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Objective To demonstrate the utility of Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) for evaluation of posterior circulation-related features in patients with mild stroke. Methods Forty-five subjects, diagnosed with acute infarction in the cerebellum, basis pontis, thalamus, corona radiata, posterior limb of internal capsule, and their National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores ≤5 were enrolled. SARA scores were graded by the cut-off value of severity in dependency of activities of daily living (ADL). SARA, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up-and-Go (TUG), and Trunk Control Test (TCT) were correlated in regression analysis with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge. Correlation between SARA and other tools was analyzed. Patients were divided based on mRS at admission (group A, mRS 0–2; group B, mRS 3–5). Scores between the two groups were compared. Results Among the subjects, 48.9% (22/45) scored above 5.5 on SARA, and even 11.1% (5/45) scored higher than 14.25, which is the cut-off value of ‘severe dependency’ in ADL. SARA showed significant value for prediction of mRS at discharge. SARA was correlated with BBS (r=-0.946, p

The cathodic stability of the zwitterionic imidazolium compounds was significantly enhanced by the introduction of an ether group at 1 or 2-position on the imidazolium ring. The cycle performance tests showed that the initial cell capacity was maintained almost unchanged up to 100 cycles at 0.5 and 1 C when 2.5 wt.% of 2-butoxymethyl-1-methylimidazolium-3-propylsulfonate or 2-butoxymethyl-1-butylimidazolium-3-propylsulfonate was added to the model electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate (1/1/1 v/v/v)).Structures of zwitterionic compounds and their interactions with lithium ions were theoretically investigated. Keywords: Ionic liquids, Zwitterion, Lithium battery, Electrolytes, Cycle performance

A series of imidazolium-based zwitterionic compounds having both a propylsulfonate group at 3-position and an ester group at 1- or 2-position are synthesized and their interactions with LiPF6 are investigated. FT-IR study and theoretical calculation using density functional theory show that the interactions of the zwitterionic compound with LiPF6 varies significantly with the location of the ester group on the imidazolium ring. The electrochemical stability of the imidazolium-based zwitterionic compound is significantly improved by introducing an ester group at the C-2 position of the imidazolium ring. Cycle performance tests show that the initial cell capacity remains almost unchanged up to 100 cycles at 1/2 C when 2.5 wt.% of 2-(acetoxymethy)-1-butylimidazolium-3-propylsulfonate is added to the model electrolyte consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) (EC/DMC/EMC = 1/1/1 v/v/v), whereas the capacity of the cell containing an unsubstituted or methyl-substituted imidazolium compound at the C-2 position, 1-(acetoxymethyl)imidazolium-3-propylsulfonate or 1-(acetoxymethyl)-2-methylimidazolium-3-propylsulfonate as an additive, starts to decrease rapidly just after a few cycles.

Zwitterionic imidazolium compounds containing a propylsulfonate group and an ester group at 1- or 2-position were prepared and used as the membrane materials for separating ethylene/ethane and propylene/propane mixtures. The performance of the membranes consisting of a silver salt and a zwitterionic imidazolium compound bearing an ester group was significantly affected by the location of the ester group on the imidazolium ring. The investigation of the interaction between a zwitterionic imidazolium compound and AgNO3 using the density functional theory method and FT-IR study shows that the silver ion bonded to propylsulfonate group interacts intra-molecularly with the ester group only when both ester and propylsulfonate groups are located on the same side of the imidazolium ring.

Zwitterionic silver nitrate salts of 1-(1-methyl-3-imidazolio)propane-3-sulfonate, 1-(1-methyl-1-pyrrolidinio)propane-3-sulfonate, and 1-(4-methyl-4-morpholio)propane-3-sulfonate have been prepared and tested as carriers for facilitated olefin transport membranes in the separation of ethylene/ethane, propylene/propane, and C4 mixtures. The interactions of olefins with silver ions bound to sulfonate groups were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy as well as the correlation between the binding affinity of olefins and facilitated transport.

Polymer-supported chloroaluminates, poly(1-butyl-4-vinylpyridinium) chloroaluminate (p([BVPy]AlCl4)), poly(1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium) chloroaluminate (p([BVIm]AlCl4)), and poly(1-ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium) chloroaluminate (p([EVIm]AlCl4)), were synthesized and tested for their activities in the Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene (CPD) with methyl methacrylate (MMA). These polymer-supported heterogeneous catalysts exhibited activities comparable to their corresponding monomeric homogeneous analogues, 1-butyl-4-vinylpyridinium chloroaluminate ([BVPy]AlCl4) and 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium chloroaluminate ([BVIm]AlCl4). The catalyst recycle tests showed that the supported catalysts can be reused with a moderate loss of initial activity at least up to five times.

Various types of multi-functional zwitterionic compounds containing both ester and sulfonate groups were prepared and their silver nitrate salts were tested as carriers for facilitated olefin transport membranes in the separation of ethylene–ethane and propylene–propane mixtures. Ester group-containing multi-functional zwitterionic silver compounds exhibited much higher performances in comparison with methyl group-containing zwitterionic compounds. A FT-IR study showed that ester-containing zwitterionic compounds interact with silver ions through both sulfonate and ester functional groups.