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Objective Although healthcare workers (HCWs) experienced significant stress during the 2015 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), the factors associated with this stress remain unknown. Thus, the present study assessed burnout among HCWs during the MERS outbreak to identify the influential factors involved in this process.Methods This study was a retrospective chart review of the psychological tests and questionnaires completed by 171 hospital employees from two general hospitals that treated MERS patients. The tests included the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, Positive Resources Test, the questionnaires assessed exposure to the MERS outbreak event and perceptions about MERS.Results Of the 171 HCWs, 112 (65.5%) experienced disengagement and 136 (79.5%) suffered from exhaustion. Disengagement was associated with lower levels of purpose and hope, a higher perception of job risk, and exposure to the media. Exhaustion was associated with lower levels of purpose and hope, a higher perception of little control of the infection, a higher perception of job risk, prior experience related to infections, and being female.Conclusion Our results revealed the risk and protective factors associated with burnout among HCWs during an outbreak of MERS. These findings should be considered when determining interventional strategies aimed at ameliorating burnout among HCWs.

Objective Motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions are known to affect driving competence. Subcortical ischemic changes on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can reflect reduction in cognitive and motor performance. However, few studies have reported the relationship between subcortical ischemic changes and driving competence of the elderly. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the association between subcortical ischemic changes on MRI and driving abilities of the elderly. Methods Participants (n=540) were drawn from a nationwide, multicenter, hospital-based, longitudinal cohort. Each participant underwent MRI scan and interview for driving capacity categorized into ‘now driving’ and ‘driving cessation (driven before, not driving now)’. Participants were divided into three groups (mild, n=389; moderate, n=116; and severe, n=35) depending on the degree of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) on MRI at baseline. Driving status was evaluated at follow-up. Statistical analyses were conducted using χ2 test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), structured equation model (SEM), and generalized estimating equation (GEE). Results In SEM, greater baseline degree of WMH was directly associated with driving cessation regardless of cognitive or motor dysfunction (β=-0.110, p

Background Korea has recently attained the aged society status and the growth rate of the aging population will be among the most rapid worldwide. The objective of this study was to develop a credible list of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for Korean older adults. Methods A new Korean PIMs list was produced through a comprehensive structured expert survey (modified Delphi method). To generate an expert panel, we invited the nomination of experts in geriatric medication from the Korean Geriatric Society, the Korean Academy of Clinical Geriatrics, the Korean Academy of Family Medicine, the Korean Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, and the Korean Association of Geriatric Hospitals. Based on their recommendation, the expert panel consisted of 14 geriatric specialists, including 10 geriatricians (7 family medicine doctors and 3 internal medicine doctors), 3 geriatric psychiatrists, and 1 clinical pharmacist. After 4 rounds, the new Korean PIMs list was finalized. Results Sixty-two drugs were classified as PIMs for older adults irrespective of comorbidities, including antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and first-generation antihistamines. Forty-eight drugs or drug categories were classified as PIMs for 18 specific conditions that older adults encounter frequently. The expert panel presented the rationale and comments including preferred therapeutic alternatives and exceptional situations for each item. Conclusion We presented a "user-friendly" PIMs list for Korean older adults. Further prospective studies to validate its usefulness in clinical settings and regular updating of the list are required. It is also important to disseminate this list to doctors who prescribe medication to older people.

Objective The aim of the present study was to provide clinical consensus and evidence regarding initial treatment strategies for the pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in Korea. Methods We prepared a questionnaire to derive a consensus from clinicians regarding their preference for the pharmacological treatment of SAD in Korea. Data regarding medication regimens and psychotropic drugs used during initial treatment, the doses used, and the pharmacological treatment duration were obtained. Responses were obtained from 66 SAD experts, and their opinions were classified into three categories (first-line, second-line, third-line) using a chi-square analysis. Results Clinicians agreed upon first-line regimens for SAD involving monotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine, or combined therapy using antidepressants with betablockers or benzodiazepines on a standing or as-needed basis. First-line psychotropic drug choices for initial treatment included the following: escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and propranolol. The medication dosage used by domestic clinicians was found to be comparable with foreign guidelines. Domestic clinicians tended to make treatment decisions in a shorter amount of time and preferred a similar duration of maintenance treatment for SAD when compared with foreign clinicians. Conclusion This study may provide significant information for developing SAD pharmacotherapy guidelines in Korea, especially in the early stage of treatment.

There is a growing interest in finding psychosocial predictors related to cognitive function. In our previous research, we conducted a cross-sectional study on memory age identity (MAI) and found that MAI might be associated with objective cognitive performance in non-cognitively impaired elderly. A longitudinal study was conducted to better understand the importance of MAI as a psychosocial predictor related to objective cognitive function.Data obtained from 1345 Korean subjects aged 60 years and above were analyzed. During the two-year follow-up, subjective memory age was assessed on three occasions using the following question: How old do you feel based on your memory? Discrepancy between subjective memory age and chronological age was then calculated. We defined this value as 'memory age identity (MAI)'. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was then obtained to demonstrate the relationship between MAI and Korean version-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score over the 2 years of study.MAI was found to significantly (β=-0.03, p0.0001) predict objective cognitive performance in the non-cognitively impaired elderly.MAI may be a potential psychosocial predictor related to objective cognitive performance in the non-cognitively impaired elderly.

We used a negative-tone e-beam resist (N-ER) to perform direct laser writing lithography based on a single-photon absorption process with a 405-nm laser source. The linewidth of the N-ER reached 150 nm, which is over three times thinner than that of a conventional photoresist. To optimize the process, the linewidth, lithographic contrast, and aspect ratio of the N-ER were investigated with respect to the dose and baking temperature. We were able to achieve a lithographic contrast of 4.8 and a maximum aspect ratio of 1.43, thereby confirming the superior resolution of the N-ER.

A chamber for in vitro spectro-ellipsometric measurement of mouse myoblast cells and ellipsometric expressions for the sample which has two thick incoherent layers on the substrate with coherent layers are introduced to investigate the optical property of live mouse myoblast cells over a wide spectral range. The observed variation of ellipsometric spectra with increasing number of the seeded cell is far from the ellipsometric spectra where thickness of the layer containing bulk cells increases uniformly from 0 to 2 μm. The observed variation is well explained in terms of increasing fraction of a weakly absorbing cell surface, which represents the scattering of light at the interface between medium and the top surface of mouse myoblast cells.

Background Donor and recipient age in kidney transplantation are known to affect graft and patient survival. To address the question of whether the age difference between donor and recipient impacts on graft survival and death-censored graft survival after transplantation, we examined the impact of age matching (less than 10-year age difference) on the survivals after living donor kidney transplantation. Methods Two hundred one cases of the primary living donor kidney transplantation were performed and were divided into two groups, age-matched (n = 123) versus age-discrepant (n = 78). Variables included in this study were age, gender, body weight, height, kidney disease, type and duration of dialysis before transplantation, degree of human leukocyte antigen mismatch, ischemic time, graft weight, episode of rejection, type of immunosuppression, recipient serum creatinine after transplantation, and causes of patient death and graft loss. Results We observed the disparities of graft survival (P = .008) and death-censored graft survival (P = .003) between the groups. One-, 3-, and 5-year death-censored graft survival was 100%, 100%, and 97% in the age-matched group, respectively; and 97%, 90%, and 88% in the age-discrepant group, respectively. By Cox regression multivariate analysis, the variable of age-matching was an independent predictor for both graft survival (s = 1.325, P = .017) and death-censored graft survival (s = 2.217, P = .021). Conclusion During living donor and recipient matching, age difference between donor and recipient should be minimized.

Introduction The use of new selective immunosuppressants as well as the emergence of new antimicrobial resistances raise the use of prophylactic antibiotics as a matter of controversy. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the clinical significance of prophylactic antibiotics in kidney transplantation. Methods This retrospective study included 174 renal allograft recipients who were divided into two groups: group A including patients who received perioperative prophylactic antibiotics and group B, who did not receive them. We analyzed who the incidence of infectious complications as well as the causative micro-organisms and their antimicrobial resistance within 1 month after kidney transplantation. Results Overall bacterial infections were observed during the first postoperative month in 13 cases (7.4%): 6 (3.4%) surgical site 4 (2.3%) urinary tract, 2 (1.1%) bacteremic, and 1 (0.6%) central catheter infections. There was no respiratory infection. The incidence of bacterial infection was not significantly different between the two groups. The major micro-organisms isolated after kidney transplantation, were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; both of which had already shown multidrug resistance at the initial time of infection. Conclusion Not only did use of prophylactic antibiotics have little impact to prevent bacterial infections after kidney transplantation, but also it may induce antimicrobial resistance against the antibiotics used for prophylaxis. Moreover, the increased antibiotic resistance prior to kidney transplantation hampers the effectiveness of prophylactic antimicrobial agents. Guidelines for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis should be therefore revised.

Relatively few studies have examined the psychological predictors of cognitive functions in the elderly. We aimed to investigate the relationship between MAI and cognition in the non-cognitively impaired (NCI) elderly. Data obtained from 1345 Korean subjects aged 60+ years were analyzed. MAI was defined as the discrepancy between subjective memory age and chronological age. We conducted the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to demonstrate the relationship between MAI and Korean version-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE). There were significant differences in the estimated means of K-MMSE score among the 4 quartile groups of MAI (Q1-Q2Q3Q4, F=13.12, p0.0001). These results suggested that MAI may be associated with cognitive function in the NCI elderly.

Many studies have explored the participation of cytokines and their genes in renal allograft rejection by using biopsy tissues. To screen for rejection, a biopsy is too invasive to perform without a clinical clue. Therefore, we studied the expression of cytokines that contribute to the early phase of allograft rejection by analyzing mRNA transcripts in sequential blood samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) 120 of 6 among patients transplanted before diagnosis of rejection. for comparison with 6 control recipients. The relative expression amount of cytokine genes encoding interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, and interferon-γ were assessed using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions. IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15 mRNA expressions in clinically stable prerejection phase of the rejection group were significantly higher than those of the control group. In the prerejection samples, the expression of mRNA encoding IL-10 negatively correlated with the expressions of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15 mRNAs, which were not different from the positive correlations in the postoperative samples from the control group. The expression patterns of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-15 genes in PBMCs after transplantation may help to identify acute rejection episodes before clinical deterioration to monitor the efficacy of immunosuppressive treatment.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of physical, mental, social activity, and health concern on cognition in the elderly by means of the health concern and activity (HCA) model. Data were obtained from 3157 subjects aged 60 years and above. The subjects were divided into four groups according to the HCA model. Cognitive function was assessed by the Korean version of the mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE). A cross-sectional, factorial design was used in which the K-MMSE score was the dependent variable, with physical, mental, and social activity as one factor and health concern as the other. Analysis of covariance revealed significant differences in the K-MMSE score between all four groups after adjusting for age, sex, education, current smoking, and alcohol consumption for all subjects. The results suggest that having health concerns as well as physical, mental, or social activity is associated with cognitive function in the elderly.

Results: The total amount of time spent to execute 10 physical activities was 91.9±98.9 minutes per day. K-MMSE score was significantly associated with the duration of physical activity after adjustment for age, sex, educational level, depres- sion, anxiety, and underlying diseases using multiple logistic regression analysis ( β=0.002, p

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had experiences of enormous psychological stress that can result in neurocognitive and neurochemical changes. To date, the causal relationship between them remains unclear. The present study is to investigate the association between neurocognitive characteristics and neural metabolite concentrations in North Korean refugees with PTSD. A total of 53 North Korean refugees with or without PTSD underwent neurocognitive function tests. For neural metabolite scanning, magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been conducted. We assessed between-group differences in neurocognitive test scores and metabolite levels. Additionally, a multiple regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the association between neurocognitive function and metabolite levels in patients with PTSD. Memory function, but not other neurocognitive functions, was significantly lower in the PTSD group compared with the non-PTSD group. Hippocampal N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels were not different between groups; however, NAA levels were significantly lower in the ACC of the PTSD group than the non-PTSD group (t = 2.424, p = 0.019). The multiple regression analysis showed a negative association between hippocampal NAA levels and delayed recall score on the auditory verbal learning test (β = -1.744, p = 0.011) in the non-PTSD group, but not in the PTSD group. We identified specific memory impairment and the role of NAA levels in PTSD. Our findings suggest that hippocampal NAA has a protective role in memory impairment and development of PTSD after exposure to traumatic events.

Our study aimed to examine the relationship between perceived sleep quality and depression using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Cole's model to materialize the concept of perceived sleep quality in the non-cognitively impaired elderly. Older adults aged 60+ were recruited from the baseline study of Suwon Project (SP) between 2009 and 2011 (n=2040). Perceived sleep quality was measured using the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-K), and depression was accessed using the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (SGDS-K). We excluded the cognitively impaired elderly using the Korean version-Mini Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE) score less than or equal to 17. In multivariable adjusted logistic regression related to PSQI-K components, poor perceived sleep quality, including poor subjective sleep quality (Odds ratio (OR)=1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.61), longer sleep latency (OR=1.32, 95% CI=1.13-1.55) and the frequent use of sleeping medication (OR=1.30, 95% CI=1.10-1.53) were significantly associated with depression after adjusting for age, sex, education, living status, current smoking and current alcohol drinking, the number of comorbidity and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). PSQI-K global score also had greater odds of reporting depression (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.07-1.16). These results suggested that poor perceived sleep quality was associated with a greater level of depression in the elderly.

The functional capacity of each kidney of a healthy donor may change under the influence of genetic and environmental factors. An assumption that the donor kidneys show equal function is not always true. As part of the pre-nephrectomy evaluation of potential donors, radioisotope renal scintigraphy using technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTcDTPA) was routinely included to evaluate renal functional asymmetry of undetermined etiology. The functional ratios of each kidney using 99mTcDTPA as well as serum creatinine (Scr) and creatinine clearance (Ccr) in a 24-hour urine were measured and calculated from a hundred donors. The left kidneys showed greater function (51.67%-53.35% under 95% confidence interval [CI]) and the average left versus right ratio was 52.5 versus 47.5. The average fraction of Ccr of left kidneys was 57.8 mL/min/1.73 m +/- 10.99 compared with right kidneys at 52.6 mL/min/1.73 m +/- 11.63. Seventy-three healthy volunteers donated their left kidneys, and 27, their right kidney. The average fraction of Ccr of the donated kidneys was 55.9 mL/min/1.73 m +/- 11.78 compared with that of the remnant kidneys (54.5 mL/min/1.73 m +/- 11.39). After kidney donation, the Scr of the donors increased from 0.85 mg/dL +/- 0.17 to 1.33 mg/dL +/- 0.27. The average postnephrectomy Ccr was 68.0 mL/min/1.73 m +/- 14.29. Even though the Ccr after kidney donation was higher than that of the remnant kidney estimated before the donation, one must pay attention to possible functional kidney asymmetry to select the nephrectomy site.

Long-term effects of donor and recipient gender on the outcome of living donor kidney transplantation have been examined but the impact on early graft function is less certain. In this study, we analyzed age, gender, body weight, height, body surface area (BSA), and lean body weight (LBW) of both donors and recipients. Preoperatively we collected 24-hour urine samples to measure creatinine excretion from donor and postoperatively we determined when the recipient serum creatinine (Scr) reached baseline levels. Variables included were ischemic times, kidney graft weight, duration of dialysis, cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), degree of HLA match, and mismatch, types of immunosuppression (cyclosporine or FK506, dual or triple), and episodes of acute rejection. The variables were analyzed by independent sample t tests and chi-square statistics using SPSS. Values of P < .05 were considered significant. Male patients of both donors and recipients were significantly taller and heavier (higher BSA and LBW) than female. Urinary 24-hour creatinine excretion was greater in male patients whether donors or recipients. There were no statistical differences in graft weight or creatinine clearance based on the gender of the donor or recipient. The creatinine of male donors or recipients was higher than that of females. The other variables were not significantly different. In conclusion, the effect of donor or recipient gender on early graft function depends on the metabolic demands, which are higher in male recipients.

In living donor kidney transplantation, initial function of the donor kidneys is split into the remnant kidney and the recipient's implanted kidney. We addressed the questions whether the donor's remnant kidney function increases or decreases after donation and whether the donor's donated kidney is greater or less than that of the recipient's implanted kidney after transplantation. We measured and calculated the functional ratio of each kidney using technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTcDTPA) as well as serum creatinine (Scr; mg/dL) and creatinine clearance (Ccr; mL/min/1.73 m2) using 24-hour urines from 100 donors. The Ccr was also calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula (Ccr-CG; mL/min/1.73 m2). Within 7 days postnephrectomy, we measured Scr, Ccr, and Ccr-CG of the remnant kidney. For recipients, the Scr, Ccr, and Ccr-CG of the implanted kidney with 24-hour urine were obtained within 7 days posttransplantation. The average Scr, Ccr, and Ccr-CG of the donors were 0.85 +/- 0.17 mg/dL, 110.4 +/- 20.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, and 82.8 +/- 17.3 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. After donation, the Ccr and Ccr-CG of remnant kidney increased from 54.5 +/- 11.4 and 40.8 +/- 9.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 to 68.0 +/- 14.3 and 53.6 +/- 11.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The recipient Ccr and Ccr-CG of donated kidney also increased from 55.9 +/- 11.8 and 42.0 +/- 9.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 to 78.4 +/- 18.0 and 53.4 +/- 16.4 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Kidney transplantation from a living donor should be encouraged with total functional benefit for both donors and recipients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intra-arterial fibrinolytic therapy is a promising treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Few data are available on its use in elderly patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the baseline characteristics, complications, and outcomes between intra-arterially treated ischemic stroke patients aged ≥80 years and their younger counterparts. METHODS: Patients aged ≥80 years ( n = 33) were compared retrospectively with contemporaneous patients aged n = 81) from a registry of consecutive patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis over a 9-year period. RESULTS: The very elderly and younger cohorts were very similar in baseline characteristics, including pretreatment stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] 17 versus 16), differing only in history of stroke ransient ischemic attack (42% versus 22%, P = .01) and weight (66.8 versus 75.8 kg; P = .02). Significant differences in recanalization (TIMI 2–3) rates could not be detected between the very elderly and younger patients (79% versus 68%, P = .10). Rates of major symptomatic hemorrhage (7% versus 8%) and any intracerebral hemorrhage (39% versus 37%) did not differ. Outcomes at 90 days showed lower rates of excellent functional outcome (mRS ≤1, 26% versus 40%, P = .02) and survival (57% versus 80%, P = .01) among the very elderly. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-arterial fibrinolysis in the elderly can be accomplished with recanalization rates and hemorrhage rates equal to that in younger patients. Although mortality rates are higher and good functional outcomes are lower than in younger persons, nondisabling outcomes may be achieved in a quarter of patients. These findings suggest that the investigation and use of intra-arterial thrombolytic treatment in very elderly patients should not be avoided but pursued judiciously.

We aimed to examine risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) among older adults with Alzheimer's disease receiving 3 types of psychotropic drugs, that is, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and sedative anxiolytics. We retrospectively analyzed data from a hospital-based Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea (CREDOS) study conducted between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012. Participants (n = 3042) with Alzheimer's disease were aged 65 or older and had no preexisting history of DM. Development of DM was identified using claims for initiating at least 1 prescription of antidiabetic medications or a diagnosis of DM during the follow-up period. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to demonstrate the Hazard ratio of DM in use of each psychotropic drug. Among the 3042 participants, 426 patients (14.0%) developed DM, representing an incidence rate of 5.2/100 person-years during an average 2.9 years of follow-up period. Among the 3 types of psychotropic drugs, antipsychotic users had a significantly higher risk of DM (hazard ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.10, 2.76) than nonusers, after adjusting covariates. Antidepressants and sedative anxiolytics did not achieve statistical significance. These results suggested that the diabetes risk was elevated in Alzheimer patients on antipsychotic treatment. Therefore, patients with Alzheimer's disease receiving antipsychotic treatment should be carefully monitored for the development of DM.

To prevent hyperfiltration of the renal allograft, it is important to initially provide adequate functioning nephrons to meet the metabolic demands of a recipient. During the preoperative evaluation of a potential kidney donor, it is necessary to estimate the renal function of donated kidney compared with the metabolic needs of the recipient. The functional ratio of each kidney was measured using technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. The serum creatinine (Scr, mg/dL) and estimated creatinine clearance (Ccr, mL/min/1.73 m(2)) using the Cockcroft-Gault formula were measured and calculated in 82 donors. We excluded recipients who had an episode of rejection, and followed all recipients for more than 6 months posttransplantation. The average functional proportion of the donated kidney was 50.5% +/- 4.7% of the total Ccr 83.4 +/- 18.3 of donors. The Scr of recipients at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months posttransplantation were significantly (P < .05) correlated with the fractional Ccr of the donated kidney; however, Scr at 1 year was not correlated (P = .307). Furthermore, the Ccr of the recipient at 1, 3, and 6 months posttransplantation were significantly (P < .05) correlated with the fractional Ccr of the donated kidney; however, the Ccr at 9 months and 1 year were not correlated (P = .094 and .141, respectively). The Scr and Ccr of recipients within 6 months after transplantation may depend on the functional mass of the donated kidney, which should be estimated prior to kidney donation and compared with the metabolic demands of the potential recipient.

As children with emotional or behavioral problems often fail to receive the treatment available to them, this study examined (1) the degree of perceived need (PN) among Korean parents regarding mental health services for their children, (2) the factors associated with such perceptions, (3) the degree to which Korean parents actually engage mental health services for their children, and (4) the factors associated with such use. To determine the degrees of PN and actual use, 1,058 children aged between 9 and 12 years were asked to complete the Children's Depression Inventory, while their parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist. About 11.4% of the parents demonstrated PN, compared to 2.7% who actually engaged child mental health services. While most of the CBCL factors were associated with PN, the child's self-report significantly affected the perception as well. The attention problem score in the CBCL was the only factor that strongly corresponded to the actual use of services in Korea, a country where academic achievement is considered paramount, which suggests that cultural forces may play a powerful role in determining parents' decisions regarding child mental health care.

We demonstrated sensitive detection of individual yeast cells and yeast films by using slot antenna arrays operating in the terahertz frequency range. Microorganisms located at the slot area cause a shift in the resonant frequency of the THz transmission. The shift was investigated as a function of the surface number density for a set of devices fabricated on different substrates. In particular, sensors fabricated on a substrate with relatively low permittivity demonstrate higher sensitivity. The frequency shift decreases with increasing slot antenna width for a fixed coverage of yeast film, indicating a field enhancement effect. Furthermore, the vertical range of the effective sensing volume has been studied by varying the thickness of the yeast film. The resonant frequency shift saturates at 3.5 mu m for a slot width of 2 mu m. In addition, the results of finite-difference time-domain simulations are in good agreement with our experimental data. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America

MethodsZZTwenty-two male sex offenders were referred for psychiatric diagnosis from the prosecutor’s office and admitted to the hospital between August 2010 and May 2011. In order to identify Axis I and II disorders, including sexual disorders, we conducted the Korean version of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition. All participants completed psychological assessment batteries, including the KoreanWechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and self-report scales, including the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Information on participants’ legal, personal, and psychiatric family histories was also gathered.