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Remanufacturing is one of the business models of the circular economy frame to cope with environmental problems such as depletion of resources and climate change, which is becoming hot issues all over the world, and the demand for revitalization of the remanufacturing industries are increasing. Among the various remanufacturing fields, the construction equipment has a large unit weight per product and it is mainly composed of cast iron, so it can be expected that the energy and resource saving effect through remanufacturing will be high. Leading construction equipment companies have been aware of the importance of remanufacturing from 20 ~ 30 years ago and are leading the construction equipment remanufacturing industry trend by fostering the remanufacturing business. The construction equipment remanufacturing industry in Korea is an early stage in which several interested companies participate. Key challenges include the need for objective evidence of the effectiveness of remanufacturing, securing skilled technical personnel, securing R & D infrastructure, and providing stable cores for remanufacturing. In this study, we analyzed the potential economic and environmental effects of remanufacturing in Korea’s construction equipment remanufacturing market. As a result of the analysis, when the registration of the construction equipment was invalidated, the economic effect was compared between the case where the construction equipment was dismantled and the case where the remanufacturing was carried out. In addition, environmental effects were analyzed by applying LCA method to reduce environmental impacts in terms of climate change, air pollutant emissions, and resource consumption.

The water footprint is a useful and important method for calculating water consumption in products and systems. Up to date, many studies on water footprints have focused on the high water consumption sectors of agriculture and livestock products, but few have looked at social infrastructure. The aim of this study is to calculate the water footprint using previous water footprint evaluation methodologies for the expressway infrastructure system and compare the results of each different methodology used for expressway infrastructure systems. Boulay’s methodology, the Ministry of Environment’s methodology using Ecoinvent, and Ministry of Environment’s methodology using Korean life cycle inventory were used and compared. As a result, 58,801 m3 H2Oeq of direct and indirect water was used for 1 km expressway with Boulay method, also 42,030 m3 H2Oeq, and 27,485 m3 H2Oeq, of direct and indirect water was consumed using Ministry of Environment’s methodology using Ecoinvent and Ministry of Environment’s methodology using Korean life cycle inventory. The study approach and results can support for more sustainable water management in infrastructure system.

Remanufacturing is an effective resource recycling approach that reproduces the used products to the same quality level of the new products through a systematic process. The remanufacturing of construction equipment reduces the negative impacts on of the environment while ensuring sustainable productivity at low cost. In this study, LCA was implemented to analyze the environmental impacts including reduction of greenhouse gases and resources in remanufactured construction equipment parts. In addition, we analyzed the economic benefits of remanufacturing for the major parts of the construction equipment such as hydraulic cylinders, decelerators etc. In addition, life cycle impact assessment was assessed about human health and ecosystem destruction impact categories by applying an end-point methodology. The results of this study can be used as basic data for evaluating the environmental and economic efficiency of remanufactured construction equipment parts.

The remanufacturing industry refers to industry that remanufactures used products through disassembling, cleaning, testing, repairing, adjusting and reassembling, so that their original function or condition would be maintained. This industry can bring excellent effects environmentally and economically. Especially, the labor intensive nature of remanufacturing provides an opportunity for job creation. The study was conducted to refine the understandings on the current status of the remanufacturing industry in Korea by investigating and analyzing the latest trend of Korea’s remanufacturing industry. The research works are based on literature reviews, on/off line contacts with remanufacturing companies, and field studies. The result showed that the remanufacturing business in Korea is well-established in the field of automobile parts, print cartridges, SCR (selective catalytic reduction)-coated products (modules), and electrical and electronic equipment sectors. The market size of the remanufacturing industry in Korea is approximately 700 million USD based on 2015 which is increased by 16% compared to 2010. However, the number of companies and the scale of employees were found out to decrease by 26 and 33%, respectively. In Korea, the market size of the remanufacturing industry is relatively small compared to other advanced countries; the U.S. remanufacturing market size per capita is 135 USD, the world’s highest while that of Korea is 14 USD, only one-tenth of the U.S.

The urban mine industry plays an essential role in environmental sustainability to minimize the creation of landfills and to maximize the reuse of resources. The first step in improving the efficiency of the industry is to identify the status of existing urban mines. This study identifies the scale of urban mine resources in Korea by examining both the current quantity of discarded resources and the accumulation quantity which is to be discarded in the future. The discarded and accumulation quantity are calculated by first applying the normal distribution to the product life distribution and then applying statistical data to the consumption and discard of products. Based on these calculations, as of 2011, there are 11 million tons of discarded urban mine resources and 478 million tons of accumulated urban mine resources. The discard value based on metal prices is found to be 12,779 million dollars and the accumulation value is found to be 454,220 million dollars. The discard value of 12,770 million dollars accounts for 14% of the demand for metal resources in the Korea. Including process by-products, which are excluded from this study, at least 20% of the demand for metal resources can be secured via urban mine resources.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a complex, debilitating, chronic pain state, heterogeneous in nature and caused by a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. Its pathogenesis involves a wide range of molecular pathways. NP treatment is extremely challenging, due to its complex underlying disease mechanisms. Current pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches can provide long-lasting pain relief to a limited percentage of patients and lack safe and effective treatment options. Therefore, scientists are focusing on the introduction of novel treatment approaches, such as stem cell therapy. A growing number of reports have highlighted the potential of stem cells for treating NP. In this review, we briefly introduce NP, current pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments, and preclinical studies of stem cells to treat NP. In addition, we summarize stem cell mechanisms—including neuromodulation in treating NP. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed to provide an overview of the neuroprotective effects of stem cells with particular emphasis on recent translational research regarding stem cell-based treatment of NP, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic approach.

The aims of this study were to calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to identify the trends of GHG emission intensity, based on meat production from the livestock sector in Indonesia, which had not been done before. The total emissions from the livestock sector from 2000 to 2015 in Indonesia were calculated using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guideline (2006 IPCC GL) using Tier 1 and Tier 2, with its default values and some of the country specific data that were found in the grey literature. During 2000 to 2015, the change from the Tier 1 to Tier 2 methods resulted in an approximately 7.39% emission decrease from enteric fermentation and a 4.24% increase from manure management, which resulted in a 4.98% decrease in the total emissions. The shared emission from manure management increased by about 9% and 6% using Tier 1 and Tier 2, respectively. In contrast with the total emissions, the overall emission intensity in Indonesia decreased (up to 60.77% for swine), showing that the livestock productivity in Indonesia has become more efficient. In order to meet the meat demand with less GHG emissions, chicken farming is one option to be developed. The increased emission and share from manure management indicated that manure management system needs to be of concern, especially for beef cattle and swine.

Remanufacturing is an efficient resource circulation method that restores the used products to the original performance through a series of processes. There have been no international common quality standards of remanufactured products in spite of many industrial sectors’ remanufacturing being done so far. Korea has been operating a quality certification system of the remanufactured product to ensure the quality of products and to gain reliability of consumers. Meanwhile, many advanced remanufacturing countries have operated their own assurance systems considering their circumstance. This study describes comparative analysis of major countries’ quality management/certification system. Especially leading cases of Korea and China are presented. Cross-national cooperation ideas are also suggested in this field.

In this study, we suggested a criterion of Korean resource productivity calculation method including its range which is not generalized yet and analyzed its level by reviewing the resource productivity management policies and study trends of the major advanced countries. The material flow indexes that are widely used in major advanced countries, such as the domestic material consumption (DMC), were used to establish the resource productivity calculation method with estimation the domestic resource productivity during 2000–2010. As of 2010, the DMC was 590 million ton, GDP was 1 trillion dollars and DMC-based resource productivity was 1.75 thousand US dollars/ton, which was continuously increased during last ten years with 8.0%, 50.0%, and 38.9%, respectively. This increase tendency was not because of DMC reduction through resource management but because of just large GDP increase. The results of the comparison with other countries indicated that Korea had the lower resource productivity level and also the lower increasing rate than major advanced countries such as the UK and Japan, and required an efficient resource management plan for improvement. Therefore, we finally suggested a Korean resource productivity policy direction to construct its sustainable system for its improvement.

Eleven mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, and HT-2 toxin, were analyzed simultaneously in rice, barley, and maize produced in 2011 by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Limits of detection (LOD) are 0.2 μg/kg for aflatoxin B₁, and G₁, 0.3 μg/kg for aflatoxins B₂, and G₂, 0.1 μg/kg for ochratoxin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin and 3.0 μg/kg for deoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.6 μg/kg for aflatoxins B₁, and G₁, 0.9 μg/kg for aflatoxins B₂, and G₂, 0.3 μg/kg for ochratoxin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin and 10.0 μg/kg for deoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin. Recoveries for 11 mycotoxins ranged from 70.45 to 111.11%. Fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zaeralenone were detected from 0.9 to 334.0 μg/kg in the polished rice, barley and raw corn cultivated in Korea. Other mycotoxins were not detected. Deoxynivalenol contamination was mainly found in barley (24 out of 43 samples) and the average value in positive samples was 113.30 μg/kg.

Otitis externa (OE) is a frequent disease in the ear canals of dogs. To identify the pathogens causing OE in dogs and to determine their antimicrobial resistances, specimens were collected from animal hos- pitals in Daejeon. The isolates were examined by morphological and biochemical tests, 16S rRNA anal- ysis and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. We analyzed correlation between the isolated pathogens and external factors of dogs such as breed, age, gender, ear mite, hair in ears and experience with antibiotic therapy. Thirty three strains of bacteria were isolated from 26 of the 68 heads of dogs with OE. The most isolated bacteria were Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (Sta. aureus), Sta. pseudointermedius, E. faecium, E. avium and Streptococcus canis (Strep. canis) in order of frequency of occurrence. Isolation frequency of Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were 51.5% and 45.5%, respectively. E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates showed VanB phenotype, which is resistant to vancomycin but sensitive to teicoplanin were 58% and 25%, respectively. Nine isolates among total twelve isolates of E. faecalis were isolated from the dogs treated with antibiotics. There was no methicillin-resistant Sta. aureus (MRSA), but were MR-Sta. pseudointermedius (MRSP) (57.1%) and vancomycin-resistant (VR)-Sta. pseudointermedius (14.3%) (VRSP) showing VanB phenotype. However, vanA, vanB and vanC genes were not detected in VR isolates from the dogs. Taken together, VR-Enterococcus spp. (VRE) is one of the major pathogens in domestic animals, as well as community- and hospital-acquired infection.

Korea has a short history in space development compared to neighboring countries like Japan, China, India and Russia. During the past 20 years, Korea has focused on developing satellite and rocket space technology under the national space development plan. KOMPSAT-1 and 2, and KSLV-1 are the results of the selection and concentration policy of the Korean government. Due to the arduous mission of developing hardware oriented space technology, the topic of space education and outreach for the general public has not received much in the national space program. But recently, the Korean government has begun planning a space science outreach program in the detailed action plan of the mid-long term national space development plan. This paper introduces and analyzes the organizations performing space education and outreach programs for primary and secondary schools in the Republic of Korea. “Young Astronaut Korea (YAK)” is one such program. This is a non-profit organization established to provide space education for students in 1989 when Korea just started its space development program. “YAK” is a unique group in Korea for space education and outreach activities because it is organized by branches at each school in the nation and it is much like the Boy Scout and Girl Scout programs. Space Science Museum and National Youth Space Center (NYSC), which are located near NARO space center in the southernmost part of the Korean peninsula are other examples of space education and outreach programs. NARO space center, which is the only launch site in Korea became the center of public interest by showing the KSLV-1 launch in 2009 and will be expected to play a key role for the space education of students in the Republic of Korea. The NYSC will perform many mission oriented space education programs for students as Space Camp in the USA does. This paper introduces the status of the space education and outreach programs of each organization and presents the future direction of space education and outreach for the Korean public and students. If these three organizations cooperate with each other and develop systematic programs of space education and outreach for the people, they will prepare a base for growth and progress in future space science and technology in Korea.

Wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae D8) and non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts (Hanseniaspora uvarum S6 and Issatch-enkia orientalis KMBL5774) were studied using air-blast drying instead of the conventional drying methods (such as freeze and spray drying). Skim milk-a widely used protective agent-was used and in all strains, the highest viabilities following air-blast drying were obtained using 10% skim milk. Four excipients (wheat flour, nuruk, artichoke powder, and lactomil) were evaluated as protective agents for yeast strains during air-blast drying. Our results showed that 7 g lactomil was the best excipient in terms of drying time, powder form, and the survival rate of the yeast in the final product. Finally, 7 types of sugars were investigated to improve the survival rate of air-blast dried yeast cells: 10% trehalose, 10% sucrose, and 10% glucose had the highest survival rate of 97.54, 92.59, and 79.49% for S. cerevisiae D8, H. uvarum S6, and I. orientalis KMBL5774, respectively. After 3 months of storage, S. cerevisiae D8 and H. uvarum S6 demonstrated good survival rates (making them suitable for use as starters), whereas the survival rate of I. orientalis KMBL5774 decreased considerably compared to the other strains. Air-blast dried S. cerevisiae D8 and H. uvarum S6 showed metabolic activities similar to those of non-dried yeast cells, regardless of the storage period. Air-blast dried I. orientalis KMBL5774 showed a noticeable decrease in its ability to decompose malic acid after 3 months of storage at 4 degrees C.

BACKGROUND Adverse transfusion reactions (ATRs) are clinically relevant to patients with significant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to review the cases of ATR reported in the recipient-triggered trace back system for a recent nine-year period in Korea. METHODS Nine-year data obtained from 2006 to 2014 by the trace back system at the Division of Human Blood Safety Surveillance of the Korean Centers for Disease Control (KCDC) were reviewed. The suspected cases were assessed according to six categories: (i) related to, (ii) probably related to, (iii) probably not related to, (iv) not related to transfusion, (v) unable to investigate, and (vi) under investigation. RESULTS Since 2006, 199 suspected serious ATRs were reported in hospitals and medical institutions in Korea, and these ATRs were reassessed by the division of Human Blood Safety Surveillance of the KCDC. Among the reported 193 cases as transfusion related infections, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (135, 67.8%) was reported most frequently, followed by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (27, 13.6%), HIV infection (13, 6.5%), syphilis (9, 4.5%), malarial infection (4, 2.0%), other bacterial infections (3, 1.5%), HTLV infection (1, 0.5%), and scrub typhus infection (1, 0.5%), respectively. Of the 199 cases, 13 (6.5%) cases were confirmed as transfusion-related (3 HCV infections, 3 malarial infections, 1 HBV infection, 2 Staphylococcus aureus sepsis, 3 transfusion-related acute lung injuries, and 1 hemolytic transfusion reaction). CONCLUSIONS This is the first nationwide data regarding serious ATRs in Korea and could contribute to the implementation of an effective hemovigilance system.

In this research, we compared and analyzed the anti-oxidant activity of ten medicinal plants using an oriental medicine and a folk remedy. Among them, the extracts from Oenothera odorata had the highest anti-oxidant effect. The extracts from the root, stem and flower ofO. odorata were tested by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test, 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay. Stem and flower extracts of O. odorata were similar to the activity of quercetin, one of the most anti-oxidants in DPPH radical scavenging activity test, and the root extracts showed a weak DPPH radical scavenging activity. In MTT cell viability assay, the extracts from the flower, stem, and root were resistant against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment in order. The extracts from the root, stem and flower showed higher cell protection effect than those from quercetin against LDH cytotoxicity. And β-sitosterol from the extracts of stem was isolated. These results suggest that the extracts from the flower, stem, and root of O. odorata might be a source of anti-oxidants. Key words: Anti-oxidants, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity,Oenothera odorata.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically cause hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and biomarkers related to liver damage are elevated in HBV and HCV patients. However, comparisons of biomarkers between HBV and HCV patients have not previously been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in hematological biomarker in the sera of HBV and HCV patients and to find a key biomarker to differentiate between HBV and HCV infections. HBV (n=115) and HCV (n=128) samples (serum and whole blood) were collected and tested using a biochemical analysis system. The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS 18.0 statistical software. The mean age of the HCV group (60.3±14.1) was much higher than that of the HBV group (51.1±12.4). Male and female rates were 71.3% and 28.7% in the HBV group and 53.9% and 46.1% in the HCV group, respectively (p = 0.005). AST, ALT, and TG values were higher in the HCV group than in the HBV group. Although γ-GTP and LDL levels were higher in the HBV group than in the HCV group, apoB and apoE levels were much higher in HCV group than in HBV group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the other hematological biomarkers between the HBV and HCV groups. In conclusion, HBV rates were higher in male patients, and HCV rates were higher in older patients. In particular, apoE and apoB were more highly expressed in HCV patients, and they might be key markers to differentiate HCV infection.

Overview of Korean Community Health Survey Young Taek Kim, MD·Bo Youl Choi, MD·Kay O Lee, PhD·Ho Kim, PhD·Jin Ho Chun, MD·Su Young Kim, PhD·DukHyoung Lee, MD·Yun A Ghim, MSN·Do Sang Lim, MSC·Yang Wha Kang, MPH·Tae Young Lee, PhD·Jeong Sook Kim, MSC·Hyun Jo, MSC·Yoojin Kim, MPH·Yun Sil Ko, MSC·Soon Ryu Seo, MPH·No-Rye Park, PhD·Jong-Koo Lee, MD Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Department of Business Statistics, Hannam University, Daejeon, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Department of Preventive Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Graduate School of Public Health, Inje University, Busan, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is regulated by statin, one of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reducatase (HMG CoA reductase) inhibitors that block mevalonate pathway and cholesterol biosyntheis, which has been used usefully for health improvement and disease control in clinic. In order to know which statin can be used to inhibit HCV replication, we examined the effects of HCV genotype 1b replication by 6 kinds of statins with different structure. We treated six statins to HCV genotype 1b replicon cell. Atorvastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, mevastatin, and lovastatin inhibited HCV RNA replication and HCV protein expression in HCV genotype 1b replicon cells, though pravastatin did not affect HCV replication. In order to know whether inhibition of HCV replication by statin is depended on HCV genotype, we treated the statins to HCV genotype 2a producing cells, and investigated HCV RNA replication and HCV protein expression. HCV RNA replication and protein expression was not affected in HCV genotype 2a producing cells by treatment of statins and cholesterol inhibitor. These results suggest that HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol inhibitors might be used depending on HCV genotype. In addition, inhibition of HCV genotype 1b replication by statins has been depended on structure of various statins which should be seriously selected for HCV clinic. In future, we will study on inhibition of another HCV genotype replication by HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol inhibitors.

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii (A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii) complex, which includes A. calcoaceticus (genospecies 1), A. baumannii (genospecies 2), Acinetobacter genospecies 3 and 13, has been identified as A. baumannii by automated bacteria identification system. The purpose of this study is to develop rapid genospecies classification of A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex by molecular techniques. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were determined for 4 reference strains and 80 isolates of A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex from clinical sources. Four and eleven RAPD patterns were observed among the reference strains and the isolates, respectively. RAPD might be useful for genomic typing but not for genospecies classification of Acinetobacter spp. RFLP of 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer gene with three selected restriction enzymes (ApaLI, SwaI, and SalI) showed only four RFLP patterns in the reference and the isolates. Of 80 isolates, 10 of A. calcoaceticus (12.5%), 50 of A. baumannii (62.5%), 11 of A. genospecies 3 (13.75%), and 9 of A. genospecies 13 (11.25%) were classified by RFLP. This result suggests that RFLP of 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer gene of A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex might be useful for genospecies classification.

We have isolated 6 vancomycin resistant (VR) Enterococcus faecium and 5 VR-E. gallinarum. Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) isolates were resistant to multi-drugs, but susceptible to linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin. VRE isolates showed 10 VanA phenotypes and 1 VanB phenotype (E. gallinarum). However, all of them showed vanA genotype. vanA gene was detected on both genomic and plasmid DNA from all VRE isolates. Almost of VR-E. faecium had IS1216V which is worldwide type and almost of VR-E. gallinarum had IS1542 which is European type. IS1216V and IS1542 genes were not related with antibiotic types of VRE. Copy numbers of vanA were decreased in VRE with IS1216V or IS1542 but not in VRE with both ISs in broth without vancomycin. The copy numbers of vanA were significantly decreased in VanB phenotype of VRE with IS1542 in broth without vancomycin. Copy numbers of vanA were recovered in the presence of vancomycin. Growth time of reference E. faecium is faster than that of reference E. faecalis when cultured in the broth containing vancomycin. Reference strains cultured in the broth containing vancomycin showed intermediate resistance or resistance to antibiotics without acquisition of van genes. Naturally, multidrugresistant E. faecium might be fast adapted in the presence of vancomycin compared to E. faecalis. Taken together, VanA phenotype E. gallinarum as well as E. feacium have been increasing in nosocomial infection and showed acquired inducible resistance. E. faecium and E. faecalis showed intermediate resistance in long exposure of vancomycin without acquisition of vanA.

Summary Neuropathic pain and allodynia may arise from sensitization of central circuits. We report a mechanism of disinhibition-based central sensitization resulting from long-term depression (LTD) of GABAergic interneurons as a consequence of TRPV1 activation in the spinal cord. Intrathecal administration of TRPV1 agonists led to mechanical allodynia that was not dependent on peripheral TRPV1 neurons. TRPV1 was functionally expressed in GABAergic spinal interneurons and activation of spinal TRPV1 resulted in LTD of excitatory inputs and a reduction of inhibitory signaling to spinothalamic tract (STT) projection neurons. Mechanical hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury was attenuated in TRPV1 −/− mice but not in mice lacking TRPV1-expressing peripheral neurons. Mechanical pain was reversed by a spinally applied TRPV1 antagonist while avoiding the hyperthermic side effect of systemic treatment. Our results demonstrate that spinal TRPV1 plays a critical role as a synaptic regulator and suggest the utility of central nervous system-specific TRPV1 antagonists for treating neuropathic pain.

The Republic of Korea (ROK) and the the United States of America (USA) has held joint exercises to respond to biothreats in the Korean Peninsula since 2011. The exercise was called Able Response (AR) and it aims to coordinate interministerial procedures inside Korea and international procedures in requesting the medical resources urgently between ROK and USA, and among ROK and the United Nations, and nongovernmental organizations. AR13 was a functional exercise with a scenario that presumed a series of attack by terrorists, dispersing Bacillus anthracis in Seoul. The participants conducted exercises with action cells and using point-to-point communication system. It was followed by Senior Leadership Seminar participated by high-ranking officials in ROK and USA to discuss possible collaboration in advance. AR and its following actions will fortify collaboration between ROK and USA and enhance the capability of countermeasures against biothreats in Korea.