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Traffic speed deflection devices (TSDDs) have been developed since around 2000 to allow for safe and efficient structural evaluation of highway networks. One barrier to TSDD implementation is the inherent differences in deflections produced by moving truck loads and by falling weight deflectometer (FWD), the current deflection testing standard. To better understand the differences in data produced by the two devices, FHWA sponsored research into one particular TSDD, the rolling wheel deflectometer (RWD). The study utilized the finite layer program ViscoWave to model both FWD and RWD loads to demonstrate the effect of their inherent differences on pavement deflections and other simulated parameters. In addition, ViscoWave was used to generate theoretical FWD and RWD deflections for a diverse set of pavement structures and subgrade conditions. The resulting deflections were used to develop correlations between the two devices, which were validated with side-by-side FWD and RWD field tests performed on 23 sites. The research determined that the differences between FWD and RWD deflections vary depending on pavement factors and loading characteristics. The two devices produced similar deflections on thicker, stiffer, lower-deflection pavements, while the FWD produced relatively higher deflections on thinner, weaker, higher-deflection pavements. Therefore, use of common FWD data analysis programs will produce different results, such as layer moduli, for TSDD devices. Advanced analysis routines capable of modeling the TSDD’s moving load and loading configurations are needed.

Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) recently developed and implemented a new hydroplaning prediction (HP) program for predicting the traveling speed at which a vehicle would start hydroplaning. The tool was developed as part of the effort to reduce hydroplaning accidents and is being used during the roadway design phase to evaluate the hydroplaning potential of Florida’s roadways. This paper presents an overview of FDOT’s HP program and demonstrates how it may be used. The tool incorporates a total of four water film thickness models and three hydroplaning speed models developed in the past, allowing for a total of 12 model combinations for the hydroplaning analysis. The tool also offers different analysis options that may be used to meet a variety of FDOT’s needs. As demonstrated in this paper, the primary use of the new HP tool is for checking the final geometric roadway design parameters for hydroplaning potential. In addition, the HP program can also be used as a forensic investigation tool for identifying specific locations that exhibit higher potential for hydroplaning.

최근 들어 저출산, 고령화, 구도심의 쇠퇴 등 다양한 문제로 인하여 빈집이 발생하고 있다. 이러한 빈집은 범죄발생으로 인한 지역 주민들의 정주여건 악화, 지역슬럼화, 도시미관 저해 등 다양한 사회ㆍ경제적인 문제를 야기하는 시발점이 되고 있다. 하지만 이러한 빈집은 최근 들어 정부에서 추진하는 도시재생사업 및 각종 정비사업에서 활용이 가능한 현실적인 대응방안으로 주목받고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 전국 252개 기초 지방자치단체별 특성에 따른 군집분석을 통하여, 지역별 특성과 특성에 따른 유형을 살펴보고자 하였다. 분석을 위해 2018년을 기준으로 한 인구ㆍ가구, 물리, 사회ㆍ경제 부분을 나타내는 지표 17개를 선정하였으며, 이 지표들을 표준점수하여 군집분석을 실시하였다. 기초 지방자치단체별 252개 기초지방자치단체를 5개의 유형으로 군집화하여 군집별 특성을 분석하였다. 이러한 특성을 바탕으로 다양한 정비사업에서 빈집의 활용 시 지역별 특성을 고려한 빈집의 활용방향을 제안함으로써, 도시재생사업 및 각종 정비사업에서 효율적인 빈집의 활용방향을 제시하고자 한다.

Proximal sensing technology was developed to overcome many of the restrictions related to satellite- or aircraft-based remote sensing systems. Ground-based proximal sensing systems collect multispectral images in the visible and near-infrared wavebands and calculate vegetation indices, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness in viticulture of NDVI measurements acquired by the GreenSeeker™ optical sensor technology and to relate those measurements with grapevine physiological indicators. It was hypothesized that variability in vegetative expression, yield, and plant water status would relate to NDVIs and that differences in grape composition, including phenols and color, would be identified. It was also hypothesized that spatial variability in the study plots would exhibit temporally stable patterns. Results suggested that NDVI successfully established relationships with most variables; positive relationships were exhibited with vine size and yield components, while inverse correlations were demonstrated with phenols in red cultivars and monoterpenes in Riesling. Clustering patterns in NDVI were confirmed by k-means clustering analysis and Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation index. The usefulness of the GreenSeeker proximal sensing tool was confirmed and is indicative of the future applicability of this technology to divide vineyards into subblocks of different productivity.

Grapevine water status of Vitis vinifera cvs. Riesling, Cabernet franc, and Pinot noir was evaluated in Ontario, Canada, using leaf water potential (Ψ) and surface soil water content (SSWC; %) to examine spatial relationships between soil and vine water status and berry composition variables, particularly secondary metabolites. The goal was to assess their significance as drivers of the terroir effect. Research was conducted over two vintages (2014 and 2015). Strong inverse relationships were found between vine water status and total phenols in Cabernet franc and Pinot noir and monoterpenes in Riesling. Leaf Ψ was associated with berry size, while yield had strong negative correlations with pH and (in most cases) positive correlations with vine size. Principal component analysis complemented with k-means clustering identified relationships between variables, while Moran’s index also indicated strong clustering patterns for SSWC. Both SSWC and leaf Ψ showed weak correlations with each other. Overall, leaf Ψ was a stronger indicator of important secondary metabolites (anthocyanins, phenols, color, and monoterpenes) than SSWC.

In this study, an existing finite layer algorithm for dynamic analysis of pavement structure was enhanced to incorporate the nonlinear behavior of unbound pavement materials. The nonlinear (stress-dependent) modulus was approximated in the vertical direction, which is similar to the approach used with multi-layered elastic and viscoelastic analysis methods for incorporating material nonlinearity. First, the enhanced finite layer algorithm was used to backcalculate the layer thickness, unit weight, Poisson’s ratio, and damping ratio in addition to the linear (viscoelastic and elastic) modulus of all layers. Then, the parameters backcalculated from the linear analysis were used to estimate the seed values for the subsequent nonlinear analysis in which the stress-dependent moduli of the unbound layers were backcalculated. Deflection data from two field sections (with thick and thin asphalt concrete layer) were used for demonstration. The results showed excellent agreement between the measured and backcalculated deflection time histories. In addition, it was found that the use of backcalculated parameters for the thickness, unit weight, Poisson’s ratio, and damping resulted in lower errors for both the linear and nonlinear analyses. Furthermore, the results of the backcalculation indicated that the material nonlinearity was more pronounced for the thin pavement, in which case the backcalculation error may be reduced further by incorporating the stress-dependent modulus.

This paper presents a 680 MHz–6 GHz $2 \times 2$ multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) long-term evolution (LTE) RF transceiver in 65-nm CMOS for low-cost and multi-band capable femtocell base stations. The transceiver integrates two receivers (RXs), two transmitters (TXs), and two frequency synthesizers, for the $2 \times 2$ MIMO operation to support both the frequency division duplex (FDD) and the time division duplex (TDD) modes. Each pair of an RX and a TX features eight single-ended low noise amplifiers (LNAs), and eight TX outputs that extensively share active and passive circuits with minimal performance degradation. In the measurement, each RX illustrates the noise figure (NF) from 2.9 to 5.2 dB, the input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3) of more than −2 dBm, and the IIP2 of more than 48 dBm, over the entire frequency range at the maximum gain. Each TX achieved the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) that was less than −54 dBc at −5-dBm output power with −157-dBc/Hz phase noise at the RX band, while achieving an error-vector-magnitude (EVM) of less than 2.8%, over the entire frequency range. The transceiver, packaged in a flip-chip chip-scale package (fcCSP), is mounted on the board of the commercial femtocell of the LTE Band5, along with a commercial duplexer, power amplifier, and modem. The femtocell achieved −100-dBm reference sensitivity without the use of an external LNA. It also achieved −51-dBc TX ACLR and 1.68% TX EVM at 20-dBm output power in the LTE 10-MHz mode with the $2 \times 2$ MIMO configuration, without applying a digital pre-distortion (DPD) technique.

In this study, dynamic backcalculation was conducted on two selected Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) sections, one from a cold climate zone and the other from a warmer climate zone. It was demonstrated that not only the viscoelastic dynamic modulus (| E*|) of the asphalt has been backcalculated from an extensive set of field data but also the master curve has been constructed successfully with the backcalculated data. It was also found that the backcalculated master curves were significantly different from those constructed with the LTPP | E*| coefficients. Furthermore, the backcalculated dynamic modulus was obtained from the same pavement sections after 12 to 14 years of service and compared with the initial baseline modulus.

Gibberellic acid (GA; 0, 15, or 30 mg/L) and abscisic acid (ABA; 0, 150, and 300 mg/L) treatments were applied alone and in combination to Sovereign Coronation (Coronation) and Skookum Seedless (Skookum) table grapes in 2013 and 2014 to assess their effects on cluster and berry size, berry composition, and sensory characteristics, alone and in combination. Two sites (Hipple, Lambert) were used for Coronation and one (Lambert) for Skookum. Trials were randomized complete block designs with factorialized treatment arrangements containing four blocks and 12-vine treatment replicates. GA was applied three times (prebloom, seven days postbloom, and 14 days postbloom). ABA was applied twice, one and two weeks preveraison). Treatments were assessed for yield components (yield, cluster weight, and berry weight), berry composition [Brix, titratable acidity (TA), pH, color intensity, and anthocyanins], and sensory variables. GA increased yield, cluster weight, and berry weight in Coronation. GA reduced Brix, color, and anthocyanins and reduced TA (both sites). ABA increased berry pH (both sites) and color intensity and anthocyanins (Hipple in 2013). Yield was reduced by GA in Skookum, but cluster weight increased in 2013. Brix and berry pH increased and TA decreased with increasing GA in Skookum, while ABA increased Brix and pH. In Coronation, GA enhanced several sensory variables (cluster attractiveness, color intensity, and juiciness at Hipple; cluster attractiveness, color intensity, and labrusca flavor at Lambert). ABA enhanced sensory variables (cluster attractiveness, color intensity, and labrusca flavor). In Skookum, GA enhanced the sensory variables (flesh firmness, fruity flavor, and juiciness), and ABA enhanced cluster attractiveness, golden color, and visual liking. GA consistently increased yield components with minimal impacts on berry composition, while ABA increased Brix, pH, color, and anthocyanins, but decreased TA.

Background: Prolotherapy is a therapeutic procedure used for chronic musculoskeletal and arthritic pain. It involves injecting an irritant solution to pain sites and causes patient discomfort, which can lead to treatment discontinuation. Remifentanil is an ultra short-acting μ-opiate receptor agonist that permits a rapid transition from intense analgesia to a minimal residual effect. Here, we evaluated the effect of remifentanil as a preparative medication for ambulatory prolotherapy. Methods: Eighty patients taking prolotherapy were assigned into three groups for pre-therapeutic injections: remifentanil 0.1 μg/kg/min alone (Group R), remifentanil 0.05 μg/kg/min with midazolam 2 mg (Group M), and normal saline (Group C). Pain and sedation scores, blood pressure, pulse oxygen saturation, heart rate, satisfaction score, and time to discharge were measured. Results: Pain scores in groups M and R were lower than group C during and after prolotherapy. The sedation score of group M was higher than groups R and C. Nine patients in group R experienced dizziness during prolotherapy. In group M, 8 patients experienced dizziness and 2 patients experienced nausea. There was no difference in time to discharge among all groups. Satisfaction scores in group M (7.3 ± 0.8) and group R (7.0 ± 0.8) were higher than that of group C (5.3 ± 0.6). Conclusions: Remifentanil and remifentanil/midazolam effectively reduce the pain produced by prolotherapy. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2009; 56: 175~80)

Use of a material transfer device (MTD) during asphalt paving to provide smoother pavement while eliminating thermal and material segregation is well known. However, the additional operating cost may prevent contractors from investing in an MTD. This study evaluated the effect of MTDs on the smoothness of the finished friction course layer and predicted the incentives or disincentives a contractor may receive by using an MTD. Two empirical models were developed by using simple linear regression analysis to predict the smoothness of the final friction course on the basis of the underlying structural layer smoothness and whether or not an MTD was used. The regression model results were used in Monte Carlo simulations in conjunction with residual analysis techniques to predict, in a probabilistic fashion, the incentives or disincentives that a contractor could receive as a result of the Florida Department of Transportation’s new developmental specification for smoothness. Finally, expected incentives were predicted as a simulation result. Two validation projects with a normalized length of 10 mi showed additional expected incentives of $9,700 and $10,000 when an MTD was used compared with the expected incentives when an MTD was not used. The additional incentives were approximately 30% more than the typical operating cost of an MTD for construction of a 10 lane miles long friction course in Florida.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hairy vetch supplementation on quality of winter crop silage. There were 4 treatments (addition levels of hairy vetch ; 0, 5, 15, and 30%) with 3 replicates. Experimental silages stored for 40 days at room temperature (20 - 25℃). THe silage crude protein level was improved (P 0.05) in crude fat, NDF and ADF of the silage while hairy vetch supplementation increased. The silage pH was increased (P

BACKGROUND The Qureshi grading scheme is an effective classification system for evaluating the severity of acute arterial occlusion. However, this scheme is of limited utility because it is based on invasive angiography. In this study, we assessed whether a relationship between a noninvasive Qureshi score, based on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA), and 90-day functional outcome could be observed in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS A stroke neurologist evaluated all patients with acute ischemic stroke who presented to the emergency room within 12 hour of symptom onset. Two neurologists independently assessed the noninvasive Qureshi score from initial MRA or CTA. We assessed the relationship between the noninvasive Qureshi grading scheme and clinical outcome on day 90. RESULTS Of a total 125 patients, 75 underwent MRA and 50 underwent CTA. Interobserver reliability showed good agreement (κ = .62). The noninvasive Qureshi score for MRA or CTA and that for CTA alone were directly associated with a good 90-day functional outcome (odds ratio, .672; P = .016 and odds ratio, .511; P = .042). CONCLUSIONS The noninvasive Qureshi scheme using MRA or CTA provides meaningful information about long-term functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

This paper describes a fully integrated 65nm CMOS 2×2 MIMO multi-band LTE RF transceiver for small cell (femtocell) base stations with frequency support from 680MHz to 6GHz. The transceiver features highly integrated RF front-ends including single-ended LNAs and drive amplifiers with total 32 individual RF I/O pins. The receiver shows NF of 2.9∼5.2dB, HP3 of >-2dBm, and HP2 of >48dBm over the entire frequency range at maximum gain. The transmitter shows ACLR of

We present a fully integrated 2×2 MIMO CMOS LTE RF transceiver along with multi-band InGaP/GaAs HBT power amplifiers for LTE-A small cell (femtocell) base stations. The transceiver features highly integrated LNAs and drive amplifiers with 24 individual RF I/O pins. The multi-band PAs achieves ACLR 38% at 33dBm by employing a third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) canceling techniques. The presented SiP composed of proposed radio and PAs shows plenty of margins in radio conformal test of femtocell base station using a commercial modem.

Background and Purpose: The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is the ratio of blood pressure in the lower legs to that in the arms. The intima-media thickness (IMT) of extracranial carotid arteries determined by B-mode ultrasound is a measurable index of the presence of atherosclerosis. A low ABI and a high carotid IMT are independently related to increased risk of cardiovascular events. This study examined the association between carotid IMT and ABI in patients with ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively, 116 hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke were recruited. Using a pulse wave velocity ABI device along with carotid duplex sonography, we measured carotid IMT and ABI and investigated the correlation between average values. Results: There was a significant difference in carotid IMT between the normal and abnormal ABI groups (P=0.0262). The group with an abnormal ABI was more than five times as likely to have increased carotid IMT as the group with a normal ABI (age, sex-adjusted OR 5.67 (95% CI 1.85~17.38)). The ABI and carotid IMT showed a weak inverse linear correlation in patients with ischemic stroke (correlation coefficient ?0.378 after adjusting for age and sex). Conclusion: Our study suggests that an abnormal ABI is associated with a high carotid IMT in patients with ischemic stroke.

A new backcalculation program, DYNABACK-VE, was used to backcalculate pavement layer properties with field data. DYNABACK-VE used a time domain viscoelastic dynamic solution (ViscoWave-II) as a forward routine and a genetic algorithm for backcalculation analysis. The genetic algorithm search method was selected because it had a high potential for converging efficiently to a global solution. The forward solution used continuous integral transforms (Laplace and Hankel) that were more appropriate for transient, nonperiodic signals in the time domain. The algorithm was implemented in C++ and coded for parallel processing with multithreading for achieving better computational efficiency. Field falling weight deflectometer load and defection sensor time histories from three sites (Waverly Road near Lansing, Michigan, and two long-term pavement performance sections) were used for validation. The backcalculated asphalt concrete modulus master curves were compared with those obtained from laboratory testing. Very good agreement was obtained. The new algorithm was capable of backcalculating reliably the master curve of the asphalt concrete layer (four sigmoidal coefficients and two time-temperature shift factors), the elastic moduli for the unbound base or subbase and subgrade materials, and the modulus of stiff layer and the depth to stiff layer, if present. The advantage of the new solution is that it can analyze the response of pavement systems in the time domain and can therefore accommodate time-dependent layer properties and incorporate wave propagation. Also, because the backcalculation is performed in the time domain, the algorithm is not sensitive to truncation in the deflection time histories. This is a significant improvement to the state of the art, since truncation of deflection time histories has prevented frequency domain backcalculation solutions from being successful when measured field data are used.

The forward models frequently adopted for use in the dynamic backcalculation of the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data are based on the solutions that utilise discrete transforms. In this paper, a new computational algorithm, namely ViscoWave, has been developed and implemented for modelling the pavement dynamics under the FWD impact load. The primary advantage of the proposed solution over some of the existing solutions is that it uses continuous integral transforms (Laplace and Hankel transforms) that are more appropriate for the FWD time histories whose signal characteristics are transient, non-periodic and truncated. Sample runs of the ViscoWave and the validation efforts presented in this paper showed that the proposed algorithm is capable of modelling the dynamics of a layered structure with elastic or viscoelastic material with or without a halfspace, indicating the potential of ViscoWave as a forward model for dynamic backcalculation of flexible pavement properties.

The Florida Department of Transportation has historically used a combination of handheld devices and visual surveys to evaluate the retroreflectivity of pavement markings. However, visual surveys have the inherent limitations of operator bias, while the use of a handheld device is slow and labor intensive and presents safety hazards. Many highway agencies have recognized that a mobile retroreflectivity unit (MRU) may be a safer and more efficient alternative to the handheld retroreflectometers. Because the measurement process relies on the operator-driven instrument, a level of uncertainty is always a concern in evaluating pavement markings with the MRU. This research was aimed at assessing the precision and bias of the MRU while using the handheld retroreflectometer as a reference device. Ten 1.0-mi-long field sites were selected to include various pavement surface types and pavement marking materials (paints and thermoplastics). The results indicated that, when compared with the handheld retroreflectometers, the MRU demonstrated no statistical differences or bias at a 95% confidence level for the retroreflectivity values ranging between 200 and 800 mcd/m2/lux. In addition, it was determined that the retroreflectivity values from two properly conducted tests using a single MRU on the same pavement marking should not differ by more than 7.8%, and when different MRUs were used on the same pavement marking, the retroreflectivity values should not differ by more than 13.3%. This paper presents a description of the testing program, the data collection effort, and the subsequent analyses and findings.

Objectives : It will be necessary to make statement about the competence targeted in the dental hygienic education that adopts the competence-based curriculum from the standpoint of core competence which the students need to be equipped with in the society. Methods : To achieve the education objective of Dental Hygienics, the information available on the website of the Korean Dental Association, universities and graduate schools were used, and the education objectives of the concerned universities which were posted in the websites of 82 universities from July to August, 2011 were analyzed. Results : C7 and C1 accounted for 21.1%, the highest percentage, in the core capability, while HP1 comprised 79.6% in the health improvement and disease prevention. CM1 stood at 73.7%, the highest percentage, in the community involvement(CM) area, and PC4 accounted for 90.8%, the highest percentage, in the patient care(PC) area. In the professional growth and development(PGD) area, PGD1 was the highest, followed by PGD3. In relation to the comments on the occupational types after graduation, 63.1% of respondents mentioned the dental hygienists at the school, while 33.3% did not make any comment on the dental hygienists. Conclusions It was necessary to re-establish the essential objectives of the graduates based on the competence as the accomplishments of studying and learning in the department of dental hygiene. It may be a useful method to set the competency-based education objective on the basis of the implementation ability and the level of graduates.

This study was carried out in the Chungnam National University grassland experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 in order to find out the growth characteristics, seasonal anthesis distribution and botanical composition of the wildflowers which were altogether composed of 70% sheep fescue and 30% wildflowers. The experimental wildflower species contained 30 species in total to which sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 8 native wildflowers, and 22 introduced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average length was 28.3 ㎝ one year later and 34.5 ㎝ two years later. They bloomed out into eight colors, but into simplified two colors during August, September, and October. The blooming season leant toward May and June and from August there was lots of difficulty in the wildflower blooming and the maintenance of their consistency. Especially, at the age of two (2009), the annual wildflowers after wintering were reduced but on account of domestic wildflowers the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency showed improved compared with those of one-year-old wildflowers. The annual ration of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weed came to 25%, 61%, and 14% each one year later (2008) and 24%, 62%, and 14% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating wildflower grassland in the combination of native wildflowers and introduced wildflowers is estimated to be the proper method in the aspect of interaction.

For the past few decades, the stiffness of materials used for roadway design and construction has been commonly characterized by the resilient modulus, defined as the ratio of the applied stress to the recoverable strain. However, the resilient modulus is not a fundamental material property of a viscoelastic material. Therefore, the concept of resilient modulus has been subsequently diminished in the latest Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide. Although that design guide could not endorse the use of the resilient modulus test protocol as the primary means of characterizing the asphalt concrete modulus in the design of flexible pavements, that protocol has been a primary mixture test, and much laboratory testing has been completed to date. Analysis methodologies are introduced for backcalculating the dynamic modulus from the resilient modulus test data. To assess the usefulness of the proposed algorithm, laboratory experiments in both the uniaxial compression and indirect tensile test modes were carried out on asphalt specimens compacted with the Superpave® gyratory compactor. The backcalculated dynamic modulus was used to generate the master curve, and the creep test data were used to enhance the accuracy of the master curve. The advantage of such a methodology is that the existing resilient modulus and creep test data can be leveraged for estimating the dynamic modulus. The approach would significantly save time and effort in reevaluating the dynamic modulus of an asphalt mixture when the resilient modulus and creep test data are available.

A study was initiated to harmonize the dynamic friction tester and a locked-wheel tester on Florida's typical open-graded and dense-graded surfaces under various speed conditions. In addition, two texture measuring devices, the circular track meter and a high-speed 64-kHz laser mounted to the locked-wheel tester, were evaluated. These devices were first harmonized at a standard test speed of 40 mph (65 km/h). Because of the increased level of macrotexture in the open-graded mixtures, the open- and dense-graded surfaces were assumed to show different frictional behavior under different speed conditions. As a consequence, the harmonization equations for the open- and dense-graded surfaces were developed separately. Harmonization of different test speeds was also performed for each given test method to allow for converting the friction measured at a range of speeds—30 mph (50 km/h) to 60 mph (95 km/h)—back to that of the standard speed. The flexibility provided by these harmonization efforts is of great practical use and provides an alternative to the international friction index for Florida's conditions.

Traditionally, the Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) has measured faulting with a manual fault meter. However, this method is slow and labor intensive, disrupts traffic, and presents safety hazards. Extracting the fault magnitude from a pavement profile collected with an automated high-speed inertial profiler is a more efficient and cost-effective alternative. Thus, the Florida DOT developed the Florida automated faulting method (FAFM), which detects joints and calculates faulting from longitudinal profile data. A study was conducted to establish the accuracy and precision of the FAFM. In addition, an improved manual fault meter was developed by the Florida DOT and used as a reference device for the FAFM in the field. Because accuracy and precision measures for the new fault meter were not readily available, the study assessed the accuracy of the fault meter under controlled laboratory conditions, as well as the precision in both laboratory and field conditions. The results of the study indicated that the manual fault meter demonstrated no bias and a repeatability of 0.06 mm (0.002 in.) in laboratory conditions. Under field conditions, the fault meter showed a repeatability of 0.42 mm (0.02 in.). Also under field conditions, the FAFM achieved accuracy in terms of bias ranging between 0.2 mm (0.01 in.) and 0.7 mm (0.03 in.). The repeatability and reproducibility of the FAFM were determined to be 0.6 mm and 0.9 mm (0.04 in.), respectively.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of molasses and Phellinus linteus meal supplementation on the quality of Korean herbal medicine silage. Herbal medicine meal silages were produced by the addition of 0, 15, and 30% of Phellinus linteus meal and 0, 1, and 2% of molasses(3×3 factorial design) and stored for 40 days at room temperature. There were three replicates per treatment. Its quality such as chemical composition, pH, organic acids, the number of microorganisms and in vitro dry matter disappearance were determined. As the Phellinus linteus meal level increased, crude protein and crude fat contents increased significantly, but the acid detergent fiber(ADF) content decreased significantly. As the addition of Phellinus linteus meal decreased, and molasses increased, pH tended to decrease, but the lactic acid content trended to increase. The acetic acid content was lower in a higher level(30%) of Phellinus linteus meal, and higher in a higher level(2%) of molasses. As the Phellinus linteus meal level increased, the butyric acid content decreased, and butyric acid of molasses treatment was higher than that of non-supplemented control. Molasses increased the number of Lactobacillus, but decreased the number of fungi in silage. A lower level of Phellinus linteus meal increased the number of Lactobacillus, but decreased the number of fungi. In vitro dry matter disappearance tended to increase by the addition of Phellinus linteus meal and molasses. It is concluded that the addition of molasses and Phellinus linteus to herbal medicine meal silage could enhance its nutritional quality. It is considered that proper levels of molasses and Phellinus linteus meal in herbal medicine meal silage were 2 % and 15% respectively.(Key words: Phellinus linteus meal, Molasses, Herbal medicine meal silages)

Familial concordance of vascular risk factors is well understood and there are many studies about inter-spouse concordance of the risk factors for coronary heart disease. However, there are no studies for inter-spousal relation of the risk factors in cerebrovascular disease patients. We analysed inter-spouse correlation of cerebrovascular risk factors in patients admitted our hospital due to stroke and their spouses. There was statistically significant inter-spouse concordance in the presence of hypertension(p

This study was carried out in the Chungnam National University grassland experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 in order to find out the growth characteristics of the wildflowers, the seasonal anthesis distribution of the wildflowers and the botanical composition of the wildflowers which were altogether composed of 50% sheep fescue and 50% wildflowers. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consist of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native wildflowers, and 29 introduced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average length was 30.0 cm one year later and 35.6 cm two years later. They bloomed out into ten colors, but into simplified colors during August, September, and October. The peak of the blooming was May and June and blooming pattern leant from August to October. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weed came to 28%, 55%, and 17% each one year later (2008) and 24%, 60%, and 17% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating wildflower grassland (sheep fescue 50% + wildflowers 50%) is the proper method for making up such flatlands as parks and riversides in a short period (one year) for the purpose of commanding a fine view.

This study was carried out in the Chungnam National University grassland experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 in order to find out the growth characteristics, seasonal anthesis distribution and botanical composition of the wildflowers which were altogether composed of 70% sheep fescue and 30% introduced wildflowers. The experimental species contained 23 species in total to which sheep fescue(fundamental turfgrass) and 22 introduced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average plant height was 29.7cm at first growing season and 34.1cm at second growing season. They bloomed out into eight colors, but into simplified two colors during August, September, and October. The blooming season leant toward April and June and from August there were lots of difficulties in the wildflower blooming and the maintenance of their consistency. The botanical composition of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weeds were 21%, 64%, and 15% in the first growing season(2008) and 19%, 65%, and 16% respectively, in the second growing season(2009). Based on this result, cultivating the introduced wildflower grassland has more difficulty because there is some difficulty in the wildflower seasonal distribution and the maintenance of its consistency. And thus, the introduction of more various wildflower such as perennials and flowers blooming after summer, and the seed-mixture combination method should be studied.(Key words:Introduced wildflower pastures, Growth characteristics, Seasonal distribution, Botanical composition)

and Byong Chul LeeABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to suggest the growth characteristics, seasonal distribution and botanical composition of wildflower pastures. The experimental wildflowers were 34 species(1 turfgrass species, 4 native wildflower species and 29 introduced wildflower species). The experiment was administered in the Chungnam National University experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 and the result is as follows: The length of the wildflowers was within the range of 7-52cm and they bloomed into six to ten colors but the species of blooming wildflowers and flower colors and blooming periods were simplified during from August to November. Their tendencies were obviously observed two years later(2009) but among them especially the colors, seasonal anthesis distribution and continuation of wildflower became a problem. The botanical composition of wildflowers, turfgrass, and weeds came to 20%, 67%, and 13% each one year later(2008) and two years later(2009) 16%, 72%, and 12% each. Being grounded upon this result, in case of wildflower pastures of autumn seeding, it is more important to maintain the color, seasonal distribution, and permanence of wildflowers occurring due to annual wildflower reduction after wintering in two years, let alone in the establishment year, (Key words: Wildflower pastures, Growth characteristics, Seasonal distribution, Botanical composition)

This study was carried out in order to find out the growth characteristics, the seasonal anthesis distribution and the botanical composition of the wildflower pastures which were altogether composed of 90% sheep fescue and 10% wildflowers in the Chungnam National University experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consisting of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native wildflowers, and 29 induced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average length was 28.7 cm one year later and 36.7 cm two years later. They bloomed out into from six to nine colors, but into one or three colors during August, September, and October. The blooming season leant toward May and June, and from August, there was lots of difficulty in the wildflower blooming and the maintenance of their consistency. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weeds came to 22%, 68%, and 10% each one year later (2008) and 19%, 72%, and 9% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating wildflower in grassland (90% sheep fescue and 10% wildflowers) is the proper method not only for maintaining green space, to prevent soil erosion by sheep fescue, but also for commanding a fine view of wildflowers.

Because of its efficiency in analyzing complex viscoelastic problems, the finite-element (FE) analysis has been widely used to identify the time- and rate-dependent effects of viscoelastic materials on various structural conditions. When performing the FE analysis on a viscoelastic structure, most FE programs require fundamental material properties, shear and bulk moduli, of the given viscoelastic material as their input. However, the shear and bulk modulus tests are difficult to perform, so they have been commonly estimated from a single material test on the basis of the assumption that the Poisson’s ratio of viscoelastic materials is a time-independent constant. Such an assumption, however, might not be suitable because the Poisson’s ratio of the viscoelastic materials is also a function of time. Therefore, this study developed computation algorithms for determining the time-dependent Poisson’s ratio and shear and bulk moduli of asphalt mixtures, which have been well recognized as a viscoelastic materia...

This study was conducted to compare the chemical composition, dry matter digestibility (DMD), dry matter intake, and utilization of nitrogen and energy of dairy goats (Saanen), when fed on imported timothy hay (IT), mixture grass hay (MG) and native grass hay (NG), respectively. The experimental trials were conducted from April, 2008 to December, 2008 at the environmental controlled barn of Chungnam National University. Twelve dairy goats (Saanen) were selected which had nearly the same body weight (24.2kg, male). The content of crude protein (CP) of MG hay was higher than that of other diets (p/day) was higher than that of other diets, but no significant difference was observed between that of IT diet and NG diet (p>0.05). The DMD of MG diet (69.8%) was higher than that of NG diet (62.2%) and IT diet (60.8%) (p0.05). In nitrogen utilization, the apparently digested N %, retained % and biological value of dairy goats fed with herbage from MG diet were higher and TG diet was lower (p0.05). Based on the results, the dry matter intake, DMD and utilization of nitrogen and energy of dairy goats of MG were higher than those of IT diet and NG diet (p

The mobile retroreflectometer unit (MRU) has been recognized by highway agencies as an appealing alternative to handheld retroreflectometers because of its improved safety and efficiency. Over the past 4 years, the Florida Department of Transportation has been researching the use of the MRU for evaluating pavement markings continuously and reliably at traffic speeds. Because the stripe surface is nonuniform and the measurement process relies on the operator-driven instrument device, there is some uncertainty in evaluating pavement markings with the MRU. As part of the broader effort for MRU implementation, this research assesses MRU precision in repeatability for pavement marking retroreflectivity. Six designated sections of roadway were selected at random for testing on various pavement surfaces and pavement stripes (paint and thermoplastic). Retroreflectivity data were collected only on the white edge lines of the test sites. The survey limits were selected so that the effect of nonretroreflective-related variables, such as breaks in the pavement markings, inclines, declines, and curves in the roadway, could be minimized. The data were analyzed to determine the pavement marking characteristics at each test location for retroreflectivity at 80 km/h (50 mph) using the reduced 30-m geometry standard. Results indicated that the retroreflectance values from two properly conducted tests using the same MRU on the same pavement marking should not differ by more than 20.1 mcd/m2/lux or 6.7% at a 95% confidence level for retroreflectivity values ranging between 200 and 450 mcd/m2/lux. This paper presents a description of the testing program, the data collection effort, and the subsequent analyses and findings.

The Florida Department of Transportation initiated a field study to compare the suitability of two friction-testing devices for measuring the friction characteristics of patterned and textured crosswalks: (a) a site-specific dynamic friction tester (DFT) and (b) a semicontinuous locked wheel tester. The locked wheel testing was performed with both ribbed and smooth tires at 20, 30, and 40 mph (30, 50 and 65 km/h), respectively. Ten test sections were randomly selected to include the different types of patterned and textured processes currently approved for use in Florida. The results of this study indicated that the smooth tire measurements were, generally, in good agreement with the DFT, regardless of test speed. The correlation between the DFT and the ribbed tire test improved with the increasing speed of the locked wheel testing. In addition, for a given test method, harmonization of different test speeds was also performed to allow for the speed conversion of the friction coefficients. The flexibility provided by these harmonization efforts is of great practical use in evaluating the frictional characteristics of patterned and textured crosswalks, especially when dealing with constraints such as speed limits. The testing program, the data collection effort, and the subsequent analyses and findings are described, as well as the lessons learned from Florida's experience with patterned and textured pavements.