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A well-known functional gastrointestinal disorder called functional dyspepsia (FD) is defined by dyspeptic symptoms without any structural abnormalities. In alternative intervention, electrolyzed alkaline-reduced water (EARW) consumption is regarded as a treatment modality for gastrointestinal symptoms despite its mechanism not yet fully understood. The present clinical study aimed to investigate the effects of EARW on gastrointestinal symptoms of patients with FD. Forty-eight participants with FD were screened, and 42 were enrolled. Participants were randomly allocated to the EARW (n = 21) and purified water (PW) (n = 21) groups. The EARW group ingested EARW (10 mL/kg body weight/day) for 6 weeks. The gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS), functional dyspepsia-related quality of life (FD-QoL), the Korean version of the Nepean Dyspepsia Index (NDI-K) were used as primary outcome measures at baseline and at 6 weeks, and inflammatory markers were measured as the secondary outcome. Two participants dropped out, and 40 participants (EARW = 20 and PW = 20) completed the trial. Total GSRS score was significantly lower in the EARW group (34.27%, p < 0.01) than in the PW (18.16%) group. In the five subcategories of GSRS, the decreased score between baseline and post-intervention for the EARW and PW groups were 43.59% and 21.33% in abdominal pain score, respectively; 38.98% and 18.92% in reflux syndrome, respectively; 25.42% and 20.90% in diarrhea, respectively; 35.87% and 21.48% in indigestion, respectively; and 32.81% and 10.71% in constipation, respectively, and all the parameters were significantly different in the EARW group compared with those in the PW group. The NDI-K score was also lower in the EARW group (p < 0.01) than in the PW group. FD-QoL score decreased significantly more in the EARW group after intervention than in the PW group (p < 0.05). Additionally, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) levels significantly suppressed in the EARW group after 6 weeks of drinking compared with the levels at the baseline. Our clinical study suggests that long-term drinking of EARW (pH 9.5) may improve FD-related symptoms and the quality of life of FD patients through home-based administration.

Purpose : To investigate the effect of corneal related values on the ocular sagittal height and which factors have the greatest influence on the ocular sagittal height. Methods : For 240 healthy eyes in their 20, 30, 40, and 50s, the anterior chamber depth and axial length were measured with IOLMaster 700. The corneal curvature radius and corneal eccentricity were measured with Keratograph 4, and spherical equivalent power was measured using KR-800. The corneal sagittal height was calculated using the formula. Results : The most influential factor in the corneal sagittal height was the corneal diameter, followed by the corneal eccentricity. And the corneal curvature radius had the least effect. A change in corneal saggital height of about 0.10mm corresponds to a change in corneal diameter of 0.20mm, and corneal eccentricity of 0.05 to 0.10 Conclusion : If soft contact lens fitting is greatly affected by the relationship between the sagittal depth of the contact lens and the sagittal height of the cornea, measurements of corneal diameter and corneal eccentricity are considered appropriate methods for selecting parameters of contact lenses. In addition, the numerical relationship between corneal sagittal height, corneal diameter and corneal eccentricity could be used as additional information for soft contact lens fitting.

We assessed the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) using the nationwide population-based claims data.We analyzed the claims data of the Korean National Health Insurance (2006-2015). UC and CRC were defined using ICD-10 codes and UC-specific prescriptions in this study. Age- and sex-matched individuals without UC were randomly selected from the general population. Hazard ratios (HRs), adjusted for different covariates, were calculated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression.In total, 30,546 and 88,829 individuals with and without UC, respectively, were enrolled. CRC developed in 85 (0.27%) among UC, and 340 (0.38%) among individuals without UC, respectively. The HR (95% confidence interval [CI]) of CRC in all UC patients was 0.74 (0.58-0.94). Further, UC patients were stratified according to sex (male vs. female: 0.60 [0.44-0.82] vs. 1.10 [0.75-1.61]) and age (HR = 14.37, 2.74, 0.58, and 0.70 for 0-19, 20-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years, respectively). HR was significantly higher for late-onset UC (≥60 years) than for early-onset UC (0-19 years). The long duration of 5-aminosalicylic acid use had a significantly low HR, with reference to the 1st quartile.The risk of CRC varies with age and sex in Korean patients with UC during the first decade after diagnosis. Early-onset UC (40 years) increases the CRC risk.

Purpose : To compare the visual performance of myopic presbyopia with low addition after wearing center-near and center-distance simultaneous vision multifocal contact lenses Methods : Visual performance of 13 subjects (46.92±5.91 years) was evaluated for accommodative lag, stray light, stereoacuity, horizontal phoria, near vergence and subjective vision satisfaction after wearing center-near and center-distance simultaneous vision multifocal contact lenses, respectively. Results : There were no significant differences in accommodative lag, stray light, stereoscopic acuity, horizontal phoria, near vergence and subjective vision satisfaction between center-near and center-distance simultaneous vision multifocal contact lenses with low addition in myopic presbyopes. Conclusion : There were no significant differences in visual performance related to visual quality, accommodative and vergence response after wearing center-near and center-distance simultaneous vision multifocal contact lenses with low addition in myopic presbyopes. Therefore, it is thought that it can be useful as a reference when selecting multifocal contact lenses.

Data loss for electronic noses may occur because of the sensor’s installation environment or from electrical disturbances. As a result, electronic noses may experience difficulties when identifying gases. This paper proposes two deep neural network-based functions for identifying gases. First, a denoising auto-encoder based on the corruption reconstruction method is proposed for electronic nose data to solve this problem. Second, a convolutional neural network-based gas-classifying model is proposed. Although the electronic nose data are highly discriminative, they are sensitive to the corruption of information; hence, they require an efficient restoration method for practical use. From the experiments we demonstrate that the proposed denoising auto-encoder provides a strong restoration capability, and the convolutional neural network-based classifier successfully discriminates the gas data samples with a classification rate over 95% even when the data loss is 50%.

Purpose Currently, there is no clear evidence to support any specific treatment as a principal therapy for stage IV gastric cancer outlet obstruction (GCOO) patients. This study evaluated the outcomes of palliative gastrectomies and survival prognostic factors in patients with stage IV resectable GCOO. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 48 stage IV GCOO patients who underwent palliative gastrectomies between June 2010 and December 2019. Palliative gastrectomies were performed only in patients with resectable disease. Early surgical outcomes and prognostic factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results There were no specific risk factors for postoperative complications, except for being underweight. Severe postoperative complications developed in five patients, and most of the patients underwent interventional procedures and received broad-spectrum antibiotics for intra-abdominal abscesses. The multivariate survival analysis showed that palliative chemotherapy is a positive prognostic factor, while the specific type of hematogenous and lymphatic metastasis is a negative prognostic factor. Conclusions We recommend that the treatment method for stage IV GCOO should be selected according to each patient's physical condition and tumor characteristics. In addition, we suggest that palliative gastrectomies can be performed in stage IV resectable GCOO patients without unfavorable prognostic factors (types of hematogenous and lymphatic metastases).

A flood hazard rating prediction model was developed that is based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network and random forest. The target area was Samseong District in Seoul, which has a history of severe flooding. The Storm Water Management Model was used to generate training data for the LSTM model to predict the total overflow as the rainfall input data. Two-dimensional numerical analysis was performed to calculate inundation and flow velocity maps for training the random forest, which was used to generate a map of the predicted flood hazard rating of grid units given the total accumulative overflow of the target area. To confirm the goodness of fit, the proposed model was used to predict a flood hazard rating map for a rainfall event observed on July 27, 2011. The prediction accuracy for the flood hazard rating of each grid was 99.86% when the debris factor was considered and 99.99% when the debris factor was not considered.

Purpose : To compare the differences in visual quality and accommodative functions after wearing single and multiple front surface aspheric functional contact lenses in the twenties having sufficient accommodation. Methods : Thirteen subjects(21.38±0.65 years) were evaluated for visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stray light, total higher order aberrations, spherical aberration, coma aberration, accommodative response, binocular accommodative facility and near point of accommodation after wearing two types of contact lenses, respectively. Results : There was no significant difference in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stray light, total high order aberration, spherical aberration and binocular accommodative facility. Coma aberration increased slightly in wearing multi front aspheric functional contact lenses at 4 and 5 mm pupil size(p=0.037). Accommodative response(p=0.006) and near point of accommodation(p=0.005) were significantly reduced and shorter in wearing multi front aspheric functional contact lens. Conclusion : There was no difference in visual quality in wearing multiple front aspheric functional contact lenses compared to in wearing single front aspheric contact lenses. But it is thought to be useful as a functional contact lens for young adults because it has the effect on reducing the accommodative burden.

Flooding due to the increase of heavy rainfall caused even larger damage in metropolitan areas. Therefore, numerical simulation and probabilistic models have been used for flood prediction, but the methodologies for real-time flood prediction by drainage district in metropolitan areas are still not sufficient. In this study, a flood scenario database was established by using one- and two-dimensional hydraulic analysis models to propose a realtime urban flood prediction method by drainage districts in metropolitan areas. Flood prediction models were constructed for each drainage district through the Nonlinear Auto-Regressive with eXogenous inputs and Self-Organizing Map (NARX-SOM). Suggested prediction model is a data-driven model because it is based on flood database which composed with diverse flood simulation results. To evaluate the predictive capacity of the models, flood prediction was performed for the actual heavy rainfall in 2010 and 2011 that caused severe flooding in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Flood prediction models for a total of 24 drainage districts were constructed, and it was found that the goodness of fit on the flood area ranged from 68.7 to 89.7%. In terms of the expected inundation map, the predictive power was found to be high when the SOM result with 5 × 5 dimension was mainly used. Through this study, it was possible to identify the predictive capability of the NARX-SOM flood prediction algorithm. The time for inundation map prediction for each area was within two minutes, but the one- and two-dimensional flood simulation usually takes 60–80 minutes. Moreover, when the calculated goodness of fit was examined, the proposed method was found to be a practical methodology that can be helpful in improving flood response capabilities.

Purpose : This study was intended to evaluate the sagittal depth differences of frequent replacement circle soft contact lens commercially available producted by eleven domestic manufacturers. Methods : Two specific parameters such as total diameter and base curve kept same for each contact lens experimented. The contact lenses were placed in each disposable polystyrene Petri dish that was parallel to the plane of the horizon and contained saline solution. The sagittal depth of each lenses was taken by integrated digital camera of slit lamp and measured. Results : The sagittal depth of all lenses ranged from 3.26 to 3.67 mm and was 3.52±0.11 mm in average. The calculated base curve based upon the measured sagittal depth ranged from 8.51 to 9.15 mm and was 8.73±0.17 mm in average. Conclusion : Eleven frequent replacement circle soft contact lenses measured in this study were markedly discrepant in sagittal depth.

Urban flooding primarily occurs due to flash floods in low-lying regions or insufficient capacity of drainage systems. Urban inundation has become more dangerous to residents because of an increase in impermeable areas, uncertainties in urban sewage planning, and the accumulation of sedimentation in drainage pipes. As an urban watershed with a drainage system and an urbanized river is complicated, a specific time interval is required for the preparation and processing of urban runoff analysis. To allow for rapid simulations of urban runoff estimation during heavy rainfall, a deep neural network model that imitates the conditions of a 6-h duration rainfall was developed in this study. Ten different statistical aspects for each rainfall event were considered as input data, and the total accumulated overflow from a manhole was calculated at intervals of 10 min using storm water management model (SWMM). To verify the accuracy of the results from SWMM, the results obtained from a two-dimensional hydraulic model and an inundation trace map were compared. The computational times for the deep neural network and rainfall data-based models proposed in this study were estimated to be within 1 s, whereas the simulation using SWMM required 14 min. The proposed deep learning model was tested using the total accumulated overflow for the rainfall event observed at Gangnam (400) automatic weather station on July 27, 2011. The simulated results agreed with the observed results in terms of the total accumulated discharge.

The total tannin and individual condensed tannin concentrations in the fruit skin and seeds of “Campbell Early” grapes were analyzed by ultrasound-assisted extraction using various solvents (ethanol, methanol, and acetone, both pure and diluted to 70% with and without 0.5% HCl). The total tannin contents of the grape skin and seeds depended on the extraction-solvent conditions and varied between 0.01 and 2.92 mg/g for the skin, and 8.82 and 14.72 mg/g for the seeds. The most effective solvent for extracting total tannins from both the grape skin and seeds was found to be 70% acetone, which facilitated the detection of high concentrations of tannin monomers and dimers. Monomer tannins (catechin and gallocatechin) concentrations in grape seeds were detected at high levels using both 70% acetone and 70% methanol as the extraction solvents; however, dimer tannins (procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2) were detected at high levels in grape seeds using 70% methanol. Hence, 70% methanol was effective for measuring the concentrations of condensed tannins in grape seeds. Since we are currently analyzing individual tannins, research into finding the analysis conditions most appropriate for individual situations is still required.

We investigated the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) using the claims data of the Korean National Health Insurance during 2006–2015. The data of 13,739 and 40,495 individuals with and without CD, respectively, were analyzed. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression tests. CRC developed in 25 patients (0.18%) and 42 patients (0.1%) of the CD and non-CD groups, respectively. The HR of CRC in the CD group was 2.07 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–3.41). The HRs of CRC among men and women were 2.02 (95% CI 1.06–3.87) and 2.10 (95% CI, 0.96–4.62), respectively. The HRs of CRC in the age groups 0–19, 20–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years were 0.07, 4.86, 2.32, and 0.66, respectively. The HR of patients with late-onset CD (≥40 years) was significantly higher than that of those with early-onset CD (&lt, 40 years). CD patients were highly likely to develop CRC. Early-onset CD patients were significantly associated with an increased risk of CRC than matched individuals without CD. However, among CD patients, late-onset CD was significantly associated with an increased risk of CRC.

BACKGROUND In adults, the use of lower oxygen concentration during induction is associated with less atelectasis formation without an increase in incidence of hypoxia. However, it is unknown whether this remains true in the pediatric patients. METHODS Fifty-four pediatric patients who were scheduled to undergo elective lower abdominal surgery were randomized to one of three oxygenation groups: 100%, 80%, or 60% oxygen (in air). During anesthesia induction, patients were ventilated with sevoflurane in 100%, 80%, or 60% oxygen. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were performed. Atelectasis was diagnosed using LUS, which was performed after anesthetic induction and at the end of surgery. RESULTS We assessed atelectasis after anesthetic induction and at the end of surgery. After anesthetic induction, the number of atelectatic lung regions was significantly different among the three groups (median [IQR], 2.0 [1.0-2.5], 2.0 [1.0-2.8], and 3.0 [2.0-3.0] in the 60%, 80%, and 100% oxygen groups, p = .033) and between the 60% and 100% groups (p = .015), but not between 80% and 100% groups (p = .074). However, no differences in the number of atelectatic lung regions were found among the three groups at the end of surgery (2.0 [1.3-3.8], 3.0 [1.8-3.0], and 4.0 [2.0-4.0] in the 60%, 80%, and 100% oxygen groups; p = .169). CONCLUSION Lower oxygen concentration during anesthetic induction is associated with less atelectasis formation immediately after anesthetic induction in children. In addition, applying 80% oxygen instead of 100% oxygen is not enough to prevent atelectasis formation, and 60% oxygen should be applied to prevent atelectasis. However, this effect does not last until the end of surgery.

Computer-assisted analysis is expected to improve the reliability of videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSSs), but its usefulness is limited. Previously, we proposed a deep learning model that can detect laryngeal penetration or aspiration fully automatically in VFSS video images, but the evidence for its reliability was insufficient. This study aims to compare the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the computer model and human raters. The test dataset consisted of 173 video files from which the existence of laryngeal penetration or aspiration was judged by the computer and three physicians in two sessions separated by a one-month interval. Intra- and inter-rater reliability were calculated using Cohen’s kappa coefficient, the positive reliability ratio (PRR) and the negative reliability ratio (NRR). Intrarater reliability was almost perfect for the computer and two experienced physicians. Interrater reliability was moderate to substantial between the model and each human rater and between the human raters. The average PRR and NRR between the model and the human raters were similar to those between the human raters. The results demonstrate that the deep learning model can detect laryngeal penetration or aspiration from VFSS video as reliably as human examiners.

Ginsenosides, the major active ingredients of ginseng and other plants of the genus Panax, have been used as natural medicines in the East for a long time; in addition, their popularity in the West has increased owing to their various beneficial pharmacological effects. There is therefore a wealth of literature regarding the pharmacological effects of ginsenosides. In contrast, there are few comprehensive studies that investigate their pharmacokinetic behaviors. This is because ginseng contains the complicated mixture of herbal materials as well as thousands of constituents with complex chemical properties, and ginsenosides undergo multiple biotransformation processes after administration. This is a significant issue as pharmacokinetic studies provide crucial data regarding the efficacy and safety of compounds. Moreover, there have been many difficulties in the development of the optimal dosage regimens of ginsenosides and the evaluation of their interactions with other drugs. Therefore, this review details the pharmacokinetic properties and profiles of ginsenosides determined in various animal models administered through different routes of administration. Such information is valuable for designing specialized delivery systems and determining optimal dosing strategies for ginsenosides. Keywords: Bioavailability, Ginsenosides, Pharmacokinetic, Protopanaxadiol, Protopanaxatriol

Objective Children are sedated before undergoing diagnostic imaging tests in emergency medicine or pediatric sedation anesthesia units. The aim of this study was to identify variables potentially affecting the dose of ketamine required for induction of sedation in pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic imaging. Methods This retrospective study included children aged 0 to 18 years who underwent sedation with ketamine for computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in the pediatric sedation anesthesia unit of a tertiary medical center between January 2011 and August 2016. The children's hemodynamic status and depth of sedation were monitored during the examination. We recorded data on demographics, categories of imaging tests, ketamine doses administered, adverse events, respiratory interventions, and duration of sedation. Data for patients who experienced adverse events were excluded. Results Sixty-six patients were included in the final analysis. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that patient age, height, and body surface area (BSA) affected the sedative dose of ketamine administered. These three variables showed multicollinearity in multivariate linear regression analysis and were analyzed in three separate models. The model with the highest adjusted R-squared value suggested the following equation for determination of the dose of ketamine required to induce sedation: ketamine dose (mg)=-1.62+0.7×age (months)+36.36×BSA (m2). Conclusion Variables such as age and BSA should be considered when estimating the dose of ketamine required for induction of sedation in pediatric patients.

A blockchain as a trustworthy and secure decentralized and distributed network has been emerged for many applications such as in banking, finance, insurance, healthcare and business. Recently, many communities in blockchain networks want to deploy machine learning models to get meaningful knowledge from geographically distributed large-scale data owned by each participant. To run a learning model without data centralization, distributed machine learning (DML) for blockchain networks has been studied. While several works have been proposed, privacy and security have not been sufficiently addressed, and as we show later, there are vulnerabilities in the architecture and limitations in terms of efficiency. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving DML model for a permissioned blockchain to resolve the privacy, security, and performance issues in a systematic way. We develop a differentially private stochastic gradient descent method and an error-based aggregation rule as core primitives. Our model can treat any type of differentially private learning algorithm where non-deterministic functions should be defined. The proposed error-based aggregation rule is effective to prevent attacks by an adversarial node that tries to deteriorate the accuracy of DML models. Our experiment results show that our proposed model provides stronger resilience against adversarial attacks than other aggregation rules under a differentially private scenario. Finally, we show that our proposed model has high usability because it has low computational complexity and low transaction latency.

Accurate measurement of polyp size during colonoscopy is crucial. The usefulness of cap-assisted colonoscopy and external grid application on monitor (gCAP) was evaluated for polyp size measurement in this 3-year, single-center, single-blind, randomized trial. Using the endoscopic forceps width as reference, the discrepancy percent (DP), error rate (ER), and measurement time were compared between gCAP and visual estimation (VE) after randomization. ER was calculated within a 20% and 33% limit. From the 111 patients, 280 polyps were measured. The mean polyp sizes were 4.0 ± 1.7 mm and 4.2 ± 1.8 mm with gCAP and VE, respectively (p = 0.368). Compared with that by the forceps method, DP was significantly lower in the gCAP group than in the VE group. Moreover, ER was significantly lower in the gCAP group within its preset limit. The measurement time was 4 s longer in the gCAP group than in the VE group (8.2 ± 4.8 s vs. 4.2 ± 1.5 s, p &lt, 0.001). However, the forceps method lasted 28 s longer than the others. On subgroup analysis by size, gCAP was more accurate for polyp size ≥5 mm. The gCAP method was more accurate for polyp size measurement than VE, especially for polyps ≥5 mm, and was more convenient than the forceps method.

Background/aims Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with the occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, to date, there have been few studies on the risk of VTE in Asian IBD patients. We aimed to estimate the incidence of VTE in Asian IBD patients and to determine if IBD is related to increased VTE risk. Methods We performed a population-based cohort study between 2004 and 2015 using Korean National Health Insurance data. IBD and VTE were defined by ICD-10 codes. Incidence rates of VTE were calculated among patients with IBD and among age- and sex-matched controls. Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox regression with adjustment for multiple variables. We performed additional analyses stratifying by age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score, and disease type. Results Among the 45,037 patients with IBD (IBD cohort) and 133,019 matched controls (non-IBD cohort) included in our analysis, 411 IBD patients and 641 controls developed VTE. The IBD cohort had a higher incidence rate ratio and risk of VTE than the non-IBD cohort (incidence rate ratio: 1.92 and hazard ratio: 1.93). Older age, female sex, higher CCI scores, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, use of steroids, and hospitalization were significant risk factors for VTE in patients with IBD. Conclusions The IBD patients in this study were approximately two times more likely to develop VTE than the non-IBD individuals. Our findings support the need for thromboprophylaxis in Asian IBD patients with various factors that further increase the risk of VTE.

The purpose of current study is to reveal spatiotemporal features of oscillatory EEG activities in response to emotional arousal induced by emotional video stimuli, and to find the characteristics of cortical activities showing significant difference according to arousal levels. The EEGs recorded during watching affective video clips were transformed to cortical current density time-series, and then, cluster-based permutation test was applied to determine the spatiotemporal origins of alpha- and beta-band activities showing significant difference between high and low arousal levels. We found stronger desynchronization of alpha-band activities due to higher arousal in visual areas, which may be due to stronger activation for sensory information processing for the highly arousing video stimuli. In precentral and superior parietal regions, the stronger desynchronization in alpha-and low beta-bands was observed for the high arousal stimuli. This is expected to reflect enhanced mirror neuron system activities, which is involved in understanding the intention of other’s action. Similar changes according to arousal level were found also in inter-regional phase synchronization in alpha- and beta-bands.

An emergency action plan (EAP) for reservoirs and urban areas downstream of dams can alleviate damage caused by extreme flooding. An EAP is a disaster action plan that can designate evacuation paths for vulnerable districts. Generally, calculation of dam-break discharge in accordance with dam inflow conditions, calculation of maximum water surface elevation as per hydraulic channel routing, and flood map generation using topographical data are prepared for the purposes of creating an EAP. However, rainfall and flood patterns exhibited in the context of climate change can be extremely diverse. In order to prepare an efficient flood response, techniques should be considered that are capable of generating flood maps promptly while taking dam inflow conditions into account. Therefore, this study aims to propose methodology that is capable of generating flood maps rapidly for any dam inflow conditions. The proposed methodology was performed by linking a dynamic numerical analysis model (DAMBRK) with a random forest regression technique. The previous standard method of drawing flood maps often requires a significant amount of time depending on accuracy and personnel availability, however, the technique proposed here is capable of generating a flood map within one minute. Through use of this methodology, the time taken to prepare flood maps in large-scale water-disaster situations can be reduced. Moreover, methodology for estimating flood risk via use of flood mapping has been proposed. This study would provide assistance in establishing disaster countermeasures that take various flood scenarios into account by promptly providing flood inundation information to disaster-related agencies.

For flood risk assessment, it is necessary to quantify the uncertainty of spatiotemporal changes in floods by analyzing space and time simultaneously. This study designed and tested a methodology for the designation of evacuation routes that takes into account spatial and temporal inundation and tested the methodology by applying it to a flood-prone area of Seoul, Korea. For flood prediction, the non-linear auto-regressive with exogenous inputs neural network was utilized, and the geographic information system was utilized to classify evacuations by walking hazard level as well as to designate evacuation routes. The results of this study show that the artificial neural network can be used to shorten the flood prediction process. The results demonstrate that adaptability and safety have to be ensured in a flood by planning the evacuation route in a flexible manner based on the occurrence of, and change in, evacuation possibilities according to walking hazard regions.

Unexpected disastrous floods or flash floods caused by climate change are becoming more frequent. Therefore, there is a possibility of dam failure due to natural disasters including heavy rainfall, landslide and earthquakes, and an unexpected emergencies may be caused by the defect of dams or appurtenant structures due to the aging of the dam. It is desirable to prevent in advance because emergencies such as dam failure can cause many casualties and property damage.Dam failure rapidly propagates enormous flow to the downstream, so the evacuation time is short and causes many casualties compared to other types of floods. In order to minimize casualties from dam failure, it is important to establish emergency action plan, flood hazard map and advance warning system. For the establishment of these three, accurate dam failure modeling is required. Most of the studies on dam failure modeling have been conducted for single dam failure rather than successive failure of two or more dams. This study conducted a successive failure modeling of Janghyun Dam and Dongmak Dam in Korea, which collapsed due to Typhoon Rusa in 2002.The DAMBRK (Dam-Break Flood Forecasting Model) has been applied to the successive failure modeling of two dams which are located in parallel. The relaxation scheme was added to DAMBRK to consider the tributary cross-section. In addition, this study proposed a method to estimate the dam failure duration using empirical formulas for the peak discharge of dam failure and failure formation time of ASDSO (Association of State Dam Safety Officials). The failure hydrograph of two dams was estimated using the proposed method and the discharge and water surface elevation were predicted at the main locations of downstream according to the propagation of dam failure discharge. The accuracy and applicability of the modeling were validated by comparing the predicted water surface elevations with field surveyed data and showing good agreements between predictions and measurements.Keywords: Successive Dam-Break, Flooding, DAMBRKAcknowlegementThis work was supported by Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute(KEITI) though Water Management Research Program, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE)(79609)

Data-driven models using an artificial neural network (ANN), deep learning (DL) and numerical models are applied in flood analysis of the urban watershed, which has a complex drainage system. In particular, data-driven models using neural networks can quickly present the results and be used for flood forecasting. However, not a lot of data with actual flood history and heavy rainfalls are available, it is difficult to conduct a preliminary analysis of flood in urban areas. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN) was used to predict the total accumulative overflow, and because of the insufficiency of observed rainfall data, 6 h of rainfall were surveyed nationwide in Korea. Statistical characteristics of each rainfall event were used as input data for the DNN. The target value of the DNN was the total accumulative overflow calculated from Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) simulations, and the methodology of data augmentation was applied to increase the input data. The SWMM is one-dimensional model for rainfall-runoff analysis. The data augmentation allowed enrichment of the training data for DNN. The data augmentation was applied ten times for each input combination, and the practicality of the data augmentation was determined by predicting the total accumulative overflow over the testing data and the observed rainfall. The prediction result of DNN was compared with the simulated result obtained using the SWMM model, and it was confirmed that the predictive performance was improved on applying data augmentation.

Purpose : We investigated the effect of illumination-dependent pupil size on higher order aberration. Methods : Thirty five patients (mean age, 22.5 ± 1.04 years) who had no ocular or systemic disease and had no other relevant surgical experience were selected, and we measured aberration. Due to the property of i.Profiler plus instrument, it is assumed that the pupil size ʻ3 mmʼ under photopic vision is similar to photopic vision environment and pupil size ʻmaximumʼ under semidark room is similar to mesopic vision environment. Correlation analysis between pupil size and equivalent defocus and equivalent blur circle was performed. Results : RMS values were 0.30±0.13 ㎛ and 0.38±0.15 ㎛ when the pupil size was divided into 3 mm and maximum. The equivalent defocus of total high order aberration was 0.28±0.14 D at the pupil size of 3 mm and 0.41±0.16 D at the maximum, which are significant differences(p=0.000). The difference of equivalent defocus of spherical aberration, coma aberration, and trefoil aberration was 0.07 D, 0.04 D, and 0.02 D at 3 mm and maximum, respectively, and there were significant differences in the spherical(p=0.000) and coma aberration(p=0.000)). There were significant positive correlations between equivalent defocus and equivalent blur circle(total higher order aberrations (R2=0.7045, p < 0.01), spherical aberration(R2=0.9376, p < 0.01), coma aberration(R2=0.8429, p < 0.01) and, trefoil aberration(R2=0.7824, p < 0.01)). Conclusions : The result of the aberration measurement is expressed as equivalent defocus, so that the degree of required correction can be expressed as diopter. Unless the correction of high order aberrations is considered, it is valuable to study the visual discomfort of high order aberrations as there would be a change in the corrected visual acuity.

The aroma compounds of 11 red wines grown and produced in Wanju region were characterized by headspace-solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seventy-five aroma compounds were identified in the 11 red wines. The aroma compounds were grouped into five aroma series and their odor activity values were calculated to determine the aroma impact compounds in 11 wines. Alcohols, esters and C6compounds were the main contributors to the aroma in the 11 wines. Isoamyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol obtained from the 11 red wines contributed to the floral, sweet, and fatty odorants in the wine. Octanoic acid ethyl ester, and hexanoic acid ethyl ester contributed to the fruity, floral, and sweet odorants of all the red wines. 1-Hexanol was detected all the wines, which contributed to the green odorant. The major aroma contribution of Chanceller, Malbec, Marchel, Narsha, Pinot Meunier, and Sangiovetto wines were the fruity series. The green series was the major contribution of the Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Sauvignon Vert wines. The floral series was the major contribution of the MBA and Narsha wines. Based on the results of these studies, aroma component analysis could be used as a selection criterion for developing wine cultivars.