapsulation. It also features a magnetothermally-responsive nanobrush that is stimulated by an alternating magnetic field to enable on-demand drug release. The novel carrier shows improved heating, which has potential applications as contrast agents and for combined chemo and magnetic hyperthermia therapy. It holds a great promise for magneto-thermally modulated drug dosing at tumor sites, making it an exciting avenue for cancer treatment., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Featured Application: This study developed a computer simulation based on the finite element method to investigate microwave ablation performance, antenna design, electromagnetic and thermal effects, specific absorption rate (SAR), and fraction of necrotic tissue within cancer treatment. The numerical results show that SAR and temperature distribution are strongly affected by input microwave power. High microwave power causes a high SAR value and raises the temperature above 50 °C, which may destroy healthy cells. Microwave ablation is one type of hyperthermia treatment of cancer that involves heating tumor cells. This technique uses electromagnetic wave effects to kill cancer cells. A micro-coaxial antenna is introduced into the biological tissue. The radiation emitted by the antenna is absorbed by the tissue and leads to the heating of cancer cells. The diffuse increase in temperature should reach a certain value to achieve the treatment of cancer cells but it should be less than a certain other value to avoid damaging normal cells. This is why hyperthermia treatment should be carefully monitored. A numerical simulation is useful and may provide valuable information. The bio-heat equation and Maxwell's equations are solved using the finite element method. Electro-thermal effects, temperature distribution profile, specific absorption rate (SAR), and fraction of necrotic tissue within cancer cells are analyzed. The results show that SAR and temperature distribution are strongly affected by input microwave power. High microwave power causes a high SAR value and raises the temperature above 50 °C, which may destroy healthy cells. It is revealed that with a power of 10 W, the tumor cells will be killed without damaging the surrounding tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nanocomposites of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) generate heat under an alternating magnetic field and therefore have potential applications as thermoseeds for cancer hyperthermia treatment. However, the properties of such nanocomposites as biomaterials have not been sufficiently well characterized. In this study, the osteoconductivity of Fe 3 O 4 -rGO nanocomposites of various compositions was evaluated in vitro in terms of their apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid (SBF). Furthermore, the heat generation of the nanocomposites was measured under an alternating magnetic field. The apatite-forming ability in SBF improved as the Fe 3 O 4 content in the nanocomposite was increased. As the Fe 3 O 4 content was increased, the nanocomposite not only rapidly raised the surrounding temperature to approximately 100 °C, but the specific absorption rate also increased. We assumed that the ionic interaction between the Fe 3 O 4 and rGO was enhanced and that Brown relaxation was suppressed as the proportion of rGO in the nanocomposite was increased. Consequently, a high content of Fe 3 O 4 in the nanocomposite was effective for improving both the osteoconductivity and heat generation characteristics for hyperthermia applications. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mathematical algorithm of two parallel ultrasound beams on a one-dimensional (1D) cancer tissue model for hyperthermia treatment was created using Matlab software. Physically, the model incorporated two beams; the first beam was permanently placed at the center of the tumor, whereas the other was set between the first beam and the tumor. The computational implementation of this technique relies on the Crank–Nicolson method. This technique is a finite different method that offers an exact heat transfer calculation based on the heat analysis of the heat node structure from a 1D biological tissue model. The Matlab software implementation was composed of two stages: tissue temperature profile calculation and optimization computation. To obtain the tissue temperature profile, the beam heat was varied from 45∘C to 75∘C (seven different levels of heat from the same source), while the second beam was allowed to move between the first beam and the tumor to locations at distances of 1 to 9 mm (nine positions). The obtained tissue temperature profiles were subsequently analyzed to achieve the optimal time, beam position, and beam heat of the treatment. As a result of the optimization, the best position for the second beam was determined to be 5 mm from the center of the tumor. Further, all tumor cells were observed to have died, whereas all normal tissues were safe. The optimal time, beam position, and beam heat of the treatment were finally collected to create and fit a mathematical function for further hyperthermia treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents the most common form of kidney cancer, which accounts for 3–5% newly diagnosed cancer cases. Since limited therapies are available for RCC, a search for new options is required. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the combination effect of cinnamaldehyde (CNM) and hyperthermia treatment. CNM treatment combined with 43 °C hyperthermia synergistically increased cytotoxicity in RCC cell line ACHN cells. Through Western blot assays, we observed increased apoptosis signaling and decreased proliferation/metastasis signaling, along with a repressed heat shock protein 70 level. In flow cytometry analyses, CNM and hyperthermia combination clearly induced apoptosis and mitochondrial potential of ACHN cells, while arresting the cell cycle. Investigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggested a significant increase of ROS generation by CNM and 43 °C hyperthermia co-treatment. We could verify that ROS is crucial in the apoptotic action of combination treatment with CNM and hyperthermia through further experiments regarding an ROS scavenger. Overall, we suggest CNM and hyperthermia combination treatment as an alternative option of anticancer strategies for RCC.

The article studies the simulation-based mathematical modeling of bioheat transfer under the Dirichlet boundary condition. We used complex non-linear dual-phase-lag bioheat transfer (DPLBHT) for analyzing the temperature distribution in skin tissues during hyperthermia treatment of infected cells. The perfusion term, metabolic heat source, and external heat source were the three parts of the volumetric heat source that were used in the model. The non-linear DPLBHT model predicted a more accurate temperature within skin tissues. The finite element Runge–Kutta (4,5) (FERK (4,5)) method, which was based on two techniques, finite difference and Runge–Kutta (4,5), was applied for calculating the result in the case of our typical non-linear problem. The paper studies and presents the non-dimensional unit. Thermal damage of normal tissue was observed near zero during hyperthermia treatment. The effects of the non-dimensional time, non-dimensional space coordinate, location parameter, regional parameter, relaxation and thermalization time, metabolic heat source, associated metabolic heat source parameter, perfusion rate, associated perfusion heat source parameter, and external heat source coefficient on the dimensionless temperature profile were studied in detail during the hyperthermia treatment process.

Abstract: This article presents efficient energy localization approach for hybrid wideband system for hyperthermia treatment of cancer based on a transmission line (TL). A heterogeneous head phantom is built by incorporating frequency dependent tissue properties of head layers considering both electromagnetic and ultrasound treatment. Effective medium properties are derived and used to compensate signal phase and magnitude values based on TL model. The obtained field map results emphasize the feasibility of the developed approach to obtain system parameters that enhance energy localization and eradicate hotspots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HAP: Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2) is extensively used in biomedical field because of its biocompatibility, osteoconductivity and non‐toxicity properties. However, HAP exhibits poor mechanical strength and bacterial restriction behavior. To overcome these drawbacks, various metal ions such as Ag+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ti4+ and Ce4+/3+ are incorporated in HAP matrix to increase the mechanical and biological properties. Among these, Cerium (Ce) is selected as antibacterial agent due to its high thermal stability and its applications in dental fillings, bone healing and catheters. Fe3 O4 nanoparticles were used in hyperthermia treatment, magnetic fluid recordings and catalysis. In this present study, we have synthesized nanocomposites consisting of 1.25% Ce doped HAP with various concentrations of Fe3 O4 NPs as 90:10 (C‐1), 70:30 (C‐2) and 50:50 wt% (C‐3) using ball milling technique. The obtained Ce@HAP‐Fe3 O4 nanocomposites were characterized by ATR‐FTIR, XRD, VSM, SEM‐EDAX and TEM analysis. Further, the fabricated Ce@HAP‐Fe3 O4 nanocomposites were tested for its antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E.coli), where C‐3 composites exhibit the excellent pathogen inhibition towards E.coli. In addition, the cytotoxicity evaluation on C‐3 nanocomposites by in vitro biocompatibility study using MG‐63 cells shows the prominent viable cell enhancement up to 400µg/mL concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic nanoparticles have been of great interest for various biomedical applications due to their controllability in the distance. Monodisperse superparamagnetic CoFe 2 O 4 (CFO) nanoparticles were synthesized by solvothermal method with oleic acid. The oleic acid ligands are exchanged with citric acid to obtain water-dispersible citric acid-coated CA (CFO–CA) nanoparticles. The M–H curve recorded at room temperature shows the superparamagnetic nature of CFO nanoparticles for both oleic- and citric-coated samples. The magnetic heating performance of CFO–CA shows an exciting dependence on the particle size and surface functionality. The hyperthermia efficiency of CFO–CA nanoparticles increases with increasing magnetic field strength and nanoparticle concentration. A specific absorption ratio value of 152.7 W/g obtained in this study is comparable to other investigations, demonstrating a great potential of CFO–CA nanoparticles for hyperthermia-based treatments. This controlled synthesis process can be applied to various functional biomedical nanoparticles to prepare nanoparticles with designed surface moieties for further potential applications. [Display omitted] • Superparamagnetic CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles have been solvothermally synthesized. • CoFe 2 O 4 particle size and magnetic property can be controlled by oleic acid coating. • Ligand exchange has been used to replace oleic acid with citric acid for coating. • Citric acid-coated CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles show improvements in magnetic heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]