Search

In Canada, detailed knowledge of the macrolichen biota in national parks is surprisingly sparse. Forillon National Park (Forillon) in Quebec, Canada, is an example, with no previously published accounts of lichens. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a survey of the macrolichens in the park and reviewed past collections to establish a baseline list of species. We report 140 taxa from Forillon (139 species and 2 subspecies, in 39 genera). Notable species include: Melanohalea exasperata, a first record for Canada; Scytinium teretiusculum, a first record for Quebec; Parmelia fertilis, a northern range extension; Hypogymnia subobscura, a species with an Arctic affinity; and Bryoria salazinica, Cladonia labradorica, and Leptogium acadiense, which are endemic to northeastern North America and infrequently collected. We provide an annotated list of species and an identification key to the macrolichen species of Forillon.

The genus Hypogymnia is morphologically characterized by swollen lobes, a hollow medulla, perforations in the lower surface, and the absence of rhizines. In our studies on Hypogymnia spp. we found rhizines and hapters were occasionally present on the lower surface of 35 species. Morphology and anatomy of the appendage-organs were studied using dissecting, compound, and scanning electron microscopy and compared with rhizines found in the related genus Arctoparmelia. Two types of rhizine-like structures were found in Hypogymnia: slender and elongated rhizines, and thick and short hapters, both of which were few in number and sparsely distributed on the lower surface. There are no obvious differences in the morphology of rhizines between Arctoparmelia and Hypogymnia, except that rhizines are abundant in Arctoparmelia. Within Parmeliaceae, Hypogymnia belongs to the hypogymnioid clade together with the genera Arctoparmelia, Brodoa, and Pseudevernia, most of which are considered to lack rhizines. The occurrence of rhizines in Hypogymnia is consistent with the placement of Arctoparmelia in the hypogymnioid clade based on molecular data.

A list of 49 lichens recently collected in the vicinity of Ribeiro Frio in Madeira is given. The species Ramalina nodosa and Peltigera neckeri are probably new to the island. Collections of Cladonia stereoclada, Hypogymnia madeirensis, Megalospora maderensis, Peltigera degenii and Phlyctis agelaea are interesting as well.

The aim of this paper is to showcase the use of lichens in environmental forensics from an assessment of atmospheric deposition in and around the Cu smelter and former mining town of Karabash, Ural Mountains of Russia. Hypogymnia physodes was collected on its bark substrate in July 2001 from a ‘reference’ site (c. 25 km SW of Karabash) and transplanted to 10 stations along an approximately 60 km SSW–NNE transect centred on Karabash. Transplants were collected after 2 and 3 month exposure periods. The elemental compositions of Hypogymnia and potential sources of particulates in the study area (smelter blast furnace and converter dusts, wastes, tailings, road dusts, metallurgical slags and top soils) were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and quadrupole ICP mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the Pb isotope compositions of the lichens and smelter dusts by multicollector ICP-MS. Particulates on lichen surfaces were analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The method of lichen transplantation, combined with multi-element and surface particle elemental analysis, high-precision Pb isotope ratio determinations and modelling, was shown to be useful for the tracing of the smelter signal, and components from different smelter processes, for more than 25 km from Karabash town. The lichen monitoring methodology is discrete and comparatively low cost, enabling atmospheric deposition from natural and anthropogenic sources to be determined over short (,3 month) periods, and is therefore a valuable qualitative tool for environmental forensics. Key aspects of the nature and biology

Lichen substances have more than one phenolic hydroxyl group attached to one or more benzene rings, thus qualifying them as polyphenols. The secondary metabolites isolated from the lichen H. tavaresii have been studied in a bid to find compounds protective against oxidative stress and free radical-induced damage. The compounds were identified based on their MS and 1H-NMR spectra as well as retention factors of TLC analysis. In addition to the previously described metabolites (atranorin, chloroatranorin, physodic and physodalic acids) of H. tavaresii, a further three were identified in its thalli: 2´-O-methylphysodone, isophysodic and ursolic acids. The newly identified compounds of H. tavaresii thalli may be useful in the chemotaxonomic classification of this species. Antioxidant effectiveness of the acetone extract's fractions was measured. The compounds of the active fractions were purified and exhibited 180-800 fold less radical scavenging activity than the reference substance α-(+)-tocopherol in a DPPH• model expressed by IC50 values.

Lichen substances have more than one phenolic hydroxyl group attached to one or more benzene rings, thus qualifying them as polyphenols. The secondary metabolites isolated from the lichen H. tavaresii have been studied in a bid to find compounds protective against oxidative stress and free radical-induced damage. The compounds were identified based on their MS and 1H-NMR spectra as well as retention factors of TLC analysis. In addition to the previously described metabolites (atranorin, chloroatranorin, physodic and physodalic acids) of H. tavaresii, a further three were identified in its thalli: 2´-O-methylphysodone, isophysodic and ursolic acids. The newly identified compounds of H. tavaresii thalli may be useful in the chemotaxonomic classification of this species. Antioxidant effectiveness of the acetone extract's fractions was measured. The compounds of the active fractions were purified and exhibited 180-800 fold less radical scavenging activity than the reference substance α-(+)-tocopherol in a DPPH• model expressed by IC50 values.

Six pruinose species of Hypogymnia are reported in this paper, including one new species Hypogymniapruinoidea. The type of Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa was found to be a mixture with H. laccata. Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa is therefore typified with a lectotype, and the description of H. pseudopruinosa is revised. Distributions of the six pruinose species are given and discussed. Comments on differences and similarities between pruinose species of Hypogymnia are made. Diagnostic characters of each species, and a key to the pruinose species of Hypogymnia in China, are also provided.

Morphological and chemical studies of Hypogymnia from the Himalayas revealed one new species, three species new to the region, and a previously unrecognized synonym. Hypogymnia crystallina, distinguished by its rimmed holes in the lobe axils, a pruinose disc, POL+ epihymenium, and distinctive chemistry (zeorin, hypoprotocetraric acid, usnic acid and atranorin) is described as new. Hypogymnia pseudohypotrypa (Asah.) A. Singh is synonymized with H. thomsoniana and a second location is reported for the recently described H. sikkimensis. Hypogymnia bitteri, H. mundata, and H. subarticulata are reported as new to India. A total of 17 species of the genus Hypogymnia are accepted for the Himalayan region of India and Nepal, with one additional species from southern India. A key is given to the species known from this region.

The biomass of epiphytic lichens growing on Scots pine varies from 130 to 1090 g and is composed mainly of lichens from three genera: Bryoria (45%), Hypogymnia (34%), and Evernia (12%). The majority of lichens (66%) grow on tree branches (96%) in the zone of maximum development, located at a height of 9–13.5 m. The lichen biomass on tree trunks is insignificant (4%) and located mainly at their bottom part (70%).

The Hypogymnia austerodes group is an assemblage of mostly boreal and arctic-alpine lichens traditionally comprising three wide-ranging sorediate and/or isidiate species, H. austerodes, H. bitteri and H. subobscura. Here we describe four additional members of this group – H. dichroma sp. nov., H. protea sp. nov., H. salsa sp. nov. and H. verruculosa sp. nov. – which have until now been treated within H. austerodes s. lat. Our new species are primarily epiphytic, and are currently known only from Cordilleran western North America. They differ from other members of the H. austerodes group both morphologically and in their virtually consistent production of apinnatic acid. Hypogymnia protea is by far the most variable of the new species, uniting two putative taxa here designated as morphs “disjuncta” and “tessellata”. Reliable discrimination of the segregate species requires careful attention to their vegetative reproductive structures, which are described in detail. A key to all treated species and...

Additions and corrections to the checklist published in 2008 are presented. Ten additional species are recognized: Allantoparmelia almquistii, Asahinea chrysantha, Hypogymnia bryophila, Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta, Melanelixia glabratula, Parmelia encryptata, Parmelina atricha, P. cryptotiliacea, Parmotrema cinereopruinata, and Punctelia rudecta. Myelochroa subaurulenta is deleted, and Xanthoparmelia perezdepazii is also noted as newly described from the Canary Islands. In addition, Cavernularia hultenii is now placed in Hypogymnia, the Canoparmelia crozalsiana group is included within Parmotrema, and Parmelinopsis is treated as a synonym of Hypotrachyna. The typification of the name Lichen quercinus is also corrected with the designation of the original figure as lectotype, and the new combination Hypotrachyna cryptochlora comb. nov. (syn. Parmelia cryptochlora) is made.

Three sorediate and four primarily fertile species of the lichen genus Hypogymnia are accepted for Chile in the present study, and only two of these correspond to species listed in current checklists. Hypogymnia antarctica, H. lugubris and H. subphysodes are considered to be common; the former has previously been poorly understood. Hypogymnia pulverata and H. bitteri are reported here as new to Chile, the latter also as new to austral areas. The former is not convincingly well separated from H. subphysodes. Hypogymnia enteromorphoides and H. solidepedicellata are also accepted here, based on literature reports, whereas six species reported rather recently from southern South America are not accepted here for this area. Sorediate species are much more widely distributed than primarily fertile ones, not only in the present study area, but also on a global scale. Vittatolic, 2'-O-methylphysodic, and 3-hydroxyphysodic acids were found to be reliable differential compounds between some of the species ...

Obermayer W., Witzmann M. & McCune B. 2018: Hypogymnia caperatica, a new species from the Hengduan Shan area (easternmost Tibetan region), with notes on some rare taxa from the greater Tibetan region and Bhutan. – Herzogia 31: 677–694.Hypogymnia caperatica, which contains caperatic acid as a major lichen substance in the medulla, is described as new from the Hengduan Shan area (southeasternmost boundaries of the Tibetan plateau). The aliphatic acid caperatic acid is reported for the first time from the genus Hypogymnia. The occurrence of fatty acids in the genus Hypogymnia is generally discussed. The very rare lichen Hypogymnia sikkimensis, hitherto only known from two localities in Sikkim, as well as Hypogymnia diffractaica and H. hengduanensis are reported as new for the Kingdom of Bhutan. Hypogymnia capitata, known from the type and paratype specimens only, is reported from three further localities in the East Tibetan region.

The lichen flora of southeast Alaska has been explored for over 100 years, but remains poorly known. In the first survey of its kind from the region, we report 766 taxa of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park. Coming from a park only 53 km 2 in size, this represents one of the largest numbers of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi per unit area ever reported and the largest number ever reported from any United States National Park of any size. One lichen genus, four lichen species and one species of lichenicolous fungus are described as new to science: Steineropsis alaskana gen. et sp. nov. (Peltigerales), Coccotrema hahriae and Pertusaria mccroryae (both Pertusariales), Stereocaulon klondikense (Lecanorales) and Corticifraga scrobiculatae (Lecanoromycetes incertae sedis). The new combinations Coccotrema minutum and Nesolechia fusca are made and Parmelia elongata is reduced to synonymy under Hypogymnia duplicata. Seventy-five taxa could not be assigned a species name at this time and represent a pool of critical and/or potentially undescribed taxa. Thirty-four taxa are new or confirmed for North America, including seventeen lichen taxa, one species of saprophytic Dothideomycetes, and sixteen species of lichenicolous fungi. Five taxa of eastern North American distribution are reported for the west for the first time. A total of 196 taxa are new for Alaska. We report the presence of novel secondary chemical compounds in Bryoria, Cladonia, Hypogymnia and Pertusaria. Based on a Chao analysis of single and two-time occurrences we estimate we have captured not more than 83% of the macrolichen and 64% of the microlichen flora, with the total flora likely exceeding 1000 taxa. We provide an overview of the lichen inventories with highest species number worldwide and discuss the Klondike in the context of broader patterns in lichen richness. Global models of climate change in the coming century are unanimous in predicting greater temperature increases at higher latitudes than at low latitudes. We hope that our data will lead to a reconsideration of the potential extent of biodiversity at high latitudes.

The effect of light quality on the photosynthetic pigments as chromatic adaptation in 8 species of lichens were examined. The chlorophylls, carotenoids in 5 species with green algae as phycobionts (Cladonia mitis, Hypogymnia physodes, H. tubulosa var. tubulosa and subtilis, Flavoparmelia caperata, Xanthoria parietina) and the chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobiliprotein pigments in 3 species with cyanobacteria as photobionts (Peltigera canina, P. polydactyla, P. rufescens) were determined. The total content of photosynthetic pigments was calculated according to the formule and particular pigments were determined by means CC, TLC, HPLC and IEC chromatography. The total content of the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids) in the thalli was highest in red light (genus Peltigera), yellow light (Xanthoria parietina), green light (Cladonia mitis) and at blue light (Flavoparmelia caperata and both species of Hypogymnia). The biggest content of the biliprotein pigments at red and blue lights was observed. The concentration of C-phycocyanin increased at red light, whereas C-phycoerythrin at green light. In Trebouxia phycobiont of Hypogymnia and Nostoc photobiont of Peltigera species the presence of the phytochromes was observed.

Hypogymnia metaphysodes was first described from Japan and Sakhalin, and later reported from western North America. Here we show that the North American material currently referred to H. metaphysodes differs from that species not only morphologically and chemically, but also in ascospore size and shape. We also show that the North American material is in fact heterogeneous, and can be assigned to two well-defined species here described as new: Hypogymnia recurva sp. nov. and H. wilfiana sp. nov. Both of these lichens contain distinctive secondary metabolites: vittatolic acid in the case of H. recurva, and 2-methylene-3-carboxy-18-hydroxynonadecanoic acid (“apinnatic acid”), reported here for the first time from Hypogymnia , in H. wilfiana. Both of our new species are so far known only from western North America, where they occur primarily as epiphytes on the branches of conifers. Hypogymnia metaphysodes s. str. has not yet been reliably reported from this region and should be excluded from the North American lichen flora.

Fifty white fir, red fir, incense cedar, Jeffrey pine and sugar pine were surveyed for corticolous bryophytes and macrolichens in the Teakettle Experimental Forest. Epiphyte abundances were estimated by percent cover in 5 m strata from ground-level to tree-tops. Gradients of bark pH within tree species and stand-level vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were also measured. Mosses had a strong positive association with white fir and proximity to perennial water. Clustering of trees in macrolichen space resulted in four significant groups: white fir, red fir, incense cedar, and Pinus. The lichens Ahtiana sphaerosporella and Letharia indicated the red fir group, Hypogymnia imshaugii and Melanelia elegantula the white fir group, and Nodobryoria oregana the Pinus group. Two nitrophilous lichens, Xanthoria polycarpa and Candelariella efflorescens were strongly positively associated with white fir, and absent from the Pinus species. Bark pH distinguished presence/absence of moss and composition of macrolichens among tree groups, while increasing VPD with height best explained within-group community structure. To foster epiphyte richness and diversity in this mixed-conifer forest, a heterogeneous mix of mature tree species should be retained when thinning, and mature trees in the narrowly confined riparian zone should not be harvested.

Hypogymnia hengduanensis, previously known only from southwestern mainland China, is reported for the first time from Taiwan and Japan. So far it is the only species of Hypogymnia with rimmed holes to be found east of the Hengduan Mountain region of China. Also new to Taiwan are Hypogymnia stricta and H. subarticulata. A key is provided for species of Hypogymnia from Taiwan.

Hypogymnia minilobata is described as a new species of lichenized fungi from the coast of southern California and the Channel Islands. Previously lumped under H. occidentalis, H. minilobata is distinguished from that species by its small size, consistently appressed growth form, slightly smaller and more elongate spores, and distinct ITS and GPD sequences. So far H. minilobata is known from coastal scrub and woodlands, and is especially common in the Los Osos and Baywood areas of San Luis Obispo County, California.

Hypogymnia castanea and H. fistulosa are newly described species of lichenized fungi (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae), apparently restricted to oceanic tundra in the Bering Sea region. Hypogymnia castanea is so far known in Alaska only from the Seward Peninsula; it is also found in far east Russia. Hypogymnia fistulosa occurs at numerous localities on the Aleutian Islands, other islands in the Bering Sea, and the Seward Peninsula. Hypogymnia lugubris ssp. beringiana is elevated to the species level because of numerous morphological, chemical, and geographic differences from H. lugubris in the southern Hemisphere. Hypogymnia beringiana is a rare species from Alaska and Russia.

Lichen substances have more than one phenolic hydroxyl group attached to one or more benzene rings, thus qualifying them as polyphenols. The secondary metabolites isolated from the lichen H. tavaresii have been studied in a bid to find compounds protective against oxidative stress and free radical-induced damage. The compounds were identified based on their MS and 1H-NMR spectra as well as retention factors of TLC analysis. In addition to the previously described metabolites (atranorin, chloroatranorin, physodic and physodalic acids) of H. tavaresii, a further three were identified in its thalli: 2'-O-methylphysodone, isophysodic and ursolic acids. The newly identified compounds of H. tavaresii thalli may be useful in the chemotaxonomic classification of this species. Antioxidant effectiveness of the acetone extract's fractions was measured. The compounds of the active fractions were purified and exhibited 180-800 fold less radical scavenging activity than the reference substance α-(+)-tocopherol in a DPPH• model expressed by IC values., Los autores agradecen el soporte financiero dado por el Gobierno Canario al proyecto SI-697 (ULPAPD-08/01-5) a través de la Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información (ACIISI) así como por el Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC).

Delimiting species boundaries among closely related lineages often requires a range of independent data sets and analytical approaches. Similar to other organismal groups, robust species circumscriptions in fungi are increasingly investigated within an empirical framework. Here we attempt to delimit species boundaries in a closely related clade of lichen-forming fungi endemic to Asia, the Hypogymnia hypotrypa group (Parmeliaceae). In the current classification, the Hypogymnia hypotrypa group includes two species: H. hypotrypa and H. flavida, which are separated based on distinctive reproductive modes, the former producing soredia but absent in the latter. We reexamined the relationship between these two species using phenotypic characters and molecular sequence data (ITS, GPD, and MCM7 sequences) to address species boundaries in this group. In addition to morphological investigations, we used Bayesian clustering to identify potential genetic groups in the H. hypotrypa/H. flavida clade. We also used a variety of empirical, sequence-based species delimitation approaches, including: the "Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery" (ABGD), the Poisson tree process model (PTP), the General Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), and the multispecies coalescent approach BPP. Different species delimitation scenarios were compared using Bayes factors delimitation analysis, in addition to comparisons of pairwise genetic distances, pairwise fixation indices (FST). The majority of the species delimitation analyses implemented in this study failed to support H. hypotrypa and H. flavida as distinct lineages, as did the Bayesian clustering analysis. However, strong support for the evolutionary independence of H. hypotrypa and H. flavida was inferred using BPP and further supported by Bayes factor delimitation. In spite of rigorous morphological comparisons and a wide range of sequence-based approaches to delimit species, species boundaries in the H. hypotrypa group remain uncertain. This study reveals the potential limitations of relying on distinct reproductive strategies as diagnostic taxonomic characters for Hypogymnia and also the challenges of using popular sequence-based species delimitation methods in groups with recent diversification histories.

Hypogymnia canadensis Goward & McCune is described as a new species of lichenized fungi from the west coast of North America, ranging from southeastern Alaska to western Oregon, inland to southeastern British Columbia. In many respects similar to H. metaphysodes (Asahina) Rass., H. canadensis is distinguished from that species by an imbricate growth form, more open branching, lobe tips that readily become brown in exposed sites, a darker ceiling of the lobe cavity, and the presence of 3-hydroxyphysodic acid in the medulla (K+ slowly reddish brown). So far H. canadensis is known from conifers in cool suboceanic to oceanic climates.

The genus Menegazzia (Parmeliaceae, lichenized ascomycetes) in Malaysia and Indonesia is studied. Some specimens from Papua New Guinea are also included. The great majority of available specimens are from Kinabalu Park, State of Sabah, Malaysia. Three species are described as new to science, namely the two sorediate species M. capitata (from Sabah and Pahang in Malaysia) and M. sabahensis (from Sabah), and the fertile, primary species M. monospora (from Sabah and Papua New Guinea). M. asahinae , M. dissoluta , and M. efflorescens are reported for the first time from Malaysia, and M. subsimilis is reported for the first time from Malaysia and Indonesia. The subgenus Megamenegazzia is newly described to accommodate the large, broad-lobed species with numerous perforations on the lower surface. M. efflorescens is selected as the type species for the new subgenus. Notes are also provided on the type specimens of Hypogymnia pectinatula , a species originally considered as belonging to Menegazzia

Epiphytic lichens are extremely sensitive to environmental perturbations. This research work has adapted and applied recently developed methods of assessing epiphytic lichen species diversity to the Irish semi-natural acidophilous woodlands of Knocksink Wood Nature Reserve, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow, Ireland. The study has focused on the differences that arise in relation to acidophilous oak versus ashhazel woodlands at Knocksink. The frequency of occurrence of lichen species on a defined portion of tree bark is used as an estimate of diversity and to evaluate the degree of environmental stress on the sensitive lichen community. Epiphytic lichens were investigated across the oak woodland (Blechno-Quercetum petraeae) and ashhazel woodland (Corylo-Fraxinetum) and a total of 30 lichen taxa were recorded on trunks and 11 on twigs and branches. Results showed that 26 epiphytic lichen taxa were found on the oak tree trunks in the oak woodland and 14 epiphytic lichen taxa on the ash tree trunks in the ashhazel woodland. The genera with the highest number of species were Opegrapha, Pertusaria and Arthonia for tree trunks and Parmelia, Hypogymnia for tree canopies. Lichen diversity (LD) results were interpreted in terms of environmental assessment and a relatively low environmental quality was detected. Further comparison to other broadleaf woodlands in Ireland revealed a poverty of epiphytic lichen flora at Knocksink. Oak trees in the oak woodland were recognized as richer in lichen flora on the trunk area than ash trees in ashhazel woodland. However, the epiphytic lichens in the ashhazel woodland showed a higher LD score than that in the oak woodland at Knocksink Wood. This research advances understanding of environment influences on sensitive epiphytic lichens and their abundance and distribution in Irish broadleaf woodlands.

Lichens produce a great number of secondary metabolites that participate in ecological interactions and respond to environmental changes. We examined the influence of heavy metal accumulations on lichen secondary metabolism. Thalli of Hypogymnia physodes were transplanted for 6 months to the Cracow-Silesia industrial region. Based on heavy metal accumulations in lichen, two of the investigated sites were classified as highly polluted. The highest concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn were found in lichens transplanted in the vicinity of a Zn-Pb smelter. Significant accumulations of Cr and Ni were detected in Hypogymnia transplanted near a chemical industry. Physodic, physodalic, hydroxyphysodic acids, and atranorin were identified and analyzed in extracts obtained from specimen samples. The most detrimental changes were observed in lichen transplanted into the vicinity of a chemical industry producing chromium, phosphor, and sulfur compounds that contained 340-fold higher Cr levels than control thalli. Decreases in the levels of physodic acid, hydroxyphysodic acid, and atranorin were detected, and one additional polar compound (probably product of degradation of lichen acids) appeared in the extract. The content of physodalic acid increased in every thalli sample transplanted, suggesting a possible role of this compound in defense against stress caused by accumulated pollutants. The levels of physodic acid decreased in thalli from both of the most polluted sites compared to those of the controls--but were not changed in thalli transplanted to less polluted sites. Our results illustrate that lichen compounds are sensitive to heavy metal accumulation and could be used as biomarkers in environmental studies.

Increased knowledge about how lichen colonization responds to logging is a prerequisite for developing guidelines in forest management aimed to maintain biodi- versity. Within an experimentally logged boreal spruce forest we studied effects of different logging strategies and distance to the forest edges on colonization of epiphytic chlorolichens. Within a fine-grained (23 clearcuts, 0.2 ha each) and a coarse-grained area (3 clearcuts, 2.25 ha each) we sampled 90 branches. In addition 20 branches were sampled in an un- touched control area. The 15 youngest annual shoots along the main axes on each branch were analyzed. Establishment of the dispersed diaspores, most of them Hypogymnia, was mainly limited to shoot ages 4-6 where the needles also were present. Independent of logging strategy the occurrence of small lobules increased with increasing distance from the edges, indicating unfavorable conditions for establishment at the edges or a lower supply of diaspores. A distinct decrease in the number of thalli of Cavernularia hultenii was observed in the two logged areas compared to the control branches. The colonization of Hypogymnia spp. and Platismatia spp. was successful in the fine-grained area, while a coarse-grained pattern of logging caused a significant decrease in the number of thalli, from shoot age 5 for Hy- pogymnia and shoot age 9 for Platismatia. An early drop of needles in the coarse-grained area, especially at the forest edges, supports the assumption that the occurrence of needles is important for a successful colonization. A higher rate of growth of these species in the coarse-grained area, compared to the other two areas, illustrates that logging does not necessarily cause unfavorable conditions for growth of already established thalli. In conclusion, establishment of the diaspores is less successful in logged areas. Thus, a fragmented logging pattern influences the colonization negatively, even for common chlorolichens. Moreover, the response to logging strategy is species-specific. Development of management guidelines should be based on wide scientific knowledge about the species life-history characteristics.

Photochemical efficiencies of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) were studied in dry thalli of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes and during their re-hydration. In dry thalli, PSII reaction centers are photochemically inactive, as evidenced by the absence of variable chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, whereas the primary electron donor of PSI, P700, exhibits irreversible oxidation under continuous light. Upon application of multiple- and, particularly, single-turnover pulses in dry lichen, P700 oxidation partially reversed, which indicated recombination between P700+ and the reduced acceptor FX of PSI. Re-wetting of air-dried H. physodes initiated the gradual restoration of reversible light-induced redox reactions in both PSII and PSI, but the recovery was faster in PSI. Two slow components of P700+ reduction occurred after irradiation of partially and completely hydrated thalli with strong white light. In contrast, no slow component was found in the kinetics of re-oxidation of QA −, the reduced primary acceptor of PSII, after exposure of such thalli to white light. This finding indicated the inability of PSII in H. physodes to provide the reduction of the plastoquinone pool to significant levels. It is concluded that slow alternative electron transport routes may contribute to the energetics of photosynthesis to a larger extent in H. physodes than in higher plants.

Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) of particulate matter on lichen transplant thalli (Hypogymnia physodes) was assessed as a complementary technique to wet chemical analysis for source apportionment of airborne contaminants. Transplants (2 month exposure) stationed in the Cu smelter and former mining town of Karabash were compared with those from a control site 30 km south. Particulate matter in Karabash samples (715 analyses) showed higher levels of S, Pb, Cu, Sn and Zn compared with the control (598 analyses). Complex element associations among the particles confounded detailed mineralogical identifications, and therefore a simplified particle classification scheme was devised for source apportionment. Karabash samples contained high levels of particles classified as mining-related (MRP), and these were also identified in control samples, indicating wide spatial dispersion from the smelter and highlighting the sensitivity of the method. It was noted that MRP2.5-microm diameter were poorly represented on lichen surfaces suggesting this may limit the usefulness of Hypogymnia transplants as proxies when assessing human health impacts from airborne particulates. Analyses of the lichen thallus surface (away from surface particulates) revealed high levels of Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb associated with organics in the Karabash samples compared with the control, with a proportionate loss of K, interpreted as being due to a stress-related increase in cell membrane permeability. This type of analysis may provide a novel SEM-EDX-based method for assessing lichen vitality. The techniques developed are presented and further implications of the study are discussed.

Five new species are described from the group of Hypogymnia with rimmed holes on the lower surface: H. bulbosa, H. congesta, H. diffractaica, H. laxa, and H. pseudocyphellata. All species in this group are restricted to the Himalayan region, primarily in southwestern China. Four other species in this group have previously, been described: H. hengduanensis, H. kangdingensis, H. macrospora, and H. subvittata. Hypogymnia kangdingensis is synonymized with H. hengduanensis and Hypogymnia subvittata is synonymized with H. macrospora. Virensic acid (in H. congesta) and norbarbatic (4'-O-demethylbarbatic acid) tire major lichen substances previously unreported from Hypogymnia.

Hypogymnia arcuata and H. sachalinensis are described as new species of lichenized fungi from east Asia (Russia, China, and Japan). Closely related to H. fragillima, H. arcuata is separated from that species by the less frequently confluent holes in the lower surface, more broadly divergent branching, and the presence of 2′-o-methylphysodic and 3-hydroxyphysodic acids by TLC. Formerly confused with the North American endemic H. duplicata, H. arcuata lacks the long, cascading lobes and physodalic and protocetraric acids of H. duplicata. Hypogymnia sachalinensis has long been confused with the North American endemic H. enteromorpha under the name H. enteromorpha var. inactiva. Hypogymnia sachalinensis is smaller than H. enteromorpha, with appressed to imbricate, narrower lobes. Hypogymnia enteromorpha is unknown from Asia.

Four lichen species, Parmelia sulcata Taylor, Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., Cetraria islandica (L.)Ach., and Bryoria fuscescens (Gyelnik) Brodo andHawksworth were exposed during autumn and winter at differentsites of the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains), the Fichtelgebirge andcontrol sites. All lichens tested became visibly damaged withtime. Thallus bleaching started from the edges and went on tothe centre of the thallus. Sites of facilitated gas exchangelike the soralia of P. sulcata and the pseudocyphelles ofC. islandica became preferentially bleached. The sulfateconcentration increased with exposure time reaching 200% ofunpolluted controls. In contrast to coniferous trees (e.g. Picea abies), further exposure lead to a reduction in the S-concentration in the lichens, as sulfate and otherintracellular metabolites were leached from the thalli due tomembrane damage. The changes in the K-concentration proved tobe an excellent measure for membrane leakiness; it wascorrelated with time of exposure and with SO2 concentrations at the different sites. Photosynthetic capacityand respiration were also strongly affected. Depending on theSO2-dose, the Bryoria species were unable tophotosynthesize as early as 4–8 weeks after exposure, whereasCetraria and Hypogymnia showed clear reduction intheir ability to photoreduce CO2 within 8–10 weeks ofexposure in the field. Parmelia sulcata was found to bethe most tolerant species. After 3–4 months, photosynthesis wasreduced by only 30%. The bioindicative value of theseobservations is discussed.

We investigated whether dispersal limitation is an important factor for the low abundance of epiphytic lichens in young boreal forests. The number of lichen thalli on branch sections of Pinus sylvestris was counted in five second-growth stands (35-78 years old) at increasing distances (10 m, 50 m, and 100 m) from adjacent old-growth stands (122-298 years old) presumed to function as propagule sources. The number of thalli displayed a pronounced decrease with increasing distance from the old growth in both foliose and pendulous fruticose lichens. The effect of distance was statistically significant in five out of six groups of lichens. The number of thalli at 100 m constituted 22% (Parmelia sulcata) to 61% (Vulpicida pinastri) of the number found near the forest edge (10 m). In the two most abundant groups, Bryoria (fruticose) and Hypogymnia (foliose), there was close to 50% reduction in thallus numbers. The thallus size distribution of both Bryoria and Hypogymnia was strongly skewed towards small ...

Plectocarpon hypogymniae sp. nov. is described from Hypogymnia bitteri in Siberia. It is distinguished from all known Plectocarpon species with the pigment Atra- brown by the particularly narrow ascospores, and from all species by the host.

Lichens have been used for many years to monitor changes in deposited airborne chemical elements in many areas, but few studies have focused on areas suspected of experiencing slightly elevated pollution. Detection of subtle patterns of slightly elevated pollutants calls for developing several lines of evidence as opposed to single line studies used in heavily polluted areas. This study of two lichen species, Hypogymnia physodes and Evernia mesomorpha, in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan compares the concentrations and ranks of elements with the concentrations and ranks of the elements in the earth's crust, changes in element concentrations over a nine year period, and the geography of element concentrations in the park. S, Zn, Pb, Cd and Se were elevated in both species and higher in rank compared to the concentrations and ranks in the earth's crust. Toxic elements increased 123% in Hypogymnia and 62% in Evernia over 9 years, compared to increases of 45% and 59% for non-toxic elements in each species, respectively. Geographically, the lichens at certain localities with higher exposures experienced higher than average element concentrations. Finally, tissue concentrations of Mn, S and Se at some localities were above levels known to be either toxic or similar to those found in polluted areas. These four lines of evidence suggest that Isle Royale National Park is experiencing the onset of chronic air pollution stress from a number of sources.

The lichen species Anaptychia ciliaris, Collema nigrescens, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia bitteri, Lobaria pulmonaria, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Usnea rigida s.l. were fumigated with site-relevant concentrations (for Central Europe) of ozone over 80 days (180 microg m(-3) during daytime, 80 microg m(-3) during the night). Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements revealed a significant reduction of Fv/Fm after ozone fumigation in five of the species investigated, indicating severe stress on photosystem II due to ozone. The physiological impairment paralleled our fine structural investigations, revealing a significantly higher percentage of collapsed photobiont cells. This indicates that the effects of ambient ozone concentrations under experimental conditions included biophysical and physiological, as well as structural impairment in the lichens studied.

Hypogymnia bryophila McCune is described as a new species of lichenized fungi from Portugal. Previously included under H. farinacea Zopf (syn. H. bitteriana (Zahlbr.) Ras) or H. austerodes (Nyl.) Ras., it often has terminal soralia similar to H. bitteri (Lynge) Ahti, as well as laminal soralia, but the soralia appear along edges of cracks in the cortex, similar to H. farinacea. Furthermore, the lobes are more lax and imbricate as compared to these other species. Hypogymnia bryophila is the only species of the 85 known in this genus that contains protocetraric acid without physodalic acid. A protocetraric acid-deficient chemotype is also known. So far H. bryophila is known primarily from mossy granitic rock, rarely on Pinus pinaster, in Serra da Estrela and Serra de S. Mamede, Portugal.

Lichen physodes Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1144. 1753. "Habitat in Europae corticibus Betulae, & Saxis ac rupibus." RCN: 8191. Lectotype (Howe in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 201. 1912; Jørgensen & al. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 338, f. 47. 1994): Herb. Linn. No. 1273.77, lower specimen (LINN). Current name: Hypogymnia physodes ( L.) Nyl. (Parmeliaceae). Note: Jørgensen & al. (in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 338, 379, f. 47. 1994) restricted Howe’s original type choice to one of the specimens on the sheet., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 629, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Two country-wide surveys using epiphytic lichens as biomonitors of atmospheric pollution carried out during 2000 and 2001 in Slovenia were compared with surveys in 1991 and 1992. In the first survey, epiphytic lichen cover was studied in more than 500 plots of the 4 x 4 km national grid carried out within the framework of forest decline inventories. In the second survey, the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., was collected on a 16 x 16 km bioindication grid and analysed for S, N, As, Br, Ce, Cd, Cr, K, La, Mo, Rb, Sb, Th, U and Zn contents. Only 'forested area' sampling points were included in the present study. Lichen cover was low, with about 70% of plots with less than 10% foliose lichen cover. No relationship was found between Hypogymnia trace element, N and S concentrations and foliose epiphytic lichen cover.

Structure analysis based on regular morphological variability at organism level is applied to study the shape and spatial construction of lichen Hypogymnia phyzodes (L.) Nyl. Some structural elements were determined at juvenile stage of development with the use of this approach. Five of them are dominant. Besides, five the most frequent encounter types of thallus branching were described. It is shown that thallus structure at adult stage is usually built from two main elements forming axial dichotomy. Analysis of thallus shape indicates that transformation of dichotomy elements into trichotomy ones may also take place during growth and development of thallus. В работе впервые для изучения формы и описания пространственной конструкции талломов лишайника Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl использован структурный анализ, основанный на закономерностях морфологической изменчивости на организменном уровне. С помощью данного подхода на ювенильной стадии развития выделены девять структурных элементов конструкции, из которых пять являются основными. Кроме того, описаны пять наиболее часто встречающихся типов ветвления слоевищ. Показано, что во взрослом состоянии структура таллома, как правило, формируется двумя определяющими аксиальную дихотомию основными элементами. Анализ формы талломов свидетельствует о том, что в ходе роста и развития возможно преобразование элементов дихотомии в элементы трихотомии.