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1. Identification and quantification of giant bioaerosol particles over the Amazon rainforest

Author

Cybelli G. G. Barbosa, Philip E. Taylor, Marta O. Sá, Paulo R. Teixeira, Rodrigo A. F. Souza, Rachel I. Albrecht, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Bruna Sebben, Antônio O. Manzi, Alessandro C. Araújo, Maria Prass, Christopher Pöhlker, Bettina Weber, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Ricardo H. M. Godoi

Subjects
Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Abstract Eukarya dominate the coarse primary biological aerosol (PBA) above the Amazon rainforest canopy, but their vertical profile and seasonality is currently unknown. In this study, the stratification of coarse and giant PBA >5 µm were analyzed from the canopy to 300 m height at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory in Brazil during the wet and dry seasons. We show that >2/3 of the coarse PBA were canopy debris, fungal spores commonly found on decaying matter were second most abundant (ranging from 15 to 41%), followed by pollens (up to 5%). The atmospheric roughness layer right above the canopy had the greatest giant PBA abundance. Measurements over 5 years showed an increased abundance of PBA during a low-rainfall period. Giant particles, such as pollen, are reduced at 300 m, suggesting their limited dispersal. These results give insights into the giant PBA emissions of this tropical rainforest, and present a major step in understanding the type of emitted particles and their vertical distribution.

Published
2022
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2. Assessment of the total lightning flash rate density (FRD) in northeast Brazil (NEB) based on TRMM orbital data from 1998 to 2013

Author

Lizandro P. de Abreu, Weber A. Gonçalves, Enrique V. Mattos, and Rachel I. Albrecht

Subjects
Remote sensing, Lightning activity, TRMM, Thunderclouds, Cluster analysis, Physical geography, GB3-5030, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

The Northeast region of Brazil (NEB) concentrates on average 18 % of the total deaths associated with lightning strikes in Brazil. When considering population, the state of Piauí had the highest mortality rate in the region (1.8 deaths million−1), much higher than the national rate (0.8) and the NEB rate (0.5). This work aimed to evaluate the space-time distribution of total lightning (intracloud, cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground) in NEB, covering the period from 1998 to 2013. For this purpose, we used data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, which provided information on the occurrence of total lightning, and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor aboard on TERRA satellite, which provided the terrain elevation data to verify the influence of topography on the flash rate density (FRD). The full distribution was used to identify the hotspots (cities with the highest FRD), while the monthly distribution helped in the cluster analysis. NEB has great spatial and temporal variability of the recorded lightning rates, with average of 0–44.5 flash km-2 year−1. The regions with high total lightning rates are located in the states of Piauí, Maranhão and west of Bahia. The topography of the region seems to act as a facilitator of the convective process, leading to the formation of intense upward currents, essential for the generation of electric charges inside thunderstorms. CAPE values showed good relationship with lightning occurrence in the region. The cluster with the highest occurrence of lightning and hotspots is in the region of influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and Mesoscale Convective Systems, suggesting an important relationship with large organized cloud systems.

Published
2020
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3. Illustration of microphysical processes in Amazonian deep convective clouds in the gamma phase space: introduction and potential applications

Author

M. A. Cecchini, L. A. T. Machado, M. Wendisch, A. Costa, M. Krämer, M. O. Andreae, A. Afchine, R. I. Albrecht, P. Artaxo, S. Borrmann, D. Fütterer, T. Klimach, C. Mahnke, S. T. Martin, A. Minikin, S. Molleker, L. H. Pardo, C. Pöhlker, M. L. Pöhlker, U. Pöschl, D. Rosenfeld, and B. Weinzierl

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

The behavior of tropical clouds remains a major open scientific question, resulting in poor representation by models. One challenge is to realistically reproduce cloud droplet size distributions (DSDs) and their evolution over time and space. Many applications, not limited to models, use the gamma function to represent DSDs. However, even though the statistical characteristics of the gamma parameters have been widely studied, there is almost no study dedicated to understanding the phase space of this function and the associated physics. This phase space can be defined by the three parameters that define the DSD intercept, shape, and curvature. Gamma phase space may provide a common framework for parameterizations and intercomparisons. Here, we introduce the phase space approach and its characteristics, focusing on warm-phase microphysical cloud properties and the transition to the mixed-phase layer. We show that trajectories in this phase space can represent DSD evolution and can be related to growth processes. Condensational and collisional growth may be interpreted as pseudo-forces that induce displacements in opposite directions within the phase space. The actually observed movements in the phase space are a result of the combination of such pseudo-forces. Additionally, aerosol effects can be evaluated given their significant impact on DSDs. The DSDs associated with liquid droplets that favor cloud glaciation can be delimited in the phase space, which can help models to adequately predict the transition to the mixed phase. We also consider possible ways to constrain the DSD in two-moment bulk microphysics schemes, in which the relative dispersion parameter of the DSD can play a significant role. Overall, the gamma phase space approach can be an invaluable tool for studying cloud microphysical evolution and can be readily applied in many scenarios that rely on gamma DSDs.

Published
2017
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4. Further evidence for CCN aerosol concentrations determining the height of warm rain and ice initiation in convective clouds over the Amazon basin

Author

R. C. Braga, D. Rosenfeld, R. Weigel, T. Jurkat, M. O. Andreae, M. Wendisch, U. Pöschl, C. Voigt, C. Mahnke, S. Borrmann, R. I. Albrecht, S. Molleker, D. A. Vila, L. A. T. Machado, and L. Grulich

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

We have investigated how aerosols affect the height above cloud base of rain and ice hydrometeor initiation and the subsequent vertical evolution of cloud droplet size and number concentrations in growing convective cumulus. For this purpose we used in situ data of hydrometeor size distributions measured with instruments mounted on HALO aircraft during the ACRIDICON–CHUVA campaign over the Amazon during September 2014. The results show that the height of rain initiation by collision and coalescence processes (Dr, in units of meters above cloud base) is linearly correlated with the number concentration of droplets (Nd in cm−3) nucleated at cloud base (Dr ≈ 5 ⋅ Nd). Additional cloud processes associated with Dr, such as GCCN, cloud, and mixing with ambient air and other processes, produce deviations of ∼ 21 % in the linear relationship, but it does not mask the clear relationship between Dr and Nd, which was also found at different regions around the globe (e.g., Israel and India). When Nd exceeded values of about 1000 cm−3, Dr became greater than 5000 m, and the first observed precipitation particles were ice hydrometeors. Therefore, no liquid water raindrops were observed within growing convective cumulus during polluted conditions. Furthermore, the formation of ice particles also took place at higher altitudes in the clouds in polluted conditions because the resulting smaller cloud droplets froze at colder temperatures compared to the larger drops in the unpolluted cases. The measured vertical profiles of droplet effective radius (re) were close to those estimated by assuming adiabatic conditions (rea), supporting the hypothesis that the entrainment and mixing of air into convective clouds is nearly inhomogeneous. Additional CCN activation on aerosol particles from biomass burning and air pollution reduced re below rea, which further inhibited the formation of raindrops and ice particles and resulted in even higher altitudes for rain and ice initiation.

Published
2017
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5. Sensitivities of Amazonian clouds to aerosols and updraft speed

Author

M. A. Cecchini, L. A. T. Machado, M. O. Andreae, S. T. Martin, R. I. Albrecht, P. Artaxo, H. M. J. Barbosa, S. Borrmann, D. Fütterer, T. Jurkat, C. Mahnke, A. Minikin, S. Molleker, M. L. Pöhlker, U. Pöschl, D. Rosenfeld, C. Voigt, B. Weinzierl, and M. Wendisch

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

The effects of aerosol particles and updraft speed on warm-phase cloud microphysical properties are studied in the Amazon region as part of the ACRIDICON-CHUVA experiment. Here we expand the sensitivity analysis usually found in the literature by concomitantly considering cloud evolution, putting the sensitivity quantifications into perspective in relation to in-cloud processing, and by considering the effects on droplet size distribution (DSD) shape. Our in situ aircraft measurements over the Amazon Basin cover a wide range of particle concentration and thermodynamic conditions, from the pristine regions over coastal and forested areas to the southern Amazon, which is highly polluted from biomass burning. The quantitative results show that particle concentration is the primary driver for the vertical profiles of effective diameter and droplet concentration in the warm phase of Amazonian convective clouds, while updraft speeds have a modulating role in the latter and in total condensed water. The cloud microphysical properties were found to be highly variable with altitude above cloud base, which we used as a proxy for cloud evolution since it is a measure of the time droplets that were subject to cloud processing. We show that DSD shape is crucial in understanding cloud sensitivities. The aerosol effect on DSD shape was found to vary with altitude, which can help models to better constrain the indirect aerosol effect on climate.

Published
2017
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6. Comparing parameterized versus measured microphysical properties of tropical convective cloud bases during the ACRIDICON–CHUVA campaign

Author

R. C. Braga, D. Rosenfeld, R. Weigel, T. Jurkat, M. O. Andreae, M. Wendisch, M. L. Pöhlker, T. Klimach, U. Pöschl, C. Pöhlker, C. Voigt, C. Mahnke, S. Borrmann, R. I. Albrecht, S. Molleker, D. A. Vila, L. A. T. Machado, and P. Artaxo

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

The objective of this study is to validate parameterizations that were recently developed for satellite retrievals of cloud condensation nuclei supersaturation spectra, NCCN(S), at cloud base alongside more traditional parameterizations connecting NCCN(S) with cloud base updrafts and drop concentrations. This was based on the HALO aircraft measurements during the ACRIDICON–CHUVA campaign over the Amazon region, which took place in September 2014. The properties of convective clouds were measured with a cloud combination probe (CCP), a cloud and aerosol spectrometer (CAS-DPOL), and a CCN counter onboard the HALO aircraft. An intercomparison of the cloud drop size distributions (DSDs) and the cloud water content (CWC) derived from the different instruments generally shows good agreement within the instrumental uncertainties. To this end, the directly measured cloud drop concentrations (Nd) near cloud base were compared with inferred values based on the measured cloud base updraft velocity (Wb) and NCCN(S) spectra. The measurements of Nd at cloud base were also compared with drop concentrations (Na) derived on the basis of an adiabatic assumption and obtained from the vertical evolution of cloud drop effective radius (re) above cloud base. The measurements of NCCN(S) and Wb reproduced the observed Nd within the measurements uncertainties when the old (1959) Twomey's parameterization was used. The agreement between the measured and calculated Nd was only within a factor of 2 with attempts to use cloud base S, as obtained from the measured Wb, Nd, and NCCN(S). This underscores the yet unresolved challenge of aircraft measurements of S in clouds. Importantly, the vertical evolution of re with height reproduced the observation-based nearly adiabatic cloud base drop concentrations, Na. The combination of these results provides aircraft observational support for the various components of the satellite-retrieved methodology that was recently developed to retrieve NCCN(S) under the base of convective clouds. This parameterization can now be applied with the proper qualifications to cloud simulations and satellite retrievals.

Published
2017
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7. Bouncing Wave Packets, Ehrenfest Theorem, and Uncertainty Relation based upon a new Concept for the Momentum of a Particle in a Box

Author

I. Albrecht, J. Herrmann, A. Mariani, U.-J. Wiese, and V. Wyss

Subjects
Quantum Physics, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Mathematics::Spectral Theory, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Mathematical Physics
Abstract

For a particle in a box, the operator $-i\partial_x$ is not self-adjoint and thus does not qualify as the physical momentum. As a result, in general the Ehrenfest theorem is violated. Based upon a recently developed new concept for a self-adjoint momentum operator, we reconsider the theorem and find that it is now indeed satisfied for all physically admissible boundary conditions. We illustrate these results for bouncing wave packets which first spread, then shrink, and return to their original form after a certain revival time. We derive a very simple form of the general Heisenberg-Robertson-Schr\"odinger uncertainty relation and show that our construction also provides a physical interpretation for it., Comment: 37 pages, 12 figures

Published
2022
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8. Effect of bacterial ice nuclei on the frequency and intensity of lightning activity inferred by the BRAMS model

Author

F. L. T. Gonçalves, J. A. Martins, R. I. Albrecht, C. A. Morales, M. A. Silva Dias, and C. E. Morris

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Many studies from the last decades have shown that airborne microorganisms can be intrinsically linked to atmospheric processes. Certain bacteria may constitute the most active ice nuclei found in the atmosphere and might have some influence on the formation of ice crystals in clouds. This study deals with the ice nucleation activity of Pseudomonas syringae inside of thunderstorms through numerical simulations using BRAMS (Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Model System). The numerical simulations were developed in order to investigate the effect on the total amount of rainwater as a function of ice nuclei (IN) P. syringae concentrations with different scenarios (classified as S2 to S4 scenarios) corresponding to a maximum of 102 to 104 IN bacteria per liter of cloud water plus the BRAMS default (classified as S5 scenario). Additionally, two other scenarios were included without any IN (S1) and the sum of RAMS default and S4 scenario (classified as S6). The chosen radiosonde data is for 3 March 2003, typical summertime in São Paulo City which presents a strong convective cell. The objective of the simulations was to analyze the effect of the IN concentrations on the BRAMS modeled cloud properties and precipitation. The simulated electrification of the cloud permitted analysis of the total flashes estimated from precipitable and non-precipitable ice mass fluxes in two different lightning frequencies. Among all scenarios, only S4 and S6 presented a tendency to decrease the total cloud water, and all bacteria scenarios presented a tendency to decrease the total amount of rain (−8%), corroborating other reports in the literature. All bacteria scenarios also present higher precipitable ice concentrations compared to S5 scenario, the RAMS default. The main results present the total flash number per simulation as well. From the results, the total flash numbers, from both lightning frequencies, in S4 and S6 scenarios, are from 3.1 to 3.7 higher than the BRAMS default. Even the lower bacterial concentrations (scenarios S2 and S3) produced 3 time higher number of flashes, compared to S5 scenario. This result is a function of the hydrometeors in each simulation. In conclusion, IN bacteria could affect directly the thunderstorm structure and lightning formation with many other microphysical implications.

Published
2012
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10. New World Meteorological Organization Certified Megaflash Lightning Extremes for Flash Distance (709 km) and Duration (16.73 s) Recorded From Space

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht, Richard J. Blakeslee, Randall S. Cerveny, Yijun Zhang, Michael Peterson, Walter A. Lyons, S. Pedeboy, Manola Brunet, Eric C. Bruning, W. Rison, and Timothy J. Lang

Subjects
Flash (photography), Geophysics, Meteorology, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Space (commercial competition), Duration (project management), Lightning
Published
2020

11. Assessment of the total lightning flash rate density (FRD) in northeast Brazil (NEB) based on TRMM orbital data from 1998 to 2013

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht, Weber Andrade Gonçalves, Lizandro Pereira de Abreu, and Enrique Vieira Mattos

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, education.field_of_study, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Cloud systems, Intertropical Convergence Zone, Population, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Mesoscale meteorology, Northeast brazil, 02 engineering and technology, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, Lightning strike, Climatology, Thunderstorm, Environmental science, Computers in Earth Sciences, education, CLUSTERS, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

The Northeast region of Brazil (NEB) concentrates on average 18 % of the total deaths associated with lightning strikes in Brazil. When considering population, the state of Piaui had the highest mortality rate in the region (1.8 deaths million−1), much higher than the national rate (0.8) and the NEB rate (0.5). This work aimed to evaluate the space-time distribution of total lightning (intracloud, cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground) in NEB, covering the period from 1998 to 2013. For this purpose, we used data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, which provided information on the occurrence of total lightning, and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor aboard on TERRA satellite, which provided the terrain elevation data to verify the influence of topography on the flash rate density (FRD). The full distribution was used to identify the hotspots (cities with the highest FRD), while the monthly distribution helped in the cluster analysis. NEB has great spatial and temporal variability of the recorded lightning rates, with average of 0–44.5 flash km-2 year−1. The regions with high total lightning rates are located in the states of Piaui, Maranhao and west of Bahia. The topography of the region seems to act as a facilitator of the convective process, leading to the formation of intense upward currents, essential for the generation of electric charges inside thunderstorms. CAPE values showed good relationship with lightning occurrence in the region. The cluster with the highest occurrence of lightning and hotspots is in the region of influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and Mesoscale Convective Systems, suggesting an important relationship with large organized cloud systems.

Published
2020

12. Overview: Precipitation characteristics and sensitivities to environmental conditions during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA

Author

Thiago Biscaro, Stephan Borrmann, Jean-François Ribaud, Micael A. Cecchini, Luiz A. T. Machado, Meinrat O. Andreae, Wagner F. Araujo, David Walter, Ramon Campos Braga, Ulrich Pöschl, Scott E. Giangrande, Zhe Feng, Alan J. P. Calheiros, Christopher Pöhlker, Paulo Artaxo, Ryan Thalman, Jaci Maria Bilhalva Saraiva, Manfred Wendisch, Scot T. Martin, Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias, Jiwen Fan, Courtney Schumacher, Daniel Rosenfeld, Cristiano Wickboldt Eichholz, Rachel I. Albrecht, Casey D. Burleyson, Gilberto Fisch, Mira L. Pöhlker, and Michael Jensen

Subjects
Wet season, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Surface type, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Rain rate, 020801 environmental engineering, law.invention, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, law, Climatology, Dry season, Radiosonde, Environmental science, Precipitation, Droplet size, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

This study provides an overview of precipitation processes and their sensitivities to environmental conditions in the Central Amazon Basin near Manaus during the GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA experiments. This study takes advantage of the numerous measurement platforms and instrument systems operating during both campaigns to sample cloud structure and environmental conditions during 2014 and 2015; the rainfall variability among seasons, aerosol loading, land surface type, and topography has been carefully characterized using these data. Differences between the wet and dry seasons were examined from a variety of perspectives. The rainfall rates distribution, total amount of rainfall, and raindrop size distribution (the mass-weighted mean diameter) were quantified over both seasons. The dry season generally exhibited higher rainfall rates than the wet season and included more intense rainfall periods. However, the cumulative rainfall during the wet season was 4 times greater than that during the total dry season rainfall, as shown in the total rainfall accumulation data. The typical size and life cycle of Amazon cloud clusters (observed by satellite) and rain cells (observed by radar) were examined, as were differences in these systems between the seasons. Moreover, monthly mean thermodynamic and dynamic variables were analysed using radiosondes to elucidate the differences in rainfall characteristics during the wet and dry seasons. The sensitivity of rainfall to atmospheric aerosol loading was discussed with regard to mass-weighted mean diameter and rain rate. This topic was evaluated only during the wet season due to the insignificant statistics of rainfall events for different aerosol loading ranges and the low frequency of precipitation events during the dry season. The impacts of aerosols on cloud droplet diameter varied based on droplet size. For the wet season, we observed no dependence between land surface type and rain rate. However, during the dry season, urban areas exhibited the largest rainfall rate tail distribution, and deforested regions exhibited the lowest mean rainfall rate. Airplane measurements were taken to characterize and contrast cloud microphysical properties and processes over forested and deforested regions. Vertical motion was not correlated with cloud droplet sizes, but cloud droplet concentration correlated linearly with vertical motion. Clouds over forested areas contained larger droplets than clouds over pastures at all altitudes. Finally, the connections between topography and rain rate were evaluated, with higher rainfall rates identified at higher elevations during the dry season.

Published
2018

13. Further evidence for CCN aerosol concentrations determining the height of warm rain and ice initiation in convective clouds over the Amazon basin

Author

Daniel Vila, Meinrat O. Andreae, Ulrich Pöschl, Manfred Wendisch, Ralf Weigel, Rachel I. Albrecht, Ramon Campos Braga, Christoph Mahnke, Stephan Borrmann, Tina Jurkat, Luiz A. T. Machado, Christiane Voigt, Sergej Molleker, Lucas Grulich, and Daniel Rosenfeld

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Cloud base, cloud, rain, Wolkenphysik, Aerosol, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, convection, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Effective radius, Coalescence (physics), 15. Life on land, lcsh:QC1-999, Ambient air, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Halo, lcsh:Physics, Amazon basin
Abstract

We have investigated how aerosols affect the height above cloud base of rain and ice hydrometeor initiation and the subsequent vertical evolution of cloud droplet size and number concentrations in growing convective cumulus. For this purpose we used in situ data of hydrometeor size distributions measured with instruments mounted on HALO aircraft during the ACRIDICON–CHUVA campaign over the Amazon during September 2014. The results show that the height of rain initiation by collision and coalescence processes (Dr, in units of meters above cloud base) is linearly correlated with the number concentration of droplets (Nd in cm−3) nucleated at cloud base (Dr ≈ 5 ⋅ Nd). Additional cloud processes associated with Dr, such as GCCN, cloud, and mixing with ambient air and other processes, produce deviations of ∼ 21 % in the linear relationship, but it does not mask the clear relationship between Dr and Nd, which was also found at different regions around the globe (e.g., Israel and India). When Nd exceeded values of about 1000 cm−3, Dr became greater than 5000 m, and the first observed precipitation particles were ice hydrometeors. Therefore, no liquid water raindrops were observed within growing convective cumulus during polluted conditions. Furthermore, the formation of ice particles also took place at higher altitudes in the clouds in polluted conditions because the resulting smaller cloud droplets froze at colder temperatures compared to the larger drops in the unpolluted cases. The measured vertical profiles of droplet effective radius (re) were close to those estimated by assuming adiabatic conditions (rea), supporting the hypothesis that the entrainment and mixing of air into convective clouds is nearly inhomogeneous. Additional CCN activation on aerosol particles from biomass burning and air pollution reduced re below rea, which further inhibited the formation of raindrops and ice particles and resulted in even higher altitudes for rain and ice initiation.

Published
2017

14. POS0591 SARILUMAB ATTENUATES DISEASE ACTIVITY IN SERONEGATIVE RA PATIENTS – PRELIMINARY DATA FROM A NON-INTERVENTIONAL STUDY IN REGULAR CARE IN GERMANY

Author

Eugen Feist, A. D. Holst, J. Ahlers, Harald Burkhardt, M. Welcker, S. Zinke, S. Kalus, R. Hecker, N.T. Baerlecken, T. Klopsch, P. Sternad, Klaus Krueger, I. Albrecht, P. M. Aries, O. Bley, and H-P Tony

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Treatment response, business.industry, Immunology, Physical function, Interim analysis, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Disease activity, Safety profile, Sarilumab, Rheumatology, Internal medicine, Non interventional, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, business, Bristol-Myers
Abstract

Background:Although seronegative RA patients often present with substantial disease burden [1], patients are underrepresented in research cohorts or clinical trials. Consequently, less knowledge about this subgroup has been accumulated.Objectives:To describe outcome of seronegative vs. seropositive RA patients treated with sarilumab in regular care in Germany.Methods:The prospective, observational, 24-month single-arm PROSARA study (SARILL08661) is currently running in Germany at 96 sites, aiming to enroll up to 750 RA patients treated with sarilumab. RA patients are prospectively selected at physician’s discretion according to label, and medical history is documented before treatment. This interim analysis included patients with data available up to 24 months. Here we focus on sustained treatment response after 6 and 12 months, respectively. Patients were stratified according to serostatus (RF- AND ACPA- as seronegative or RF+ AND/OR ACPA+ as seropositive). All analyses are descriptive only.Results:To date 473 patients were included in the study, of which 22.2% (n=105) were seronegative and 59.0% (n=279) were seropositive (Table 1). For 89 patients (18.8%) serostatus was not specified.Table 1.Baseline data regarding patient characteristics, prior treatment and disease activityseronegativeseropositivepatients [n] (%)105(22.2)279(59.0)patient characteristicsSex female [n] (%)81(77.1)207(74.2)Age mean [years] (SD)56.6(12.5)59.6(10.9)BMI mean (SD) [kg/m2]29.2(6.7)28(6.0)Smoking history current/former [%]22.1/11.525.5/20.4Time since diagnosis of RA mean [years] (SD)7.9(7.6)11.5(9.9)prior RA treatmentcsDMARD [n] (%)102(97.1)273(97.8)bDMARD (TNFi) [n] (%)54(51.4)167(59.9)bDMARD (non-TNFi) [n] (%)32(30.5)83(29.7)tsDMARD (JAKi) [n] (%)25(23.8)57(20.4)disease activityCRP [mg/l] (SD)12.9(30.9)14.2(31.0)ESR [mm/h] (SD)23.7(20.5)25.3(22.4)SJC mean (SD)5.3(5.5)4.6(4.8)TJC mean (SD)10.2(8.2)7.2(6.6)HAQ-DI mean (SD)1.4(0.7)1.2(0.7)DAS28-ESR mean (SD)5.0(1.5)4.6(1.5)CDAI mean (SD)27.7(14.7)23.0(12.9)Fatigue [VAS] (SD)64.0(25.5)51.1(28.1)The mean time since diagnosis of RA was shorter in seronegative than in seropositive patients (7.9±7.6 years vs. 11.5±9.9 years) (Table 1).At baseline, CDAI score was 27.7±14.7 (n=104) and 23.0±12.9 (n=272) in seronegative and seropositive patients, respectively. After 12 months of sarilumab treatment, CDAI improved to 15.6±12.3 (n=38) and 9.1±8.7 (n=101) in seronegative and seropositive, respectively, for patients with post-baseline data available. At that time, remission/low disease activity according to CDAI was reached by 5.3% (n=2/38) / 39.5% (n=15/38) of seronegative patients, respectively and by 26.7% (n=27/101) / 68.3% (n=69/101) of seropositive patients, respectively (Fig. 1A, B).Figure 1.CDAI (A, B) and HAQ-DI (C) outcomes in seronegative and seropositive patientsPhysical function, assessed by HAQ-DI, was slightly more impaired in seronegative patients (1.4±0.7) than in seropositive patients (1.2±0.7) at baseline. HAQ-DI improved over 12 months to 0.9±0.7 in seropositive patients (n=90) but showed no change in seronegative patients (1.4±0.7; n=37) (Fig. 1C).Safety was consistent with the anticipated profile of IL-6-R-inhibition and no new safety signals occurred. Adverse events and serious adverse events were described in 61.7% and 12.8% of seronegative patients, respectively and in 55.2% and 13.7% of seropositive patients, respectively.Conclusion:Sarilumab treatment ameliorated CDAI in both seronegative (ΔCDAI -17.0±16.5) and seropositive (ΔCDAI -15.4±14.3) patients to the same extent over the course of 12 months, with a higher remission rate in seropositive patients. Functional capacity improved meaningfully in the seropositive cohort but had no significant impact in seronegative patients. The safety profile was consistent with data reported from controlled clinical trials.References:[1]Choi S-T et al. (2018) PLoS ONE 13(4): e0195550.Acknowledgements:We thank Cornelia Kühne (Haldensleben) for substantial contribution to patient recruitment in PROSARA.Disclosure of Interests:Harald Burkhardt Speakers bureau: Sanofi, Pfizer, Roche, Abb- vie, Boehringer Ingelheim, UCB, Eli Lilly, Chugai, Bristol Myer Scribb, Janssen, and Novartis, Consultant of: Sanofi, Pfizer, Roche, Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, UCB, Eli Lilly, Chugai, Bristol Myer Scripps, Janssen, and Novartis, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Roche, Abbvie, Hans-Peter Tony Consultant of: AbbVie, Astra-Zeneca, BMS, Chugai, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Peer-Malte Aries Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Biogen, Berlin Chemie, Celgene, GSK, Hexal, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Consultant of: Abbvie, Celgene, Hexal, Janssen, Medac, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB, Silke Zinke: None declared, Klaus Krueger Speakers bureau: Sanofi, Jonas Ahlers Employee of: Sanofi, Rolf Hecker Employee of: Sanofi, Inka Albrecht Employee of: Sanofi, Stefanie Kalus Consultant of: Sanofi, Oliver Bley Employee of: Sanofi, Patrizia Sternad: None declared, Ann-Dörthe Holst: None declared, Niklas Thomas Baerlecken: None declared, Thilo Klopsch: None declared, Martin Welcker Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Aescu, Amgen, Biogen, Berlin Chemie, Celgene, GSK, Hexal, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Consultant of: Abbvie, Actelion, Aescu, Amgen, Cel- gene, Hexal, Janssen, Medac, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB, Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Novartis, UCB, Hexal, BMS, Lilly, Roche, Celgene, Sanofi, Eugen Feist Speakers bureau: Novartis, Roche, Sobi, Lilly, Pfizer, Abbvie, BMS, MSD, Sanofi, Consultant of: Novartis, Roche, Sobi, Lilly, Pfizer, Abbvie, BMS, MSD, Sanofi

Published
2021

15. Sensitivities of Amazonian clouds to aerosols and updraft speed

Author

Ulrich Pöschl, Manfred Wendisch, Rachel I. Albrecht, Tina Jurkat, Stephan Borrmann, Mira L. Pöhlker, Sergej Molleker, Meinrat O. Andreae, Christoph Mahnke, Paulo Artaxo, Daniel Rosenfeld, Bernadett Weinzierl, Andreas Minikin, Daniel Fütterer, Christiane Voigt, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Scot T. Martin, Micael A. Cecchini, and Luiz A. T. Machado

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Amazonian, Cloud computing, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Cloud base, cloud, microphysics, Wolkenphysik, Aerosol, updraft, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Amazon rainforest, business.industry, 15. Life on land, METEOROLOGIA FÍSICA, lcsh:QC1-999, Effective diameter, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Liquid water content, Environmental science, business, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

The effects of aerosol particles and updraft speed on warm-phase cloud microphysical properties are studied in the Amazon region as part of the ACRIDICON-CHUVA experiment. Here we expand the sensitivity analysis usually found in the literature by concomitantly considering cloud evolution, putting the sensitivity quantifications into perspective in relation to in-cloud processing, and by considering the effects on droplet size distribution (DSD) shape. Our in situ aircraft measurements over the Amazon Basin cover a wide range of particle concentration and thermodynamic conditions, from the pristine regions over coastal and forested areas to the southern Amazon, which is highly polluted from biomass burning. The quantitative results show that particle concentration is the primary driver for the vertical profiles of effective diameter and droplet concentration in the warm phase of Amazonian convective clouds, while updraft speeds have a modulating role in the latter and in total condensed water. The cloud microphysical properties were found to be highly variable with altitude above cloud base, which we used as a proxy for cloud evolution since it is a measure of the time droplets that were subject to cloud processing. We show that DSD shape is crucial in understanding cloud sensitivities. The aerosol effect on DSD shape was found to vary with altitude, which can help models to better constrain the indirect aerosol effect on climate.

Published
2017

16. Polarimetric radar characteristics of storms with and without lightning activity

Author

Earle Williams, Enrique Vieira Mattos, Luiz A. T. Machado, and Rachel I. Albrecht

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Microphysics, Meteorology, Correlation coefficient, Polarimetry, Storm, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Lightning, Differential phase, law.invention, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, law, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Radar, Graupel, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

This paper analyzes the cloud microphysics in different layers of storms as a function of three-dimensional total lightning density. A mobile X-band polarimetric radar and very high frequency (VHF) sources from Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) observations during the 2011/2012 Brazil spring-summer were used to determine the microphysical signatures of radar vertical profiles and lightning density. This study quantified the behavior of 5.3 million vertical profiles of the horizontal reflectivity (ZH), differential reflectivity (ZDR), specific differential phase (KDP), and correlation coefficient (ρHV). The principal changes in the polarimetric variables occurred only for VHF source rate density greater than 14 VHF sources per km2 in 4 min. These storms showed an enhanced positive KDP in the mixed 1 layer (from 0 to −15°C) probably associated with supercooled liquid water signatures, whereas regions with negative ZDR and KDP and moderate ZH in the mixed 2 layer (from −15 to −40°C) were possibly associated with the presence of conical graupel. The glaciated (above −40°C) and upper part of the mixed 2 layers showed a significant trend to negative KDP with an increase in lightning density, in agreement with vertical alignment of ice particle by the cloud electric field. A conceptual model that presents the microphysical signatures in storms with and without lightning activity was constructed. The observations documented in this study provide an understanding of how the combinations of polarimetric variables could help to identify storms with different lightning density and vice versa.

Published
2016

17. Ensino de Geociências na universidade

Author

Elisabete de Santis Braga da Graça Saraiva, Fernando Flecha de Alkmim, Carlos Alberto Mendonça, Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias, Marcia Ernesto, Umberto G. Cordani, and Rachel I. Albrecht

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Undergraduate teaching, Sociology and Political Science, Geoscientific research, Geology, Geophyics, Geofísica, Oceanografia, Oceanography, Ensino de Graduação, Meteorology, lcsh:H1-99, Meteorologia, lcsh:Social sciences (General), Geologia, Pesquisa em Geociências
Abstract

RESUMO No Brasil colonial, apesar de intensa atividade mineira na busca de ouro e diamantes, não houve práticas geocientíficas relevantes. No século XIX ocorreram diversas explorações geológicas, das quais resultou uma vasta contribuição escrita. Além disso foram criadas importantes instituições, como o Observatório Nacional, o Serviço Meteorológico, o Observatório Magnético de Vassouras e a Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto em 1876. O ensino formal de Geociências no Brasil foi iniciado apenas em 1957, com a Campanha de Formação de Geólogos (CAGE), que criou e forneceu recursos materiais e humanos para quatro cursos de graduação em Geologia. Na Meteorologia a graduação se iniciou em 1963, na Oceanografia em 1971, e na Geofísica em 1983. Atualmente, 47 universidades brasileiras oferecem 71 cursos de graduação nas Geociências. Há 33 cursos de Geologia, três de Engenharia Geológica, 14 de Meteorologia, 13 de Oceanografia e 8 de Geofísica. Há no Brasil 57 programas de pós-graduação em Geociências, 13 dos quais considerados de excelência, indicando que a situação atual da área é de consolidação e maturidade. Geólogos e geofísicos foram absorvidos, em sua maioria, pelas atividades de mapeamento geológico, exploração mineral e de petróleo. Meteorologistas dedicaram-se ao monitoramento meteorológico e climático, e também a projetos de energia hidroelétrica, eólica e solar. Na Oceanografia, os formados atuaram em órgãos relacionados com ambiente, agricultura e no Ministério da Marinha. Quanto à pesquisa, as ciências atmosféricas e oceanográficas são de grande relevância global, no estudo das mudanças climáticas e o aquecimento global. Por sua vez, o maior desafio de geólogos e geofísicos é o de melhorar do conhecimento do território brasileiro, na escala local ou regional. ABSTRACT In colonial times, in Brazil, although intense mining activities occurred in the search for gold and diamonds, relevant geoscientific actions did not occur. In the 19th century, a few geological exploratory trips were made, from which several written contributions resulted. Moreover, important institutions were created, such as the National Observatory, the Meteorological Service, the Magnetic Observatory at Vassouras and the Mining School of Ouro Preto in 1876, The formal teaching of Geosciences in Brazil started only in 1957, with the ”Campaign for the training of geologists” (CAGE), that created and provided material and human resources to four Geology undergraduate courses. In Meteorology the first course was in 1973, in Oceanography in 1971 and in Geophysics in 1983. Now, 48 Brazilian universities offer 71 undergraduate courses in Geosciences, 33 in Geology, 3 in Geological Engineering, 14 in Meteorology, 13 in Oceanography and 8 in Geophysics. Fifty-seven graduate programs exist in Brazil, 13 of which are considered of excellence, indicating that the area is mature and consolidated. Most geologists and geophysicists were absorbed in geological mapping activities, as well as mining and oil exploration. Meteorologists dedicated themselves to meteorological and climatic monitoring, as well as to projects in hydroelectric, wind and solar energy. Graduates in Oceanography worked in institutions related to the environment, agriculture, and to the Ministry of the Navy. The atmospheric and oceanographic sciences are of global relevance in studies of climatic changes and global warming. In turn, the major challenge of geologists and geophysicists is to improve knowledge of the Brazilian territory, at the local and regional scale.

Published
2018

18. Where Are the Lightning Hotspots on Earth?

Author

Steve Goodman, Richard J. Blakeslee, Dennis E. Buechler, Rachel I. Albrecht, and Hugh J. Christian

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sea breeze, Climatology, Hotspot (geology), Thunderstorm, Environmental science, Tropical rainfall, Subtropics, Structural basin, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Previous total lightning climatology studies using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) observations were reported at coarse resolution (0.5°) and employed significant spatial and temporal smoothing to account for sampling limitations of TRMM’s tropical to subtropical low-Earth-orbit coverage. The analysis reported here uses a 16-yr reprocessed dataset to create a very high-resolution (0.1°) climatology with no further spatial averaging. This analysis reveals that Earth’s principal lightning hotspot occurs over Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela, while the highest flash rate density hotspot previously found at the lower 0.5°-resolution sampling was found in the Congo basin in Africa. Lake Maracaibo’s pattern of convergent windflow (mountain–valley, lake, and sea breezes) occurs over the warm lake waters nearly year-round and contributes to nocturnal thunderstorm development 297 days per year on average. These thunderstorms are very localized, and their persistent development anchored in one location accounts for the high flash rate density. Several other inland lakes with similar conditions, that is, deep nocturnal convection driven by locally forced convergent flow over a warm lake surface, are also revealed. Africa is the continent with the most lightning hotspots, followed by Asia, South America, North America, and Australia. A climatological map of the local hour of maximum flash rate density reveals that most oceanic total lightning maxima are related to nocturnal thunderstorms, while continental lightning tends to occur during the afternoon. Most of the principal continental maxima are located near major mountain ranges, revealing the importance of local topography in thunderstorm development.

Published
2016

19. Impacts of the Manaus pollution plume on the microphysical properties of Amazonian warm-phase clouds in the wet season

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht, Beat Schmid, Jian Wang, Jiwen Fan, Scot T. Martin, Jason Tomlinson, Paulo Artaxo, Jennifer M. Comstock, Fan Mei, Micael A. Cecchini, and Luiz A. T. Machado

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Amazonian, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Plume, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, Altitude, lcsh:QD1-999, Liquid water content, Environmental science, Precipitation, Water vapor, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The remote atmosphere over the Amazon can be similar to oceanic regions in terms of aerosol conditions and cloud type formations. This is especially true during the wet season. The main aerosol-related disturbances over the Amazon have both natural sources, such as dust transport from Africa, and anthropogenic sources, such as biomass burning or urban pollution. The present work considers the impacts of the latter on the microphysical properties of warm-phase clouds by analysing observations of the interactions between the Manaus pollution plume and its surroundings, as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The analysed period corresponds to the wet season (specifically from February to March 2014 and corresponding to the first Intensive Operating Period (IOP1) of GoAmazon2014/5). The droplet size distributions reported are in the range 1 µm ≤ D ≤ 50 µm in order to capture the processes leading up to the precipitation formation. The wet season largely presents a clean background atmosphere characterized by frequent rain showers. As such, the contrast between background clouds and those affected by the Manaus pollution can be observed and detailed. The focus is on the characteristics of the initial microphysical properties in cumulus clouds predominantly at their early stages. The pollution-affected clouds are found to have smaller effective diameters and higher droplet number concentrations. The differences range from 10 to 40 % for the effective diameter and are as high as 1000 % for droplet concentration for the same vertical levels. The growth rates of droplets with altitude are slower for pollution-affected clouds (2.90 compared to 5.59 µm km−1), as explained by the absence of bigger droplets at the onset of cloud development. Clouds under background conditions have higher concentrations of larger droplets (> 20 µm) near the cloud base, which would contribute significantly to the growth rates through the collision–coalescence process. The overall shape of the droplet size distribution (DSD) does not appear to be predominantly determined by updraught strength, especially beyond the 20 µm range. The aerosol conditions play a major role in that case. However, the updraughts modulate the DSD concentrations and are responsible for the vertical transport of water in the cloud. The larger droplets found in background clouds are associated with weak water vapour competition and a bimodal distribution of droplet sizes in the lower levels of the cloud, which enables an earlier initiation of the collision–coalescence process. This study shows that the pollution produced by Manaus significantly affects warm-phase microphysical properties of the surrounding clouds by changing the initial DSD formation. The corresponding effects on ice-phase processes and precipitation formation will be the focus of future endeavours.

Published
2016

20. THU0165 PROSARA - A PROSPECTIVE, MULTICENTER, NON-INTERVENTIONAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SARILUMAB FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACTIVE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN REGULAR CARE IN GERMANY

Author

P. M. Aries, C. Kühne, N.T. Baerlecken, I. Albrecht, M. Welcker, O. Bley, M. Obermeier, Harald Burkhardt, Eugen Feist, P. Sternad, A. D. Holst, H-P Tony, and S. Zinke

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Immunology, Interim analysis, medicine.disease, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, law.invention, Clinical trial, Sarilumab, Rheumatology, Randomized controlled trial, law, Internal medicine, Rheumatoid arthritis, Non interventional, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Effective treatment, business, Bristol-Myers
Abstract

Background:Blockade of IL-6 signaling by sarilumab has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment approach for rheumatoid arthritis. Due to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, randomized controlled trials may not represent the heterogeneous RA patient population encountered in regular care.Objectives:The current study investigated the safety and effectiveness of sarilumab in the treatment of RA in regular care in Germany.Methods:The prospective, observational, single-arm 24-months PROSARA study (SARILL08661) is currently running in Germany at 79 sites, aiming to include up to 750 RA patients treated with sarilumab. RA patients are selected at physician discretion and treated according to the label. Study objectives include the documentation of safety and various effectiveness outcomes. This interim analysis included patients with data available up to 12 weeks. All analyses are descriptive only.Results:To date 348 patients were included in the study; of which 265 patients had post-baseline data. The mean age of the patients analyzed was 58.6 years (24-83); 76.3% are female. The mean disease duration was 10.3 years; comorbidities were present in 80.7% of patients. At baseline, 32.5% were biologic naïve. Most common pretreatment with b/ts DMARDs included TNF-inhibitors (TNFi, 56.2%), non-TNFi biologics (29.1%) or JAK-inhibitors (JAKi, 17.4%). At baseline, 49% received sarilumab as monotherapy and 29% in combination with conventional DMARDs (not specified for 22%). After 12 weeks of treatment with sarilumab, the mean DAS28-ESR decreased from 5.0±1.46 to 3.0±1.44 and CDAI from 26.7±13.79 to 13.6±11.4, respectively. DAS28-ESR remission/ low disease activity was achieved in 42.8% [n=77/180 patients with valid data on this parameter]/ 59.4% [n=107/180] of patients; 13.6% [n=28/206] and 49% [n=101/206] of patients reached CDAI remission and low disease activity. Boolean remission was observed in 9.5% [n=19/201] of patients at week 12. HAQ-DI improved from 1.3 at baseline to 1.1 at week 12 (n=195). The mean CDAI improvement was similar for autoantibody-positive (RF and/or ACPA; CDAI -12.5 at week 12) compared to -negative patients (CDAI -15.4 at week 12). Patients switching from JAKi to sarilumab (n=32), were more severely affected, had longer disease duration and received more prior treatments than patients switched from another compound. Of note, similar efficacy was observed among patients that switched from JAKi to sarilumab vs patients switched from other DMARDs; disease activity outcome measures including DAS28, CDAI, TJC, SJC and global assessments improved consistently (Figure 1).Safety was consistent with the anticipated profile of IL-6-R-inhibition and no new safety signals occurred. Adverse events and serious adverse events were described in 33.9% and 6.3% of patients, respectively.Conclusion:Sarilumab administered in regular care demonstrated rapid and clinically meaningful improvement in a general RA patient population including patients switching from JAKi. The safety profile was consistent with data reported from controlled clinical trials.Disclosure of Interests:Eugen Feist Consultant of: Novartis, Roche, Sobi, Lilly, Pfizer, Abbvie, BMS, MSD, Sanofi, Speakers bureau: Novartis, Roche, Sobi, Lilly, Pfizer, Abbvie, BMS, MSD, Sanofi, Peer-Malte Aries Consultant of: Sanofi, Speakers bureau: Sanofi, Silke Zinke: None declared, Harald Burkhardt Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Roche, Abbvie, Consultant of: Sanofi, Pfizer, Roche, Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, UCB, Eli Lilly, Chugai, Bristol Myer Scripps, Janssen, and Novartis, Speakers bureau: Sanofi, Pfizer, Roche, Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, UCB, Eli Lilly, Chugai, Bristol Myer Scripps, Janssen, and Novartis, Inka Albrecht Employee of: Sanofi, Oliver Bley Employee of: Sanofi, Michael Obermeier: None declared, Patrizia Sternad: None declared, Martin Welcker Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Novartis, UCB, Hexal, BMS, Lilly, Roche, Celgene, Sanofi, Consultant of: Abbvie, Actelion, Aescu, Amgen, Celgene, Hexal, Janssen, Medac, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Aescu, Amgen, Biogen, Berlin Chemie, Celgene, GSK, Hexal, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Cornelia Kühne Grant/research support from: Novartis, Amgen, Roche/Chugai, Pfizer, Celgene, AbbVie, Sanofi, Ann-Dörthe Holst: None declared, Niklas Thomas Baerlecken: None declared, Hans-Peter Tony Consultant of: AbbVie, Astra-Zeneca, BMS, Chugai, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi

Published
2020

21. The Green Ocean Amazon Experiment (GoAmazon2014/5) Observes Pollution Affecting Gases, Aerosols, Clouds, and Rainfall over the Rain Forest

Author

Kouji Adachi, J. M. Comstock, F. Mei, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza, Edward C. Fortner, C. Poehlker, Frank N. Keutsch, M. Gilles, Michael Jensen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Rachel I. Albrecht, Douglas A. Day, Luciana V. Rizzo, Alexander Laskin, Jose L. Jimenez, J. Fan, Kolby J. Jardine, Theotonio Pauliquevis, Mark A. Miller, Manfred Wendisch, Manvendra K. Dubey, Courtney Schumacher, L. Alexander, Seon Tae Kim, Karena A. McKinney, Joel Brito, S. S. de Sá, Paulo Artaxo, Jason Tomlinson, Ariosvaldo Nunes de Medeiros, Alex Guenther, Mikhail S. Pekour, Antonio O. Manzi, James N. Smith, D. Chand, Peter R. Buseck, J. Wang, J. Peres, Thiago Biscaro, J. D. Fast, John E. Shilling, Gilberto Fisch, U. Poeschl, Chongai Kuang, Julio Tota, B. Portela, Scott E. Giangrande, Alan J. P. Calheiros, J. Hubbe, B. Schmid, Luiz A. T. Machado, S. T. Martin, A. H. Goldststein, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, M. A. F. Silva Dias, Allison C. Aiken, R. Nascimento, Tuukka Petäjä, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Leipziger Institut für Meteorologie (LIM), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Department of Physics, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Leipzig

Subjects
IMPACTS, Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, TRACE GASES, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, OXIDATION, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Atmospheric Sciences, CHEMISTRY, medicine, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, PART 1, FACILITY, Precipitation, Air quality index, 1172 Environmental sciences, BASIN, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Amazon rainforest, technology, industry, and agriculture, Tropics, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, 15. Life on land, equipment and supplies, CUMULONIMBUS, Plume, Climate Action, ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS, 13. Climate action, PRECIPITATION, Climatology, bacteria, Terrestrial ecosystem, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon 2014–2015 (GoAmazon2014/5) experiment took place around the urban region of Manaus in central Amazonia across 2 years. The urban pollution plume was used to study the susceptibility of gases, aerosols, clouds, and rainfall to human activities in a tropical environment. Many aspects of air quality, weather, terrestrial ecosystems, and climate work differently in the tropics than in the more thoroughly studied temperate regions of Earth. GoAmazon2014/5, a cooperative project of Brazil, Germany, and the United States, employed an unparalleled suite of measurements at nine ground sites and on board two aircraft to investigate the flow of background air into Manaus, the emissions into the air over the city, and the advection of the pollution downwind of the city. Herein, to visualize this train of processes and its effects, observations aboard a low-flying aircraft are presented. Comparative measurements within and adjacent to the plume followed the emissions of biogenic volatile organic carbon compounds (BVOCs) from the tropical forest, their transformations by the atmospheric oxidant cycle, alterations of this cycle by the influence of the pollutants, transformations of the chemical products into aerosol particles, the relationship of these particles to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, and the differences in cloud properties and rainfall for background compared to polluted conditions. The observations of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment illustrate how the hydrologic cycle, radiation balance, and carbon recycling may be affected by present-day as well as future economic development and pollution over the Amazonian tropical forest.

Published
2017

22. Supplementary material to 'Sensitivities of Amazonian clouds to aerosols and updraft speed'

Author

Micael A. Cecchini, Luiz A. T. Machado, Meinrat O. Andreae, Scot T. Martin, Rachel I. Albrecht, Paulo Artaxo, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Stephan Borrmann, Daniel Fütterer, Tina Jurkat, Christoph Mahnke, Andreas Minikin, Sergej Molleker, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Daniel Rosenfeld, Christiane Voigt, Bernadett Wenzierl, and Manfred Wendisch

Published
2017

24. Aerosol concentrations determine the height of warm rain and ice initiation in convective clouds over the Amazon basin

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht, Ulrich Pöschl, Ramon Campos Braga, Christiane Voigt, Manfred Wendisch, Sergej Molleker, Tina Jurkat, Daniel Rosenfeld, Stephan Borrmann, Lucas Grulich, Meinrat O. Andreae, Daniel Vila, Christoph Mahnke, Ralf Weigel, and Luiz A. T. Machado

Subjects
Effective radius, Coalescence (physics), Convection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Nucleation, Effects of high altitude on humans, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Cloud base, Environmental science, Halo, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We have investigated how pollution aerosols affect the height above cloud base of rain and ice hydrometeor initiation and the subsequent vertical evolution of cloud droplet size and number concentrations in growing convective cumulus. For this purpose we used in-situ data of hydrometeor size distributions measured with instruments mounted on HALO (High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft) during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign over the Amazon during September 2014. The results show that the height of rain initiation by collision and coalescence processes (Dr, in units of meters above cloud base) is linearly correlated with the number concentration of droplets (Nd in cm−3) nucleated at cloud base (Dr ≈ 5 Nd). When Nd exceeded values of about 1000 cm−3, Dr became greater than 5000 m, and particles of precipitation size were initiated as ice hydrometeors. Therefore, no liquid water raindrops were observed within growing convective cumulus during polluted conditions. Furthermore, also the formation of ice particles took place at higher altitudes in the clouds in polluted conditions, because the resulting smaller cloud droplets froze at colder temperatures compared to the larger drops in the unpolluted cases. The measured vertical profiles of droplet effective radius (re) were close to those estimated by assuming adiabatic conditions (rea), supporting the hypothesis that the entrainment and mixing of air into convective clouds is almost completely inhomogeneous. Secondary nucleation of droplets on aerosol particles from biomass burning and air pollution reduced re below rea, which further inhibited the formation of raindrops and ice particles and resulted in even higher altitudes for rain and ice initiation.

Published
2017

25. Comparing parameterized versus measured microphysical properties of tropical convective cloud bases during the ACRIDICON–CHUVA campaign

Author

Daniel Vila, Paulo Artaxo, Manfred Wendisch, Rachel I. Albrecht, Christoph Mahnke, Ulrich Pöschl, Daniel Rosenfeld, Luiz A. T. Machado, Ralf Weigel, Thomas Klimach, Christopher Pöhlker, Ramon Campos Braga, Christiane Voigt, Stephan Borrmann, Mira L. Pöhlker, Sergej Molleker, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Tina Jurkat

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheric Science, could condenstion nuclei, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, supersaturation, Cloud computing, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Cloud base, Cloud condensation nuclei, cloud, Wolkenphysik, Adiabatic process, updraft, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Drop (liquid), CAS, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, Environmental science, Halo, business, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

The objective of this study is to validate parameterizations that were recently developed for satellite retrievals of cloud condensation nuclei supersaturation spectra, NCCN(S), at cloud base alongside more traditional parameterizations connecting NCCN(S) with cloud base updrafts and drop concentrations. This was based on the HALO aircraft measurements during the ACRIDICON–CHUVA campaign over the Amazon region, which took place in September 2014. The properties of convective clouds were measured with a cloud combination probe (CCP), a cloud and aerosol spectrometer (CAS-DPOL), and a CCN counter onboard the HALO aircraft. An intercomparison of the cloud drop size distributions (DSDs) and the cloud water content (CWC) derived from the different instruments generally shows good agreement within the instrumental uncertainties. To this end, the directly measured cloud drop concentrations (Nd) near cloud base were compared with inferred values based on the measured cloud base updraft velocity (Wb) and NCCN(S) spectra. The measurements of Nd at cloud base were also compared with drop concentrations (Na) derived on the basis of an adiabatic assumption and obtained from the vertical evolution of cloud drop effective radius (re) above cloud base. The measurements of NCCN(S) and Wb reproduced the observed Nd within the measurements uncertainties when the old (1959) Twomey's parameterization was used. The agreement between the measured and calculated Nd was only within a factor of 2 with attempts to use cloud base S, as obtained from the measured Wb, Nd, and NCCN(S). This underscores the yet unresolved challenge of aircraft measurements of S in clouds. Importantly, the vertical evolution of re with height reproduced the observation-based nearly adiabatic cloud base drop concentrations, Na. The combination of these results provides aircraft observational support for the various components of the satellite-retrieved methodology that was recently developed to retrieve NCCN(S) under the base of convective clouds. This parameterization can now be applied with the proper qualifications to cloud simulations and satellite retrievals.

Published
2017

26. The Chuva Project: How Does Convection Vary across Brazil?

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht, Luca Baldini, Steven J. Goodman, Wagner Flauber Araujo Lima, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Luiz A. T. Machado, Jeffrey C. Bailey, Luiz Fernando Sapucci, David R. Fitzjarrald, Thiago Biscaro, David K. Adams, Ali Tokay, Carlos A. Morales, Paola Salio, Christian Kummerow, Richard J. Blakeslee, Ernani de Lima Nascimento, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza, Gilberto Fisch, Julia Clarinda Paiva Cohen, Saulo R. Freitas, Christopher Cunningham, Walter A. Petersen, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Daniel Vila, Alan J. P. Calheiros, Carlos F. Angelis, Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias, Meiry S. Sakamoto, and Eduardo Landulfo

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Geography, Meteorology, amazonas, Weather and climate, Precipitation, lightning, Squall line, Lightning, Global Precipitation Measurement, convection, precipitation microphysics
Abstract

CHUVA, meaning “rain” in Portuguese, is the acronym for the Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud-Resolving Modeling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM). The CHUVA project has conducted five field campaigns; the sixth and last campaign will be held in Manaus in 2014. The primary scientific objective of CHUVA is to contribute to the understanding of cloud processes, which represent one of the least understood components of the weather and climate system. The five CHUVA campaigns were designed to investigate specific tropical weather regimes. The first two experiments, in Alcantara and Fortaleza in northeastern Brazil, focused on warm clouds. The third campaign, which was conducted in Belém, was dedicated to tropical squall lines that often form along the sea-breeze front. The fourth campaign was in the Vale do Paraiba of southeastern Brazil, which is a region with intense lightning activity. In addition to contributing to the understanding of cloud process evolution from storms to thunderstorms, this fourth campaign also provided a high-fidelity total lightning proxy dataset for the NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-R program. The fifth campaign was carried out in Santa Maria, in southern Brazil, a region of intense hailstorms associated with frequent mesoscale convective complexes. This campaign employed a multimodel high-resolution ensemble experiment. The data collected from contrasting precipitation regimes in tropical continental regions allow the various cloud processes in diverse environments to be compared. Some examples of these previous experiments are presented to illustrate the variability of convection across the tropics.

Published
2014

27. Simple shear tests with a varying shearing direction during cyclic shearing

Author

Christina Rudolph, Jürgen Grabe, and I. Albrecht

Subjects
Shearing (physics), Simple shear, Shear rate, Test series, Materials science, Stress path, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Shear stress, Geotechnical engineering, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Pile
Abstract

Tests with cyclic lateral loading on a pile have shown that the pile reacts to a change of loading direction with increasing accumulation of lateral displacements. This phenomenon is known as ‘pile drift’. To investigate this behaviour at small scale under laboratory conditions, a specifically designed simple shear apparatus with two shearing axes was developed. This paper presents the first results from tests with this apparatus. The first test series consisted of monotonic tests with different densities and cyclic tests on dense sand with varying load level and varying angle of loading ψ. The cyclic tests showed an increased accumulation of shear strain if the shearing direction varied during cyclic shearing.

Published
2014

29. Comparing calculated microphysical properties of tropical convective clouds at cloud base with measurements during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign

Author

Mira L. Pöhlker, Luiz A. T. Machado, Manfred Wendisch, Ramon Campos Braga, Paulo Artaxo, Stephan Borrmann, Sergej Molleker, Daniel Rosenfeld, Rachel I. Albrecht, Daniel Vila, Ulrich Pöschl, Christiane Voigt, Christopher Pöhlker, Tina Jurkat, Meinrat O. Andreae, Ralf Weigel, Thomas Klimach, and Christoph Mahnke

Subjects
Convection, Meteorology, Cloud base, Environmental science, Atmospheric sciences, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Reliable aircraft measurements of cloud microphysical properties are essential for understanding liquid convective cloud formation. In September 2014, the properties of convective clouds were measured with a Cloud Combination Probe (CCP), a Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS-DPOL), and a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter on board the HALO (High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft) aircraft during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign over the Amazon region. An intercomparison of the cloud drop size distributions (DSDs) and the cloud water content derived from the different instruments generally shows good agreement within the instrumental uncertainties. The objective of this study is to validate several parameterizations for liquid cloud formation in tropical convection. To this end the directly measured cloud drop concentrations (Nd) near cloud base were compared with inferred values based on the measured cloud base updraft velocity (Wb) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) vs. supersaturation (S) spectra. The measurements of Nd at cloud base were also compared with drop concentrations (Na) derived on the basis of an adiabatic assumption and obtained from the vertical evolution of cloud drop effective radius (re) above cloud base. The results demonstrate agreement of the measured and theoretically expected values of Nd based on CCN, S, Wb at cloud base, and the height profile of re. The measurements of NCCN(S) and Wb did reproduce the observed Nd. Furthermore, the vertical evolution of re with height reproduced the observation-based nearly adiabatic cloud base drop concentrations, Na. Achieving such good agreement is possible only with accurate measurements of DSDs. This agreement supports the validity of the applied parameterizations for continental convective cloud evolution, which now can be used more confidently in simulations and satellite retrievals.

Published
2016

30. On Mathematical Modelling of Time-Related Musical Structures

Author

I. Albrecht

Subjects
Statistics and Probability, Codomain, Algebraic structure, Applied Mathematics, General Mathematics, Binary number, Context (language use), Musical, Characterization (mathematics), Algebra, Morphism, Monotone polygon, Computer Science::Sound, Mathematics::Category Theory, Mathematics
Abstract

In this article, the first steps towards mathematical modelling of time-related musical structures are taken, and the algebraic structure of musical time relations is elaborated starting from a perceptive point of view. A basic characterization of fundamental properties of perceived time relations and their interpretations regarding musical context are given, and some mathematical properties of the proposed definitions are examined. Stemming from musical motivation, a category is found whose objects are finite strict (partially) ordered sets and whose morphisms are weakly monotone and reflect the strict order of the codomain. The category is found to have initial and terminal objects, equalizers, and coequalizers but fails to have binary products or coproducts.

Published
2013

31. The ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign: Studying tropical deep convective clouds and precipitation over Amazonia using the new German research aircraft HALO

Author

Manfred Wendisch, Micael A. Cecchini, Luiz A. T. Machado, Fabian Frank, Emma Järvinen, Daniel Fütterer, Daniel Vila, Rachel I. Albrecht, David Walter, Joachim Curtius, Armin Afchine, Diana Rose, Marcel Dorf, Matthias Knecht, Ralf Weigel, Evelyn Jäkel, Frank Werner, Maximilian Dollner, Antonio Spanu, Trismono Candra Krisna, Björn Nillius, Christopher Pöhlker, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Anke Roiger, Tilman Hüneke, Sergej Molleker, Steffen Münch, Christoph Mahnke, Tina Jurkat, Paul Stock, Helmut Ziereis, Ahmed Abdelmonem, Karla Longo, Tobias Kölling, Udo Kästner, Mareike Kenntner, M. L. Krüger, Martin Schnaiter, Ramon Campos Braga, Heinfried Aufmhoff, Rebecca Kohl, Volker Ebert, Ulrich Pöschl, Sandra Kanter, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Antonio O. Manzi, Paulo Artaxo, Thomas Klimach, Bernhard Mayer, Daniel Rosenfeld, André Ehrlich, Martin Zöger, Gilberto Fisch, Dagmar Rosenow, Hans Schlager, Johannes Schneider, V. Dreiling, Christiane Schulz, Meinrat O. Andreae, Bernhard Buchholz, Tobias Zinner, Christopher Heckl, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza, Florian Ewald, Stephan Borrmann, Alessandro Araújo, Fabian Heidelberg, Scot T. Martin, Marcia Akemi Yamasoe, Daniel Sauer, Andreas Fix, Jost V. Lavric, Martina Krämer, Stephan Mertes, Bernadett Weinzierl, Andreas Minikin, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Adrian Walser, Christiane Voigt, and Anja Costa

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheric Science, ACRIDICON–CHUVA, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Research Aircraft, Cloud computing, Precipitation Formation, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mess- und Sensortechnik OP, Precipitation (meteorology), tropical deep convective clouds, Remote Sensing, Halo, Amazonia, Clouds, Range (aeronautics), ddc:550, Radiative transfer, Precipitation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Lidar, Anthropogenic Aerosols, Verkehrsmeteorologie, business.industry, Amazon rainforest, Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe, Deep Convective Clouds, Projektmanagement Flugexperimente OP, Aerosol, Atmospheric Thermodynamics, Environmental science, business, Cloud Life Cycle, Global Precipitation Measurement
Abstract

Between 1 September and 4 October 2014, a combined airborne and ground-based measurement campaign was conducted to study tropical deep convective clouds over the Brazilian Amazon rain forest. The new German research aircraft, High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO), a modified Gulfstream G550, and extensive ground-based instrumentation were deployed in and near Manaus (State of Amazonas). The campaign was part of the German–Brazilian Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems–Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modeling and to the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) (ACRIDICON– CHUVA) venture to quantify aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions and their thermodynamic, dynamic, and radiative effects by in situ and remote sensing measurements over Amazonia. The ACRIDICON–CHUVA field observations were carried out in cooperation with the second intensive operating period of Green Ocean Amazon 2014/15 (GoAmazon2014/5). In this paper we focus on the airborne data measured on HALO, which was equipped with about 30 in situ and remote sensing instruments for meteorological, trace gas, aerosol, cloud, precipitation, and spectral solar radiation measurements. Fourteen research flights with a total duration of 96 flight hours were performed. Five scientific topics were pursued: 1) cloud vertical evolution and life cycle (cloud profiling), 2) cloud processing of aerosol particles and trace gases (inflow and outflow), 3) satellite and radar validation (cloud products), 4) vertical transport and mixing (tracer experiment), and 5) cloud formation over forested/deforested areas. Data were collected in near-pristine atmospheric conditions and in environments polluted by biomass burning and urban emissions. The paper presents a general introduction of the ACRIDICON– CHUVA campaign (motivation and addressed research topics) and of HALO with its extensive instrument package, as well as a presentation of a few selected measurement results acquired during the flights for some selected scientific topics.

Published
2016

32. A study of charge structure sensitivity in simulated thunderstorms

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht, R. Mitzeva, Boryana Tsenova, and Walter A. Petersen

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, Thunderstorm, Environmental science, Charge density, Charge (physics), Stage (hydrology), Sensitivity (control systems), Kinematics, Atmospheric electricity, Parametrization
Abstract

Two different thunderstorms are simulated by two distinct one-dimensional cloud models using four different parameterisations of the non-inductive mechanism of electric charging, based on laboratory studies. The results demonstrate that during the early (pre-lightning) stage of thunderstorm electrification, simulated charge density depends not only on the model charging parameterisation employed, but also on the specific representations of the kinematics and microphysical characteristics of the model itself. Though no conclusions are drawn regarding the physical suitability of the charging parameterisations themselves, the analysis indicates that the most significant differences between the simulated charge structures of the clouds produced in each particular model are the result of different distributions of model cloud characteristics and of the type of parameterisation of the microphysical processes. The study reveals that it is too early to make any conclusion regarding which, if any, of the existing parameterisation schemes are better suited to the realistic simulation of electrical charging in real clouds.

Published
2009

33. Application of lightning to passive microwave convective and stratiform partitioning in passive microwave rainfall retrieval algorithm over land from TRMM

Author

Nai-Yu Wang, Kaushik Gopalan, and Rachel I. Albrecht

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, law.invention, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Range (statistics), Precipitation, Radar, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Lightning, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Brightness temperature, Environmental science, Satellite, Microwave
Abstract

[1] This study analyzes relationships between lightning flash rate, radar reflectivity factor (reflectivity), and passive microwave brightness temperature (Tb) for convective and stratiform precipitation over land using multiyear data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. A new convective and stratiform index (CSI (an estimate of convective areal fraction)) for the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) is developed from the analysis. Four years of TRMM TMI, Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), and Precipitation Radar (PR) data (2002–2005) are colocated and remapped to 0.1 and 0.05 degree grids for analysis. The scientific objective of this study is to understand the relationship between lightning and active and passive microwave precipitation observations and explore ways of using lightning information to enhance the discrimination between convective and stratiform precipitation in TMI rain rate retrieval algorithm. PR provides the reference convective and stratiform classification and is coincident with LIS which reports lightning parameters such as the occurrence (yes or no) and flash rates. Analysis of ∼14 million coincident precipitating TRMM measurements over land (i.e., excluding oceans and coasts) reveals that 6% of rain data have lightning flash rates greater than zero. For all lightning data, 60% have 0–1 fl min−1, 28% have 1–2 fl min−1, and 12% have flash rates greater than 2 fl min−1. Overall, 86.5% (13.5%) of lightning occurred in convective (stratiform) precipitation. In other words, stratiform rainfall is predominant when LIS detects no lightning, and the convective rain probability increases with increasing lightning frequency. For example, 34% of rainfall is convective for low flash rates (0–1 fl/min), whereas the convective probability increases to 99.7% for high flash rates (>=2 fl/min). This study develops a simple method that incorporates lightning into the CSI to test if lightning can help passive microwave (PM) delineate convective and stratiform precipitation. LIS lightning occurrence and flash rates (i.e., no flash, 0–1 fl/min, 1–2 fl/min, and >2 fl/min) are used to preclassify TMI Tbs into four groups of increasing convective probability. Multivariable linear regression is then applied to each group to derive the CSI. Results reveal that lightning information primarily improves the identification of highly convective rainfall by correctly shifting microwave observations previously identified as moderate to highly convective. Alternatively, the absence of lightning also helps PM to identify likely stratiform. Overall, including lightning information results in a decrease of bias error of 6% and a small increase in RMS error of 4.5% on the entire range of rainfall rates.

Published
2012

34. EVOLUÇÃO TEMPORAL DA PRECIPITAÇÃO E ATIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DE UMA TEMPESTADE COM OCORRÊNCIA DE TEMPO SEVERO

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht and Rebeca Fonseca de Oliveira Pereira

Subjects
Lightning detection, Meteorology, Severe weather, Storm, Lightning, law.invention, Geography, dBZ, law, Climatology, Radar imaging, Convective storm detection, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Precipitation, General Environmental Science
Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of rainfall and electrification of a Convective System, which occured on March 12, 2012 over the city of São Paulo, during the time interval from 1830 to 1945 UTC. An analysis was made of the behavior of the three dimensional structure of radar reflectivity and lightning type Intra-cloud (IN) and Cloud-Solo (NS), based on two lightning detection networks installed in the region during the RAIN Project, in order to correlate the occurrence of severe weather to the evolution of cloud ascending current, precipitation formation and electrification of this storm. It was observed by the reflectivity of the FCTH Radar images that, at times, the SC showed high values of reflectivity, with over 70 dBZ and indicating the presence of hail within the system. Through the behavior of electrical discharges, it is also noted that these accompany the displacement and intensity of the updraft and through the lightning jump, it is possible to detect in advance whether if the storm is intensifying or not. If so, this storm could possibly become a severe weather and cause serious damage to society.

Published
2016

35. Aerosol indirect effect on tropospheric ozone via lightning

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht, Dale J. Allen, Kenneth E. Pickering, Hongbin Yu, Jerald R. Ziemke, Tianle Yuan, Lorraine A. Remer, Lazaros Oreopoulos, Steven J. Goodman, and Huisheng Bian

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Soil Science, Forcing (mathematics), Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Tropospheric ozone, NOx, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Radiative forcing, Lightning, Aerosol, Geophysics, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Greenhouse gas, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract

[1] Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a pollutant and major greenhouse gas and its radiative forcing is still uncertain. Inadequate understanding of processes related to O3 production, in particular those natural ones such as lightning, contributes to this uncertainty. Here we demonstrate a new effect of aerosol particles on O3production by affecting lightning activity and lightning-generated NOx (LNOx). We find that lightning flash rate increases at a remarkable rate of 30 times or more per unit of aerosol optical depth. We provide observational evidence that indicates the observed increase in lightning activity is caused by the influx of aerosols from a volcano. Satellite data analyses show O3is increased as a result of aerosol-induced increase in lightning and LNOx, which is supported by modle simulations with prescribed lightning change. O3production increase from this aerosol-lightning-ozone link is concentrated in the upper troposphere, where O3 is most efficient as a greenhouse gas. In the face of anthropogenic aerosol increase our findings suggest that lightning activity, LNOx and O3, especially in the upper troposphere, have all increased substantially since preindustrial time due to the proposed aerosol-lightning-ozone link, which implies a stronger O3 historical radiative forcing. Aerosol forcing therefore has a warming component via its effect on O3 production and this component has mostly been ignored in previous studies of climate forcing related to O3and aerosols. Sensitivity simulations suggest that 4–8% increase of column tropospheric ozone, mainly in the tropics, is expected if aerosol-lighting-ozone link is parameterized, depending on the background emission scenario. We note, however, substantial uncertainties remain on the exact magnitude of aerosol effect on tropospheric O3 via lightning. The challenges for obtaining a quantitative global estimate of this effect are also discussed. Our results have significant implications for understanding past and projecting future tropospheric O3forcing as well as wildfire changes and call for integrated investigations of the coupled aerosol-cloud-chemistry system.

Published
2012

36. Effect of bacterial ice nuclei on the frequency and intensity of lightning activity inferred by the BRAMS model

Author

Fábio Luiz Teixeira Gonçalves, Carlos A. Morales, Rachel I. Albrecht, M. A. F. Silva Dias, Jorge Martins, Cindy E. Morris, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas [Sao Paulo] (IAG), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana, DSA/CPTEC, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Station de Pathologie Végétale (AVI-PATHO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Epicurus Fund, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas [São Paulo] (IAG), Unité de Pathologie Végétale (PV), and Gonçalves, F.L.T.

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, modèle atmosphérique, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, cycle de l'eau, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Atmospheric model, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Biodiversity and Ecology, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, BIOMETEOROLOGIA, law, 0103 physical sciences, phénomène météorologique, Precipitation, Météorologie, modélisation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, bactérie phytopathogène, bactérie, 0303 health sciences, brésil, Bactériologie, climat, Ice crystals, 030306 microbiology, Bacteriology, simulation, Lightning, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, lcsh:QC1-999, pseudomonas, flux, atmosphère, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Radiosonde, Ice nucleus, Thunderstorm, Environmental science, bactérie glacogène, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Many studies from the last decades have shown that airborne microorganisms can be intrinsically linked to atmospheric processes. Certain bacteria may constitute the most active ice nuclei found in the atmosphere and might have some influence on the formation of ice crystals in clouds. This study deals with the ice nucleation activity of Pseudomonas syringae inside of thunderstorms through numerical simulations using BRAMS (Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Model System). The numerical simulations were developed in order to investigate the effect on the total amount of rainwater as a function of ice nuclei (IN) P. syringae concentrations with different scenarios (classified as S2 to S4 scenarios) corresponding to a maximum of 102 to 104 IN bacteria per liter of cloud water plus the BRAMS default (classified as S5 scenario). Additionally, two other scenarios were included without any IN (S1) and the sum of RAMS default and S4 scenario (classified as S6). The chosen radiosonde data is for 3 March 2003, typical summertime in São Paulo City which presents a strong convective cell. The objective of the simulations was to analyze the effect of the IN concentrations on the BRAMS modeled cloud properties and precipitation. The simulated electrification of the cloud permitted analysis of the total flashes estimated from precipitable and non-precipitable ice mass fluxes in two different lightning frequencies. Among all scenarios, only S4 and S6 presented a tendency to decrease the total cloud water, and all bacteria scenarios presented a tendency to decrease the total amount of rain (−8%), corroborating other reports in the literature. All bacteria scenarios also present higher precipitable ice concentrations compared to S5 scenario, the RAMS default. The main results present the total flash number per simulation as well. From the results, the total flash numbers, from both lightning frequencies, in S4 and S6 scenarios, are from 3.1 to 3.7 higher than the BRAMS default. Even the lower bacterial concentrations (scenarios S2 and S3) produced 3 time higher number of flashes, compared to S5 scenario. This result is a function of the hydrometeors in each simulation. In conclusion, IN bacteria could affect directly the thunderstorm structure and lightning formation with many other microphysical implications.

Published
2012

37. Electrification of precipitating systems over the Amazon: Physical processes of thunderstorm development

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht, Carlos A. Morales, and Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias

Subjects
Convection, Pollution, Atmospheric Science, media_common.quotation_subject, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, Atmosphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Cloud base, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, media_common, Vertically integrated liquid, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Lightning, Aerosol, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Thunderstorm, Environmental science
Abstract

[1] This study investigated the physical processes involved in the development of thunderstorms over southwestern Amazon by hypothesizing causalities for the observed cloud-to-ground lightning variability and the local environmental characteristics. Southwestern Amazon experiences every year a large variety of environmental factors, such as the gradual increase in atmospheric moisture, extremely high pollution due to biomass burning, and intense deforestation, which directly affects cloud development by differential surface energy partition. In the end of the dry period it was observed higher percentages of positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning due to a relative increase in +CG dominated thunderstorms (positive thunderstorms). Positive (negative) thunderstorms initiated preferentially over deforested (forest) areas with higher (lower) cloud base heights, shallower (deeper) warm cloud depths, and higher (lower) convective potential available energy. These features characterized the positive (negative) thunderstorms as deeper (relatively shallower) clouds, stronger (relatively weaker) updrafts with enhanced (decreased) mixed and cold vertically integrated liquid. No significant difference between thunderstorms (negative and positive) and nonthunderstorms were observed in terms of atmospheric pollution, once the atmosphere was overwhelmed by pollution leading to an updraft-limited regime. However, in the wet season both negative and positive thunderstorms occurred during periods of relatively higher aerosol concentration and differentiated size distributions, suggesting an aerosol-limited regime where cloud electrification could be dependent on the aerosol concentration to suppress the warm and enhance the ice phase. The suggested causalities are consistent with the invoked hypotheses, but they are not observed facts; they are just hypotheses based on plausible physical mechanisms.

Published
2011

38. [The pro-inflammatory immunological memory : twist1 as a marker for chronically activated T lymphocytes]

Author

I, Albrecht, U, Niesner, M, Janke, A, Radbruch, and H, Chang

Subjects
Multiple Sclerosis, T-Lymphocytes, Twist-Related Protein 1, Nuclear Proteins, Th1 Cells, Lymphocyte Activation, Adoptive Transfer, Arthritis, Experimental, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Disease Models, Animal, Mice, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Animals, Humans, Immunologic Memory
Abstract

State-of-the-art immunosuppressive therapies, though efficient in the treatment of rheumatic inflammatory disorders, in most cases do not provide a cure. Complete immunablation and the associated deletion of the reactive immunological memory followed by reconstitution of the "healthy" immune system from stem cells results in a therapy-free remission in many patients suffering from rheumatic diseases. Chronically activated T helper (Th) lymphocytes seem to play a critical role in this reactive pathogenic memory. We have shown that the transcription factor twist1 is specifically expressed in chronically activated, inflammatory Th cells. Twist1 as a biomarker for such Th cells enables the identification and elucidation of the role of Th cells in chronic inflammation and opens new therapeutic options for the targeted manipulation of the pathogenic, reactive memory, such as the targeted deletion of twist1 expressing pathogenic Th cells.

Published
2008

39. Electrification of precipitating systems over the Amazon: Physical and dynamical processes of thunderstorm development

Author

Rachel I. Albrecht, Carlos Augusto Morales Rodriguez, Carlos Augusto Morales Rodriguez, Paulo Eduardo Artaxo Netto, Maria Assuncao Faus da Silva Dias, Widinei Alves Fernandes, and Jorge Alberto Martins

Subjects
Geography
Abstract

Os sistemas convectivos da região Amazônica possuem características microfísicas peculiares, que variam de um caráter convectivo marítimo (estação chuvosa) a continental (estação de transição seca-chuvosa). Essas características modulam a eletrificação desses sistemas, porém ainda não se sabe quais são os processos dominantes que intensificam o número de descargas elétricas de uma estação para outra: efeito dos aerossóis, termodinâmico, grande-escala ou topografia? Para responder à essa pergunta, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar a importância de cada um desses efeitos na eletrificação dos sistemas convectivos da Amazônia. A metodologia foi baseada em análises de dados observacionais do experimento de campo DRYTOWET e em um modelo numérico com parametrizações de transferências de cargas e descargas elétricas. A análise do ciclo anual das descargas elétricas do tipo nuvem-solo (CGs) mostrou que a atividade elétrica dos sistemas precipitantes da região sudoeste da Amazônia aumenta durante a transição da estação seca para a estação chuvosa (Agosto a Setembro), associada aos sistemas convectivos com maior desenvolvimento vertical que acontecem nesse período. Com o estabelecimento da estação chuvosa (Novembro a Março), o número de CGs diminui porém a atividade elétrica ainda se mantêm. A porcentagem desses totais de CGs que tinham polaridade positiva (+CGs) tem média de 12% durante todo o ano, aumentando drasticamente para até 25% em Setembro, durante a transição entre as estações secas e chuvosa. Esse aumento da %+CGs ocorreu simultaneamente ao aumento da poluição atmosférica provocada pela queima de biomassa das pastagens realizada pelos fazendeiros locais, que as preparam para a agricultura e pecuária durante o início das primeiras chuvas. Por outro lado, o aumento da %+CGs das tempestades também ocorreu preferencialmente sobre a área de pastagem do estado de Rondônia. Através da análise de dados de radar dos sistemas precipitantes que ocorreram durante o experimento DRYTOWET, foi constatado que as tempestades positivas (tempestades que produzem mais de 50% de +CGs em 50% de seu tempo de vida) se formaram em ambientes mais secos e com alturas do nível de convecção por levantamento (NCL, altura da base da nuvem) maiores do que as demais tempestades (tempestades negativas), durante todo o experimento mas com maiores diferenças durante o final da estação seca (Setembro-Outubro). Com altura da base da nuvem mais elevada, a espessura da camada quente (ECQ - base da nuvem até a isoterma de 0oC) diminui, aumentando assim a velocidade das correntes ascendentes através de um melhor processamento da energia potencial disponível para convecção (CAPE) devido a um menor entranhamento. O aumento da velocidade das correntes ascendentes dentro da nuvem resulta em tempestades mais profundas e mais intensas. O efeito do aumento do NCL é uma característica das regiões com vegetação de pastagem, onde a razão entre o calor sensível e latente na superfície é maior do que as áreas florestadas, aumentando a altura da camada limite planetária. As diferenças de concentração total e distribuição de tamanho dos aerossóis devido ao aumento da poluição durante a transição entre as estações seca e chuvosa não foram conclusivas quanto a um possível efeito na distribuição de hidrometeoros das tempestade positivas e negativas, uma vez que o ciclo diurno da concentração dos aerossóis acompanha o ciclo diurno da camada limite planetária, que também regula o efeito da ECQ. Simulações numéricas com um modelo 1D de nuvem, acoplado à parametrizações de transferências de cargas elétricas entre hidrometeoros e raios, mostraram que a estrutura termodinâmica da atmosfera foi a maior responsável pela eletrificação das tempestades simuladas, aumentando a velocidade das correntes ascendentes. O efeito do aumento do número de aerossóis, que inibe da fase quente da nuvem e conseqüentemente fortalece a da fase fria da nuvem fornecendo mais vapor e gotículas de nuvem para essa região, provocou a diminuição da quantidade de granizo nas tempestades simuladas e o aumento de partículas agregadas menores, como os flocos de neve e graupel, diminuindo a freqüência de raios. Amazonian convective systems have unique microphysical characteristics, varying from a maritime convective behavior (rainy season) to a continental behavior (wet-dry transition season). These characteristics modulate the electrification of these systems, however it is still not well understood which are the dominant processes that intensify the frequency of lightning from one season to another: aerosol effect, thermodynamics, large-scale variability, landscape or topography? To answer this question, the objective of this study was to identify and quantify the importance of each one of these effects on the electrification of convective systems over the Amazon. The methodology was based on the analysis of observational data from the field experiment DRYTOWET and a numerical model with charge transfer parameterizations and lightning discharges. The cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharges annual cycle presented that the electrical activity of the southwestern Amazonian precipitating systems increased during the transition between the dry and wet seasons (August to September), in association with the convective systems deepening. With the establishment of the wet season (November to March), the number of CGs decreased but the electrical activity continued. The mean annual percentage of cloud-to-ground lightning of positive polarity (+CGs) was 12%, increasing drastically to 25% in September during the transition between the dry and wet seasons. This percentage of +CGs raise happened simultaneously with the increase in the atmospheric pollution due to the pasture biomass burning, held by local farmers to prepare the soil for agriculture and livestock during the begging of first rains. On the other hand, the increase in %+CGs also occurred preferentially over pasture areas of Rondonia state. Through the analysis of radar precipitating systems that occurred during the field campaign DRYTOWET, it was noted that positive thunderstorms (storms that produced more than 50% of +CGs over 50% of their life time) were initiated in drier and higher lift condensation levels (cloud base height) environments than other storms (negative thunderstorms) during all the field experiment, especially in the end of the dry season (September-October). A higher cloud base height is associated with a shallower warm cloud depth (cloud base height to the 0oC isotherm) and consequently less entrainment, increasing the updrafts due to a more efficient processing of the convective available potential energy (CAPE). This increase in updrafts inside the clouds results in deeper and stronger thunderstorms. The higher cloud base heights is a characteristic from pasture regions, where the ratio between sensible and latent heats at surface is greater than forested areas, which increases the top of the planetary boundary layer. The differences in the aerosol total concentration and size distribution, due to the increase in the atmospheric pollution during the transition between the dry and wet seasons, were inconclusive in a possible aerosol effect in the strength of positive and negative thunderstorms, once the aerosol concentration diurnal cycle follows the cycle of the planetary boundary layer, that also regulates the warm cloud depth effect. Numerical simulation of an 1D cloud model, coupled with charge transfer between the hydrometeors, showed that the thermodynamic structure was the main responsible feature for cloud electrification, increasing the updraft velocities. The pollution effect was masked in simulations, which inhibit the warm precipitation and consequently strength the the mixed and cold regions of the cloud, was responsible for an increase in the number of smaller aggregated particles, like snow flakes and graupel, decreasing the electrification and lightning frequency.

Published
2008

40. Targeting of memory

Author

U, Niesner, I, Albrecht, and A, Radbruch

Subjects
Inflammation, B-Lymphocytes, T-Lymphocytes, Antibody Formation, Chronic Disease, Animals, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Immunosuppressive Agents
Abstract

Current therapeutic options that are based on immunosuppression do not provide a cure for the treatment of chronic inflammation. Though more efficient immunosuppression and the introduction of biologicals such as antibodies targeting cytokines have improved clinical outcomes, immunosuppressive therapy has to be continued to be efficient, thus enhancing the risk of adverse events and undesired side effects. Why can immunosuppression ameliorate, even stop, but not cure chronic inflammation? Is chronic inflammation perpetuated beyond suppression by mechanisms independent of the immune system, or is it perpetuated by components of the immune system which are resistant to a block of ongoing immune reactions? One such component of the immune system is immunological memory. This article will review the role of immunological memory in chronic inflammation, as far as we understand it today, and discuss implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aiming at a cure for diseases involving chronic inflammation.

Published
2007

42. Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance

Author

Schael, S Barate, R Bruneliere, R Buskulic, D De Bonis, I Decamp, D Ghez, P Goy, C Jezequel, S Lees, JP and Lucotte, A Martin, F Merle, E Minard, MN Nief, JY and Odier, P Pietrzyk, B Trocme, B Bravo, S Casado, MP and Chmeissani, M Comas, P Crespo, JM Fernandez, E and Fernandez-Bosman, M Garrido, L Grauges, E Juste, A and Martinez, M Merino, G Miquel, R Mir, LM Orteu, S and Pacheco, A Park, IC Perlas, J Riu, I Ruiz, H and Sanchez, F Colaleo, A Creanza, D De Filippis, N de Palma, M Iaselli, G Maggi, G Maggi, M Nuzzo, S and Ranieri, A Raso, G Ruggieri, F Selvaggi, G Silvestris, L and Tempesta, P Tricomi, A Zito, G Huang, X Lin, J and Ouyang, Q Wang, T Xie, Y Xu, R Xue, S Zhang, J and Zhang, L Zhao, W Abbaneo, D Bazarko, A Becker, U and Boix, G Bird, F Blucher, E Bonvicini, B Bright-Thomas, P and Barklow, T Buchmuller, O Cattaneo, M Cerutti, F and Ciulli, V Clerbaux, B Drevermann, H Forty, RW Frank, M and Greening, TC Hagelberg, R Halley, AW Gianotti, F and Girone, M Hansen, JB Harvey, J Jacobsen, R Hutchcroft, DE Janot, R Jost, B Knobloch, J Kado, M Lehraus, I and Lazeyras, P Maley, R Mato, P May, J Moutussi, A and Pepe-Altarelli, M Ranjard, F Rolandi, L Schlatter, D and Schmitt, B Schneider, O Tejessy, W Teubert, F Tomalin, IR Tournefier, E Veenhof, R Valassi, A Wiedenmann, W and Wright, AE Ajaltouni, Z Badaud, F Chazelle, G Deschamps, O Dessagne, S Falvard, A Ferdi, C Fayolle, D Gay, P and Guicheney, C Henrard, P Jousset, J Michel, B and Monteil, S Montret, JC Pallin, D Pascolo, JM Perret, P and Podlyski, F Bertelsen, H Fernley, T Hansen, JD and Hansen, JR Hansen, PH Kraan, AC Lindahl, A Mollerud, R and Nilsson, BS Rensch, B Waananen, A Daskalakis, G and Kyriakis, A Markou, C Simopoulou, E Siotis, I Vayaki, A and Zachariadou, K Blondel, A Bonneaud, G Brient, JC and Machefert, E Rouge, A Rumpf, M Swynghedauw, M Tanaka, R and Verderi, M Videau, H Ciulli, V Focardi, E Parrini, G and Zachariadou, K Corden, M Georgiopoulos, C Antonelli, A and Antonelli, M Bencivenni, G Bologna, G Bossi, F and Campana, P Capon, G Cerutti, F Chiarella, V Felici, G and Laurelli, P Mannocchi, G Murtas, GP Passalacqua, L and Picchi, P Colrain, P Ten Have, I Hughes, IS Kennedy, J and Knowles, IG Lynch, JG Morton, WT Negus, P O'Shea, V and Raine, C Reeves, P Scarr, JM Smith, K Thompson, AS and Turnbull, RM Wasserbaech, S Buchmuller, O Cavanaugh, R and Dhamotharan, S Geweniger, C Hanke, P Hansper, G and Hepp, V Kluge, EE Putzer, A Sommer, J Stenzel, H and Tittel, K Werner, W Wunsch, M Beuselinck, R Binnie, DM and Cameron, W Davies, G Dornan, PJ Goodsir, S and Marinelli, N Martin, EB Nash, J Nowell, J Rutherford, SA and Sedgbeer, JK Thompson, JC White, R Williams, MD and Ghete, VM Girtler, P Kneringer, E Kuhn, D Rudolph, G and Bouhova-Thacker, E Bowdery, CK Buck, PG Clarke, DP and Ellis, G Finch, AJ Foster, F Hughes, G Jones, RWL and Keemer, NR Pearson, MR Robertson, NA Sloan, T Smizanska, M Snow, SW Williams, MI van der Aa, O Delaere, C and Leibenguth, G Lemaitre, V Bauerdick, LAT Blumenschein, U and van Gemmeren, P Giehl, I Holldorfer, F Jakobs, K and Kasemann, M Kayser, F Kleinknecht, K Muller, AS Quast, G and Renk, B Rohne, E Sander, HG Schmeling, S Wachsmuth, H Wanke, R Zeitnitz, C Ziegler, T Aubert, JJ and Benchouk, C Bonissent, A Carr, J Coyle, P Curtil, C and Ealet, A Etienne, F Fouchez, D Motsch, F Payre, P and Rousseau, D Tilquin, A Talby, M Thulasides, M Aleppo, M and Antonelli, M Ragusa, F Buscher, V David, A Dietl, H and Ganis, G Huttmann, K Lutjens, G Mannert, C Manner, W and Moser, HG Settles, R Seywerd, H Stenzel, H Villegas, M Wiedenmann, W Wolf, G Azzurri, P Boucrot, J and Callot, O Chen, S Cordier, A Davier, M Duflot, L and Grivaz, JF Heusse, P Jacholkowska, A Le Diberder, F and Lefrancois, J Mutz, AM Schune, MH Serin, L Veillet, JJ and Videau, I Zerwas, D Azzurri, P Bagliesi, G and Bettarini, S Boccali, T Bozzi, C Calderini, G Dell'Orso, R Fantechi, R Ferrante, I Fidecaro, F Foa, L and Giammanco, A Giassi, A Gregorio, A Ligabue, F Lusiani, A and Marrocchesi, PS Messineo, A Palla, F Rizzo, G and Sanguinetti, G Sciaba, A Sguazzoni, G Spagnolo, P and Steinberger, J Tenchini, R Venturi, A Vannini, C and Venturi, A Verdini, PG Awunor, O Blair, GA Cowan, G and Garcia-Bellido, A Green, MG Medcalf, T Misiejuk, A and Strong, JA Teixeira-Dias, P Botterill, DR Clifft, RW and Edgecock, TR Edwards, M Haywood, SJ Norton, PR Tomalin, IR Ward, JJ Bloch-Devaux, B Boumediene, D Colas, P and Emery, S Fabbro, B Kozanecki, W Lancon, E Lemaire, MC and Locci, E Perez, P Rander, J Renardy, JF Roussarie, A and Schuller, JP Schwindling, J Tuchming, B Vallage, B and Black, SN Dann, JH Kim, HY Konstantinidis, N Litke, AM and McNeil, MA Taylor, G Booth, CN Cartwright, S and Combley, F Hodgson, PN Lehto, M Thompson, LF and Affholderbach, K Barberio, E Bohrer, A Brandt, S and Burkhardt, H Feigl, E Grupen, C Hess, J Lutters, G and Meinhard, H Minguet-Rodriguez, J Mirabito, L Misiejuk, A and Neugebauer, E Ngac, A Prange, G Rivera, F Saraiva, P and Schafer, U Sieler, U Smolik, L Stephan, F Trier, H and Apollonio, M Borean, C Bosisio, L Della Marina, R and Giannini, G Gobbo, B Musolino, G Pitis, L He, H Kim, H Putz, J Rothberg, J Armstrong, SR Bellantoni, L and Berkelman, K Cinabro, D Conway, JS Cranmer, K Elmer, P and Feng, Z Ferguson, DPS Gao, Y Gonzalez, S Grahl, J and Harton, JL Hayes, OJ Hu, H Jin, S Johnson, RP and Kile, J McNamara, PA Nielsen, J Orejudos, W Pan, Y and Saadi, Y Scott, IJ Sharma, V Walsh, AM Walsh, J and Wear, J von Wimmersperg-Toeller, JH Wiedenmann, W Wu, J and Wu, SL Wu, X Yamartino, JM Zobernig, G Dissertori, G and Abdallah, J Abreu, P Adam, W Adye, T Adzic, P and Ajinenko, I Albrecht, T Alderweireld, T Alekseev, GD and Alemany-Fernandez, R Allmendinger, T Allport, PP Almehed, S and Amaldi, U Amapane, N Amato, S Anashkin, E and Anassontzis, EG Andersson, P Andreazza, A Andringa, S and Anjos, N Antilous, P Apel, WD Arnoud, Y Ask, S and Asman, B Augustin, JE Augustinus, A Baillon, P and Ballestrero, A Bambade, P Barao, F Barbiellini, G and Barbier, R Bardin, D Barker, G Baroncelli, A Battaglia, M Baubillier, M Becks, KH Begalli, M Behrmann, A and Beilliere, P Belokopytov, Y Belous, K Ben-Haim, E and Benekos, N Benvenuti, A Berat, C Berggren, M Berntzon, L and Bertini, D Bertrand, D Besancon, M Besson, N and Bianchi, F Bigi, M Bilenky, MS Bizouard, MA Bloch, D and Blom, M Bluj, M Bonesini, M Bonivento, W Boonekamp, M and Booth, PSL Borgland, AW Borisov, G Bosio, C Botner, O Boudinov, E Bouquet, B Bourdarios, C Bowcock, TJV and Boyko, I Bozovic, I Bozzo, M Bracko, M Branchini, P and Brenke, T Brenner, R Brodet, E Bruckman, P Brunet, JM and Bugge, L Buran, T Burgsmueller, T Buschbeck, B and Buschmann, P Cabrera, S Caccia, M Calvi, M Rozas, AJC and Camporesi, T Canale, V Canepa, M Carena, F Carroll, L Caso, C Gimenez, MVC Castro, N Cattai, A Cavallo, F Cerruti, C Chabaud, V Chapkin, M Charpentier, P and Chaussard, L Checchia, P Chelkov, GA Chen, M Chierici, R and Chliapnikov, R Chochula, P Chorowicz, V Chudoba, J and Chung, SU Cieslik, K Collins, P Colomer, M Contri, R and Cortina, E Cosme, G Cossuti, F Costa, MJ Cowell, JH and Crawley, HB Crennell, D Crepe, S Crosetti, G Cuevas, J and Czellar, S D'Hondt, J Dalmagne, B Dalmau, J and Damgaard, G Davenport, M da Silva, T Da Silva, W and Deghorain, A Della Ricca, G Delpierre, P Demaria, N De Angelis, A De Boer, W de Brabandere, S De Clercq, C De Lotto, B De Maria, N De Min, A de Paula, L Dijkstra, H and Di Ciaccio, L Di Diodato, A Di Simone, A Djannati, A and Dolbeau, J Doroba, K Dracos, M Drees, J Drees, KA and Dris, M Duperrin, A Durand, JD Ehret, R Eigen, G and Ekelof, T Ekspong, G Ellert, M Elsing, M Engel, JP and Erzen, B Santo, MCE Falk, E Fanourakis, G Fassouliotis, D Fayot, J Feindt, M Fenyuk, A Fernandez, J Ferrari, P Ferrer, A Ferrer-Ribas, E Ferro, F Fichet, S and Firestone, A Fischer, PA Flagmeyer, U Foeth, H Fokitis, E Fontanelli, F Franek, B Frodesen, AG Fruhwirth, R and Fulda-Quenzer, F Fuster, J Galloni, A Gamba, D Gamblin, S Gandelman, M Garcia, C Garcia, J Gaspar, C Gaspar, M Gasparini, U Gavillet, P Gazis, E Gele, D Gerber, JP Gerdyukov, L Ghodbane, N Gil, I Glege, F Gokieli, R Golob, B Gomez-Ceballos, G Goncalves, P Caballero, IG and Gopal, G Gorn, L Gorski, M Gouz, Y Gracco, V and Grahl, J Graziani, E Green, C Grefrath, A Grimm, HJ and Gris, P Grosdidier, G Grzelak, K Gunther, M Guy, J and Haag, C Hahn, F Hahn, S Hallgren, A Hamacher, K and Hamilton, K Hansen, J Harris, FJ Haug, S Hauler, F and Hedberg, V Heising, S Hennecke, M Henriques, R and Hernandez, JJ Herquet, P Herr, H Hessing, TL Heuser, JM and Higon, E Hoffman, J Holmgren, SO Holt, PJ and Holthuizen, D Hoorelbeke, S Houlden, MA Hrubec, J Huber, M Huet, K Hughes, GJ Hultqvist, K Jackson, JN and Jacobsson, R Jalocha, P Janik, R Jarlskog, C Jarlskog, G and Jarry, P Jean-Marie, B Jeans, D Johansson, EK and Johansson, PD Jonsson, P Joram, C Juillot, P Jungermann, L Kapusta, F Karafasoulis, K Katsanevas, S Katsoufis, E and Keranen, R Kernel, G Kersevan, BP Kerzel, U and Khomenko, BA Khovanski, NN Kiiskinen, A King, BT Kinvig, A Kjaer, NJ Klapp, O Klein, H Kluit, P Knoblauch, D and Kokkinias, P Konopliannikov, A Koratzinos, M and Kostioukhine, V Kourkoumelis, C Kouznetsov, O Krammer, M and Kreuter, C Kriznic, E Krstic, J Krumstein, Z Kubinec, P and Kucewicz, W Kucharczyk, M Kurowska, J Kurvinen, K and Lamsa, J Lanceri, L Lane, DW Langefeld, P Lapin, V and Laugier, JP Lauhakangas, R Leder, G Ledroit, F Lefebure, V Leinonen, L Leisos, A Leitner, R Lemonne, J and Lenzen, G Lepeltier, V Lesiak, T Lethuillier, M Libby, J and Liebig, W Liko, D Lipniacka, A Lippi, I Loerstad, B and Lokajicek, M Loken, JG Lopes, JH Lopez, JM and Lopez-Femandez, R Loukas, D Lutz, P Lyons, L and MacNaughton, J Mahon, JR Maio, A Malek, A Malmgren, TGM and Maltezos, S Malychev, V Mandl, F Marco, J Marco, R and Marechal, B Margoni, M Marin, JC Mariotti, C Markou, A Martinez-Rivero, C Martinez-Vidal, F Garcia, SMI and Masik, J Mastroyiannopoulos, N Matorras, F Matteuzzi, C and Matthiae, G Mazik, J Mazzucato, F Mazzucato, M McCubbin, M McKay, R McNulty, R Meroni, C Meyer, WT Miagkov, A and Migliore, E Mirabito, L Mitaroff, W Mjoernmark, U and Moa, T Moch, M Moeller, R Moenig, K Monge, R and Montenegro, J Moraes, D Moreau, X Moreno, S Morettini, P and Morton, G Mueller, U Muenich, K Mulders, M and Mulet-Marquis, C Mundim, L Muresan, R Murray, W Muryn, B and Myatt, G Myklebust, T Naraghi, F Nassiakou, M and Navarria, F Navas, S Nawrocki, K Negri, P Neufeld, N and Neumann, W Neumeister, N Nicolaidou, R Nielsen, BS and Nieuwenhuizen, M Niezurawski, P Nikolaenko, V Nikolenko, M and Nomokonov, V Normand, A Nygren, A Oblakowska-Mucha, A and Obraztsov, V Olshevski, A Onofre, A Orava, R Orazi, G Osterberg, K Ouraou, A Oyanguren, A Paganini, P and Paganoni, M Paiano, S Pain, R Paiva, R Palacios, JP and Palka, H Papadopoulou, TD Papageorgiou, K Pape, L and Parkes, C Parodi, F Parzefall, U Passeri, A Passon, O and Pavel, T Pegoraro, M Peralta, L Perepelitsa, V and Pernicka, M Perrotta, A Petridou, C Petrolini, A and Philips, HT Piana, G Piedra, J Pieri, L Pierre, F and Pimenta, M Piotto, E Podobnik, T Poireau, V Pol, ME and Polok, G Polycarpo, E Poropat, P Pozdniakov, V and Privitera, R Pukhaeva, N Pullia, A Radojicic, D Ragazzi, S Rahmani, H Rakoczy, D Rames, J Ramler, L Ratoff, PN Read, A Rebecchi, P Redaelli, NG Regler, M Rehn, J Reid, D Reinhardt, R Renton, P Resvanis, LK and Richard, F Ridky, J Rinaudo, G Ripp-Baudot, I Rivero, M and Rodriguez, D Rohne, O Romero, A Ronchese, P and Rosenberg, EI Rosinsky, P Roudeau, R Rovelli, T Royon, C and Ruhlmann-Kleider, V Ruiz, A Ryabtchikov, D Saarikko, H and Sacquin, Y Sadovsky, A Sajot, G Salmi, L Salt, J and Sampsonidis, D Sannino, M Savoy-Navarro, A Scheidle, T and Schneider, H Schwemling, P Schwering, B Schwickerath, U and Schyns, MAE Scuri, F Seager, P Sedykh, Y Segar, A and Seibert, N Sekulin, R Shellard, RC Sheridan, A Siebel, M and Silvestre, R Simard, L Simonetto, F Sisakian, A and Skaali, TB Smadja, G Smirnov, N Smirnova, O Smith, GR and Sokolov, A Sopczak, A Sosnowski, R Spassov, T and Spiriti, E Sponholz, P Squarcia, S Stampfer, D Stanescu, C Stanic, S Stanitzki, M Stapnes, S Stevenson, K and Stocchi, A Strauss, J Strub, R Stugu, B Szczekowski, M and Szeptycka, M Szumlak, T Tabarelli, T Taffard, AC and Tegenfeldt, F Terranova, F Thomas, J Tilquin, A and Timmermans, J Tinti, N Tkatchev, L Tobin, M Todorov, T and Todorovova, S Toet, DZ Tomaradze, A Tome, B Tonazzo, A Tortora, L Tortosa, P Transtromer, G Travnicek, P and Treille, D Tristram, G Trochimczuk, M Trombini, A and Troncon, C Tsirou, A Turluer, ML Tyapkin, IA Tyapkin, P and Tzamarias, S Ullaland, O Uvarov, V Valenti, G and Vallazza, E Vander Velde, C Van Apeldoorn, GW Van Dam, P and Van den Boeck, W Van Doninck, WK Van Eldik, J Van Lysebetten, A van Remortel, N Van Vulpen, I Vassilopoulos, N and Vegni, G Velos, F Ventura, L Venus, W Verbeure, F and Verdier, P Verlato, M Vertogradov, LS Verzi, V and Vilanova, D Vitale, L Vlasov, E Vodopyanov, AS Vollmer, C Voulgaris, G Vrba, V Wahlen, H Walck, C Washbrook, AJ Weiser, C Wetherell, AM Wicke, D Wickens, J and Wilkinson, G Winter, M Witek, M Wlodek, T Wolf, G and Yi, J Yushchenko, O Zaitsev, A Zalewska, A Zalewski, P and Zavrtanik, D Zevgolatakos, E Zhuravlov, V Zimin, NI and Zintchenko, A Zoller, P Zucchelli, GC Zumerle, G Zupan, M Acciarri, M Achard, P Adriani, O Aguilar-Benitez, M and Alcaraz, J Alemanni, G Allaby, J Aloisio, A Alviggi, MG Ambrosi, G Anderhub, H Andreev, VP Angelescu, T and Anselmo, F Arefiev, A Azemoon, T Aziz, T Bagnaia, P and Bajo, A Baksay, G Baksay, L Balandras, A Baldew, SV and Ball, RC Banerjee, S Banerjee, S Barczyk, A Barillere, R and Barone, L Bartalini, P Basile, M Batalova, N and Battiston, R Bay, A Becattini, F Becker, U Behner, F and Bellucci, L Berbeco, R Berdugo, J Berges, P Bertucci, B and Betev, BL Bhattacharya, S Biasini, M Biglietti, M and Biland, A 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JE Pinfold, J Pitman, D Plane, DE Poffenberger, P Poli, B Polok, J Pooth, O and Posthaus, A Pouladdej, A del Poz, LA Prebys, E and Pritchard, TW Przybycien, M Przysiezniak, H Quadt, A and Quast, G Rabbertz, K Raith, B Redmond, MW Rees, DL and Rembser, C Renkel, P Richards, GE Rick, H Rigby, D and Riles, K Robins, SA Robinson, D Rodning, N Rollnik, A and Roney, JM Rooke, A Ros, E Rosati, S Roscoe, K and Rossberg, S Rossi, AM Rosvick, M Routenburg, P Rozen, Y and Runge, K Runolfsson, O Ruppel, U Rust, DR Rylko, R and Sachs, K Saeki, T Sahr, O Sanghera, S Sarkisyan, EKG and Sasaki, M Sbarra, C Schaile, AD Schaile, O and Schappert, W Scharf, F Scharff-Hansen, P Schenk, P and Schieck, J Schmitt, B von der Schmitt, H Schmitt, S and Schorner-Sadenius, T Schreiber, S Schroder, M Schutz, P and Schultz-Coulon, HC Schulz, M Schumacher, M Schwarz, J and Schwick, C Schwiening, J Scott, WG Settles, M Seuster, R and Shears, TG Shen, BC Shepherd-Themistocleous, CH and Sherwood, P Shypit, R Simon, A Singh, P Siroli, GP and Sittler, A Skillman, A Skuja, A Smith, AM Smith, TJ and Snow, GA Sobie, R Soldner-Rembold, S Spagnolo, S Spano, F Springer, RW Sproston, M Stahl, A Starks, M and Steiert, M Stephens, K Steuerer, J Stier, HE and Stockhausen, B Stoll, K Strohmer, R Strom, D Strumia, F and Stumpf, L Surrow, B Szymanski, P Tafirout, R Takeda, H Takeshita, T Talbot, SD Tanaka, S Taras, P Tarem, S Tasevsky, M Taylor, RJ Tecchio, M Teixeira-Dias, P and Tesch, N Teuscher, R Thackray, NJ Thiergen, M Thomas, J and Thomson, MA von Torne, E Torrence, E Towers, S Toya, D Trocsanyi, Z Tran, P Transtromer, G Trefzger, T and Tresilian, NJ Trigger, I Tscheulin, M Tsukamoto, T Tsur, E Turcot, AS Tumer-Watson, MF Tysarczyk-Niemeyer, G and Ueda, I Ujvari, B Utzat, P Vachon, B Van den Plas, D and Van Kooten, R VanDalen, GJ Vannerem, P Vasseur, G and Vertesi, R Verzocchi, M Vikas, P Vincter, M Virtue, CJ and Vokurka, EH Vollmer, CF Voss, H Vossebeld, J and Wackerle, F Wagner, A Wagner, DL Wahl, C Walker, JP and Waller, D Ward, CP Ward, DR Ward, JJ Watkins, PM and Watson, AT Watson, NK Weber, M Weber, P Weisz, S and Wels, PS Wengler, T Wermes, N Wetterling, D Weymann, M and Whalley, MA White, JS Wilkens, B Wilson, JA Wilson, GW Wingerter, I Winterer, VH Wlodek, T Wolf, G Wood, NC Wotton, S Wyatt, TR Yaari, R Yamashita, S Yang, Y and Yeaman, A Yekutieli, G Yurko, M Zacek, V Zacharov, I and Zer-Zion, D Zeuner, W Zivkovic, L Zorn, GT Abe, K and Abe, K Abe, T Abt, I Acton, PD Adam, I Agnew, G and Akagi, T Akimoto, H Allen, NJ Ash, WW Aston, D and Bacchetta, N Baird, KG Baltay, C Band, HR Barakat, MB and Baranko, GJ Bardon, O Barklow, TL Bashindzhagian, GL and Battiston, R Bauer, JM Bazarko, AO Bean, A Bellodi, G and Ben-David, R Benvenuti, AC Berger, R Biasini, M and Bienz, T Bilei, GM Bisello, D Blaylock, G Bogart, J and Bolen, B Bolton, T Bower, GR Brau, JE Breidenbach, M and Bugg, WM Burke, D Burnett, TH Burrows, PN Busza, W and Calcaterra, A Caldwell, DO Camanzi, B Carpinelli, M and Carr, J Cassell, R Castaldi, R Castro, A Cavalli-Sforza, M Chadwick, GB Chou, A Church, E Claus, R Cohn, HO and Coller, JA Convery, MR Cook, V Cotton, R Cowan, RF and Coyle, PA Coyne, DG Crawford, G D'Oliveira, A and Damerell, CJS Daoudi, M Dasu, S de Groot, N de Sangro, R and De Simone, P De Simone, S Dell'Orso, R Dervan, PJ and Dima, M Dong, DN Doser, M Du, PYC Dubois, R Duboscq, JE Eigen, G Eisenstein, BI Elia, R Erdos, E and Erofeeva, I Eschenburg, V Etzion, E Fahey, S Falciai, D and Fan, C Fernandez, JP Fero, MJ Flood, K Frey, R and Friedman, JI Furuno, K Garwin, EL Gillman, T Gladding, G and Gonzalez, S Hallewell, GD Hart, EL Harton, JL Hasan, A Hasegawa, Y Hasuko, K Hedges, S Hertzbach, SS and Hildreth, MD Hitlin, DG Honma, A Huber, JS Huffer, ME and Hughes, EW Huynh, X Hwang, H Iwasaki, M Iwasaki, Y and Izen, JM Jackson, DJ Jacques, P Jaros, JA Jiang, ZY and Johnson, AS Johnson, JR Johnson, RA Junk, T and Kajikawa, R Kalelkar, M Kamyshkov, YA Kang, HJ Karliner, I Kawahara, H Kelsey, MH Kendall, HW Kim, YD King, M and King, R Kofler, R Krishna, NM Kwon, Y Labs, JF and Kroeger, RS Langston, M Lath, A Lauber, JA Leith, DWG and Lia, V Lin, C Liu, MX Loreti, M Lu, A Lynch, HL and Ma, J Mancinelli, G Manly, S Mantovani, G and Markiewicz, TW Maruyama, T Masuda, H Mazzucato, H and McGowan, JF McKemey, AK Meadows, BT Messner, R Mockett, PM Moffeit, KC Moore, TB Morii, M Mours, B Muller, D and Mueller, G Murzin, V Nagamine, T Narita, S and Nauenberg, U Neal, H Nesom, G Nussbaum, M Ohnishi, Y and Oishi, N Onoprienko, D Osborne, LS Panvini, RS Park, CH and Park, H Pavel, TJ Peruzzi, I Pescara, L Piccolo, M and Piemontese, L Pieroni, E Pitts, KT Plano, RJ and Prepost, R Prescott, CY Punkar, G Quigley, J Ratcliff, BN Reeves, K Reeves, TW Reidy, J Reinertsen, PL and Rensing, PE Rochester, LS Rothberg, JE Rowson, PC and Russell, JJ Saxton, OH Schalk, T Schindler, RH and Schneekloth, U Schumm, BA Schwiening, J Seiden, A Sen, S and Serbo, VV Servoli, L Shaevitz, MH Shank, JT Shapiro, G Sherden, DJ Shmakov, KD Simopoulos, C Sinev, NB and Smith, SR Smy, MB Snyder, JA Sokoloff, MD Staengle, H and Stahl, A Starner, P Steiner, H Steiner, R Strauss, MG Su, D Suekane, F Sugiyama, A Suzuki, A Suzuki, S and Swartz, M Szumilo, A Takahashi, T Taylor, FE Thaler, JJ Thom, J Torrence, E Trandafir, AI Turk, JD Usher, T Va'vra, J Vannini, C Vella, E Venuti, JP Verdier, R Verdini, PG Wagner, DL Wagner, SR Waite, AP and Walston, S Wang, J Watts, SJ Weidemann, AW Weiss, ER and Whitaker, JS White, SL Wickens, FJ Williams, DA and Williams, DC Williams, SH Willocq, S Wilson, RJ and Wisniewski, WJ Wittlin, JL Woods, M Word, GB Wright, TR and Wyss, J Yamamoto, RK Yamartino, JM Yang, XQ Yashima, J Yellin, SJ Young, CC Yuta, H Zapalac, G Zdarko, RW and Zeitlin, C Zhou, J ALEPH Collaborat DELPHI Collaborat and L3 Collaborat OPAL Collaborat SLD Collaborat

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLID experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, m(Z) and Gamma(Z), and its couplings to fermions, for example the p parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: m(Z) = 91.1875 +/- 0.0021 GeV, Gamma(Z) = 2.4952 +/- 0.0023 GeV, rho(l) = 1.0050 +/- 0.0010, sin(2)theta(eff)(lept) = 0.23153 +/- 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 +/- 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, m(t) = 173(+10)(+13) GeV, and the mass of the W boson, m(W) = 80.363 +/- 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of m(t) and m(W), the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2006

43. A case study of convective organization into precipitating lines in the Southwest Amazon during the WETAMC and TRMM-LBA

Author

M. Lima, Robert Cifelli, Andreia Maria da Anunciação Gomes, Rachel I. Albrecht, M. A. F. Silva Dias, Walter A. Petersen, P. L. Silva Dias, Marcos Longo, Alan K. Betts, M. Antonio, and Gilberto Fisch

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheric Science, Life on Land, Doppler radar, Mesoscale meteorology, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, law.invention, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Convection cell, Line (formation), Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Free convective layer, Boundary layer, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Radiosonde, Geology
Abstract

A case study of convective development in the Southwest Amazon region during the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign (WETAMC) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)/Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere (LBA) Experiment in Amazonia is presented. The convective development during 7 February 1999 is shown to occur during a period of very weak large-scale forcing in the presence of topography and deforestation. The available data include dual Doppler radar analysis, radiosonde launches, and surface and boundary layer observations. The observational analysis is complemented with a series of model simulations using the RAMS with 2-km resolution over a 300 km × 300 km area forced by a morning radiosonde profile. A comparison of the observed and simulated thermodynamic transformation of the boundary layer and of the formation of convective lines, and of their kinematic and microphysical properties is presented. It is shown that only a few very deep and intense convective cells are necessary to explain the overall precipitating line formation and that discrete propagation and coupling with upper atmosphere circulations may explain the appearance of several lines. The numerical simulation indicates that topography may be the cause of initial convective development, although later on the convective line is parallel to the midlevel shear. There are indications that small-scale deforestation may have an effect on increasing rainfall in the wet season when the large-scale forcing is very weak. Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union.

Published
2002

44. Multisensor analysis of a squall line in the Amazon Region

Author

Augusto José Pereira Filho, Oswaldo Massambani, Adilson Wagner Gandu, Rachel I. Albrecht, Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias, Luis G. P. Pereira, Ali Tokay, and S. A. Rutledge

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheric Science, Leading edge, Ecology, Microphysics, Mesoscale meteorology, Paleontology, Soil Science, Forestry, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, Squall, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Middle latitudes, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Precipitation, Squall line, Geology, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

[1] Mesoscale features of the 26 January 1999 squall line are described with measurements made during the field experiment in Rondonia, Brazil, in the wet season (WET) of the Amazon region (AMC) as part of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in the Amazon (LBA) and the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM); henceforth referred to as the WET AMC and TRMM-LBA field experiment. The squall line moved through the experiment area from northeast to southwest with high rainfall rates in its leading edge and a poorly defined trailing stratiform precipitating area. Polarimetric and Doppler measurements from the Portable Polarimetric S-band Radar (S-POL) were analyzed in conjunction with surface and upper level data, satellite visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) measurements. These remote and local measurements of variables such as cloud spatial and temporal distribution, pressure, temperature, moisture, precipitation, and wind fields are consistent with each other as well as with similar mesoscale dynamics and thermodynamics features measured, analyzed, and modeled elsewhere [e.g., Rotunno et al., 1988; Garstang et al., 1994; Houze et al., 1990]. This tropical squall line is similar to its cousins in the midlatitudes with finer-scale structural and dynamic features such as rotation and divergence. Results suggest that the cold pool has its origins in midlevels between 400 and 600 hPa from where evaporative cooling and drop-dragging bring down colder air to the surface. The convective region is dominated by warm microphysics, while the stratiform region is dominated by cold microphysics. Moreover, both regions are characterized by monomodal drop spectra centered around 2.0 and 1.0 mm, respectively. Horizontal circulation associated with strong updrafts tends to increase cloud growth efficiency in the leading edge of the squall line.

Published
2002

45. Search for neutralino pair production at √s = 189 GeV

Author

Abreu, P. Adam, W. Adye, T. Adzic, P. Ajinenko, I. Albrecht, Z. Alderweireld, T. Alekseev, G.D. Alemany, R. Allmendinger, T. Allport, P.P. Almehed, S. Amaldi, U. Amapane, N. Amato, S. Anassontzis, E.G. Andersson, P. Andreazza, A. Andringa, S. Anjos, N. Antilogus, P. Apel, W.-D. Arnoud, Y. Åsman, B. Augustin, J.-E. Augustinus, A. Baillon, P. Ballestrero, A. Bambade, P. Barao, F. Barbiellini, G. Barbier, R. Bardin, D.Y. Barker, G. Baroncelli, A. Battaglia, M. Baubillier, M. Becks, K.-H. Begalli, M. Behrmann, A. Belokopytov, Y. Benekos, N.C. Benvenuti, A.C. Berat, C. Berggren, M. Berntzon, L. Bertrand, D. Besancon, M. Besson, N. Bilenky, M.S. Bizouard, M.-A. Bloch, D. Blom, H.M. Bol, L. Bonesini, M. Boonekamp, M. Booth, P.S.L. Borisov, G. Bosio, C. Botner, O. Boudinov, E. Bouquet, B. Bourdarios, C. Bowcock, T.J.V. Boyko, I. Bozovic, I. Bozzo, M. Bracko, M. Branchini, P. Brenner, R.A. Bruckman, P. Brunet, J.-M. Bugge, L. Buschmann, P. Caccia, M. Calvi, M. Camporesi, T. Canale, V. Carena, F. Carroll, L. Caso, C. Castillo Gimenez, M.V. Cattai, A. Cavallo, F.R. Charpentier, P. Checchia, P. Chelkov, G.A. Chierici, R. Chliapnikov, P. Chochula, P. Chorowicz, V. Chudoba, J. Cieslik, K. Collins, P. Contri, R. Cortina, E. Cosme, G. Cossutti, F. Costa, M. Crawley, H.B. Crennell, D. Croix, J. Crosetti, G. Cuevas Maestro, J. Czellar, S. D'Hondt, J. Dalmau, J. Davenport, M. Da Silva, W. Della Ricca, G. Delpierre, P. Demaria, N. De Angelis, A. De Boer, W. De Clercq, C. De Lotto, B. De Min, A. De Paula, L. Dijkstra, H. Di Ciaccio, L. Doroba, K. Dracos, M. Drees, J. Dris, M. Eigen, G. Ekelof, T. Ellert, M. Elsing, M. Engel, J.-P. Espirito Santo, M. Fanourakis, G. Fassouliotis, D. Feindt, M. Fernandez, J. Ferrer, A. Ferrer-Ribas, E. Ferro, F. Firestone, A. Flagmeyer, U. Foeth, H. Fokitis, E. Fontanelli, F. Franek, B. Frodesen, A.G. Fruhwirth, R. Fulda-Quenzer, F. Fuster, J. Galloni, A. Gamba, D. Gamblin, S. Gandelman, M. Garcia, C. Gaspar, C. Gaspar, M. Gasparini, U. Gavillet, Ph. Gazis, E.N. Gele, D. Geralis, T. Gerdyukov, L. Ghodbane, N. Gil, I. Glege, F. Gokieli, R. Golob, B. Gomez-Ceballos, G. Goncalves, P. Gonzalez Caballero, I. Gopal, G. Gorn, L. Gouz, Y. Grahl, J. Graziani, E. Grosdidier, G. Grzelak, K. Guy, J. Haag, C. Hahn, F. Hahn, S. Haider, S. Hallgren, A. Hamacher, K. Hansen, J. Harris, F.J. Haug, S. Hauler, F. Hedberg, V. Heising, S. Hernandez, J.J. Herquet, P. Herr, H. Hertz, O. Higon, E. Holmgren, S.-O. Holt, P.J. Hoorelbeke, S. Houlden, M. Hrubec, J. Hughes, G.J. Hultqvist, K. Jackson, J.N. Jacobsson, R. Jalocha, P. Jarlskog, Ch. Jarlskog, G. Jarry, P. Jean-Marie, B. Jeans, D. Johansson, E.K. Jonsson, P. Joram, C. Juillot, P. Jungermann, L. Kapusta, F. Karafasoulis, K. Katsanevas, S. Katsoufis, E.C. Keranen, R. Kernel, G. Kersevan, B.P. Khokhlov, Y. Khomenko, B.A. Khovanski, N.N. Kiiskinen, A. King, B. Kinvig, A. Kjaer, N.J. Klapp, O. Kluit, P. Kokkinias, P. Kostioukhine, V. Kourkoumelis, C. Kouznetsov, O. Krammer, M. Kriznic, E. Krumstein, Z. Kubinec, P. Kucharczyk, M. Kurowska, J. Lamsa, J.W. Laugier, J.-P. Leder, G. Ledroit, F. Leinonen, L. Leisos, A. Leitner, R. Lenzen, G. Lepeltier, V. Lesiak, T. Lethuillier, M. Libby, J. Liebig, W. Liko, D. Lipniacka, A. Lippi, I. Loken, J.G. Lopes, J.H. Lopez, J.M. Lopez-Fernandez, R. Loukas, D. Lutz, P. Lyons, L. MacNaughton, J. Mahon, J.R. Maio, A. Malek, A. Maltezos, S. Malychev, V. Mandl, F. Marco, J. Marco, R. Marechal, B. Margoni, M. Marin, J.-C. Mariotti, C. Markou, A. Martinez-Rivero, C. Marti i Garcia, S. Masik, J. Mastroyiannopoulos, N. Matorras, F. Matteuzzi, C. Matthiae, G. Mazzucato, F. Mazzucato, M. Mc Cubbin, M. Mc Kay, R. Mc Nulty, R. Mc Pherson, G. Merle, E. Meroni, C. Meyer, W.T. Migliore, E. Mirabito, L. Mitaroff, W.A. Mjoernmark, U. Moa, T. Moch, M. Moenig, K. Monge, M.R. Montenegro, J. Moraes, D. Morettini, P. Morton, G. Mueller, U. Muenich, K. Mulders, M. Mundim, L.M. Murray, W.J. Muryn, B. Myatt, G. Myklebust, T. Nassiakou, M. Navarria, F.L. Nawrocki, K. Negri, P. Nemecek, S. Neufeld, N. Nicolaidou, R. Niezurawski, P. Nikolenko, M. Nomokonov, V. Nygren, A. Obraztsov, V. Olshevski, A.G. Onofre, A. Orava, R. Osterberg, K. Ouraou, A. Oyanguren, A. Paganoni, M. Paiano, S. Pain, R. Paiva, R. Palacios, J. Palka, H. Papadopoulou, T.D. Pape, L. Parkes, C. Parodi, F. Parzefall, U. Passeri, A. Passon, O. Pavel, T. Pegoraro, M. Peralta, L. Perepelitsa, V. Pernicka, M. Perrotta, A. Petridou, C. Petrolini, A. Phillips, H.T. Pierre, F. Pimenta, M. Piotto, E. Podobnik, T. Poireau, V. Pol, M.E. Polok, G. Poropat, P. Pozdniakov, V. Privitera, P. Pukhaeva, N. Pullia, A. Radojicic, D. Ragazzi, S. Rahmani, H. Read, A.L. Rebecchi, P. Redaelli, N.G. Regler, M. Rehn, J. Reid, D. Reinhardt, R. Renton, P.B. Resvanis, L.K. Richard, F. Ridky, J. Rinaudo, G. Ripp-Baudot, I. Romero, A. Ronchese, P. Rosenberg, E.I. Rosinsky, P. Rovelli, T. Ruhlmann-Kleider, V. Ruiz, A. Saarikko, H. Sacquin, Y. Sadovsky, A. Sajot, G. Salmi, L. Salt, J. Sampsonidis, D. Sannino, M. Savoy-Navarro, A. Schwanda, C. Schwemling, P. Schwering, B. Schwickerath, U. Scuri, F. Sedykh, Y. Segar, A.M. Sekulin, R. Sette, G. Shellard, R.C. Siebel, M. Simard, L. Simonetto, F. Sisakian, A.N. Smadja, G. Smirnov, N. Smirnova, O. Smith, G.R. Sokolov, A. Sopczak, A. Sosnowski, R. Spassov, T. Spiriti, E. Squarcia, S. Stanescu, C. Stanitzki, M. Stevenson, K. Stocchi, A. Strandberg, J. Strauss, J. Strub, R. Stugu, B. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, M. Tabarelli, T. Taffard, A. Tchikilev, O. Tegenfeldt, F. Terranova, F. Timmermans, J. Tinti, N. Tkatchev, L.G. Tobin, M. Todorova, S. Tome, B. Tonazzo, A. Tortora, L. Tortosa, P. Treille, D. Tristram, G. Trochimczuk, M. Troncon, C. Turluer, M.-L. Tyapkin, I.A. Tyapkin, P. Tzamarias, S. Ullaland, O. Uvarov, V. Valenti, G. Vallazza, E. Vander Velde, C. Van Dam, P. Van den Boeck, W. Van Eldik, J. Van Lysebetten, A. van Remortel, N. Van Vulpen, I. Vegni, G. Ventura, L. Venus, W. Verbeure, F. Verdier, P. Verlato, M. Vertogradov, L.S. Verzi, V. Vilanova, D. Vitale, L. Vlasov, E. Vodopyanov, A.S. Voulgaris, G. Vrba, V. Wahlen, H. Washbrook, A.J. Weiser, C. Wicke, D. Wickens, J.H. Wilkinson, G.R. Winter, M. Witek, M. Wolf, G. Yi, J. Yushchenko, O. Zalewska, A. Zalewski, P. Zavrtanik, D. Zevgolatakos, E. Zimin, N.I. Zintchenko, A. Zoller, P. Zumerle, G. Zupan, M.

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

A search for pair-production of neutralinos at a LEP centre-of-mass energy of 189 GeV gave no evidence for a signal. This limits the neutralino production cross-section and excludes regions in the parameter space of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM).

Published
2001

46. Search for R-parity violation with a Ū D̄ D̄ coupling at √s = 189 GeV

Author

Abreu, P. Adam, W. Adye, T. Adzic, P. Ajinenko, I. Albrecht, Z. Alderweireld, T. Alekseev, G.D. Alemany, R. Allmendinger, T. Allport, P.P. Almehed, S. Amaldi, U. Amapane, N. Amato, S. Anassontzis, E.G. Andersson, P. Andreazza, A. Andringa, S. Antilogus, P. Apel, W.-D. Arnoud, Y. Åsman, B. Augustin, J.-E. Augustinus, A. Baillon, P. Ballestrero, A. Bambade, P. Barao, F. Barbiellini, G. Barbier, R. Bardin, D.Y. Barker, G. Baroncelli, A. Battaglia, M. Baubillier, M. Becks, K.-H. Begalli, M. Behrmann, A. Beilliere, P. Belokopytov, Y. Benekos, N.C. Benvenuti, A.C. Berat, C. Berggren, M. Berntzon, L. Bertrand, D. Besancon, M. Bilenky, M.S. Bizouard, M.-A. Bloch, D. Blom, H.M. Bonesini, M. Boonekamp, M. Booth, P.S.L. Borisov, G. Bosio, C. Botner, O. Boudinov, E. Bouquet, B. Bourdarios, C. Bowcock, T.J.V. Boyko, I. Bozovic, I. Bozzo, M. Bracko, M. Branchini, P. Brenner, R.A. Bruckman, P. Brunet, J.-M. Bugge, L. Buran, T. Buschbeck, B. Buschmann, P. Cabrera, S. Caccia, M. Calvi, M. Camporesi, T. Canale, V. Carena, F. Carroll, L. Caso, C. Castillo Gimenez, M.V. Cattai, A. Cavallo, F.R. Charpentier, Ph. Checchia, P. Chelkov, G.A. Chierici, R. Chliapnikov, P. Chochula, P. Chorowicz, V. Chudoba, J. Cieslik, K. Collins, P. Contri, R. Cortina, E. Cosme, G. Cossutti, F. Costa, M. Crawley, H.B. Crennell, D. Crosetti, G. Cuevas Maestro, J. Czellar, S. D'Hondt, J. Dalmau, J. Davenport, M. Da Silva, W. Della Ricca, G. Delpierre, P. Demaria, N. DeAngelis, A. de Boer, W. de Clercq, C. de Lotto, B. de Min, A. de Paula, L. Dijkstra, H. di Ciaccio, L. Dolbeau, J. Doroba, K. Dracos, M. Drees, J. Dris, M. Eigen, G. Ekelof, T. Ellert, M. Elsing, M. Engel, J.-P. Espirito Santo, M. Fanourakis, G. Fassouliotis, D. Feindt, M. Fernandez, J. Ferrer, A. Ferrer-Ribas, E. Ferro, F. Firestone, A. Flagmeyer, U. Foeth, H. Fokitis, E. Fontanelli, F. Franek, B. Frodesen, A.G. Fruhwirth, R. Fulda-Quenzer, F. Fuster, J. Galloni, A. Gamba, D. Gamblin, S. Gandelman, M. Garcia, C. Gaspar, C. Gaspar, M. Gasparini, U. Gavillet, Ph. Gazis, E.N. Gele, D. Geralis, T. Gerdyukov, L. Ghodbane, N. Gil, I. Glege, F. Gokieli, R. Golob, B. Gomez-Ceballos, G. Goncalves, P. Gonzalez Caballero, I. Gopal, G. Gorn, L. Gouz, Y. Gracco, V. Grahl, J. Graziani, E. Gris, P. Grosdidier, G. Grzelak, K. Guy, J. Haag, C. Hahn, F. Hahn, S. Haider, S. Hallgren, A. Hamacher, K. Hansen, J. Harris, F.J. Hauler, F. Hedberg, V. Heising, S. Hernandez, J.J. Herquet, P. Herr, H. Higon, E. Holmgren, S.-O. Holt, P.J. Hoorelbeke, S. Houlden, M. Hrubec, J. Huber, M. Hughes, G.J. Hultqvist, K. Jackson, J.N. Jacobsson, R. Jalocha, P. Janik, R. Jarlskog, Ch. Jarlskog, G. Jarry, P. Jean-Marie, B. Jeans, D. Johansson, E.K. Jonsson, P. Joram, C. Juillot, P. Jungermann, L. Kapusta, F. Karafasoulis, K. Katsanevas, S. Katsoufis, E.C. Keranen, R. Kernel, G. Kersevan, B.P. Khokhlov, Y. Khomenko, B.A. Khovanski, N.N. Kiiskinen, A. King, B. Kinvig, A. Kjaer, N.J. Klapp, O. Kluit, P. Kokkinias, P. Kostioukhine, V. Kourkoumelis, C. Kouznetsov, O. Krammer, M. Kriznic, E. Krumstein, Z. Kubinec, P. Kurowska, J. Kurvinen, K. Lamsa, J.W. Lane, D.W. Lapin, V. Laugier, J.-P. Lauhakangas, R. Leder, G. Ledroit, F. Leinonen, L. Leisos, A. Leitner, R. Lenzen, G. Lepeltier, V. Lesiak, T. Lethuillier, M. Libby, J. Liebig, W. Liko, D. Lipniacka, A. Lippi, I. Loerstad, B. Loken, J.G. Lopes, J.H. Lopez, J.M. Lopez-Fernandez, R. Loukas, D. Lutz, P. Lyons, L. MacNaughton, J. Mahon, J.R. Maio, A. Malek, A. Maltezos, S. Malychev, V. Mandl, F. Marco, J. Marco, R. Marechal, B. Margoni, M. Marin, J.-C. Mariotti, C. Markou, A. Martinez-Rivero, C. Marti i Garcia, S. Masik, J. Mastroyiannopoulos, N. Matorras, F. Matteuzzi, C. Matthiae, G. Mazzucato, F. Mazzucato, M. Mc Cubbin, M. Mc Kay, R. Mc Nulty, R. Mc Pherson, G. Merle, E. Meroni, C. Meyer, W.T. Migliore, E. Mirabito, L. Mitaroff, W.A. Mjoernmark, U. Moa, T. Moch, M. Moeller, R. Moenig, K. Monge, M.R. Moraes, D. Morettini, P. Morton, G. Mueller, U. Muenich, K. Mulders, M. Mulet-Marquis, C. Mundim, L.M. Muresan, R. Murray, W.J. Muryn, B. Myatt, G. Myklebust, T. Naraghi, F. Nassiakou, M. Navarria, F.L. Nawrocki, K. Negri, P. Neufeld, N. Nicolaidou, R. Nielsen, B.S. Niezurawski, P. Nikolenko, M. Nomokonov, V. Nygren, A. Obraztsov, V. Olshevski, A.G. Onofre, A. Orava, R. Orazi, G. Osterberg, K. Ouraou, A. Oyanguren, A. Paganoni, M. Paiano, S. Pain, R. Paiva, R. Palacios, J. Palka, H. Papadopoulou, Th.D. Pape, L. Parkes, C. Parodi, F. Parzefall, U. Passeri, A. Passon, O. Pavel, T. Pegoraro, M. Peralta, L. Pernicka, M. Perrotta, A. Petridou, C. Petrolini, A. Phillips, H.T. Pierre, F. Pimenta, M. Piotto, E. Podobnik, T. Poireau, V. Pol, M.E. Polok, G. Poropat, P. Pozdniakov, V. Privitera, P. Pukhaeva, N. Pullia, A. Radojicic, D. Ragazzi, S. Rahmani, H. Rames, J. Ratoff, P.N. Read, A.L. Rebecchi, P. Redaelli, N.G. Regler, M. Rehn, J. Reid, D. Reinertsen, P. Reinhardt, R. Renton, P.B. Resvanis, L.K. Richard, F. Ridky, J. Rinaudo, G. Ripp-Baudot, I. Romero, A. Ronchese, P. Rosenberg, E.I. Rosinsky, P. Rovelli, T. Ruhlmann-Kleider, V. Ruiz, A. Saarikko, H. Sacquin, Y. Sadovsky, A. Sajot, G. Salt, J. Sampsonidis, D. Sannino, M. Savoy-Navarro, A. Schwemling, Ph. Schwering, B. Schwickerath, U. Scuri, F. Seager, P. Sedykh, Y. Segar, A.M. Seibert, N. Sekulin, R. Sette, G. Shellard, R.C. Siebel, M. Simard, L. Simonetto, F. Sisakian, A.N. Smadja, G. Smirnov, N. Smirnova, O. Smith, G.R. Sokolov, A. Sopczak, A. Sosnowski, R. Spassov, T. Spiriti, E. Squarcia, S. Stanescu, C. Stanitzki, M. Stevenson, K. Stocchi, A. Strauss, J. Strub, R. Stugu, B. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, M. Tabarelli, T. Taffard, A. Tegenfeldt, F. Terranova, F. Timmermans, J. Tinti, N. Tkatchev, L.G. Tobin, M. Todorova, S. Tome, B. Tonazzo, A. Tortora, L. Tortosa, P. Transtromer, G. Treille, D. Tristram, G. Trochimczuk, M. Troncon, C. Turluer, M.-L. Tyapkin, I.A. Tyapkin, P. Tzamarias, S. Ullaland, O. Uvarov, V. Valenti, G. Vallazza, E. van Dam, P. van den Boeck, W. van Eldik, J. van Lysebetten, A. van Remortel, N. VanVulpen, I. Vegni, G. Ventura, L. Venus, W. Verbeure, F. Verdier, P. Verlato, M. Vertogradov, L.S. Verzi, V. Vilanova, D. Vitale, L. Vlasov, E. Vodopyanov, A.S. Voulgaris, G. Vrba, V. Wahlen, H. Washbrook, A.J. Weiser, C. Wicke, D. Wickens, J.H. Wilkinson, G.R. Winter, M. Witek, M. Wolf, G. Yi, J. Yushchenko, O. Zalewska, A. Zalewski, P. Zavrtanik, D. Zevgolatakos, E. Zimin, N.I. Zintchenko, A. Zoller, Ph. Zucchelli, G.C. Zumerle, G.

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

Searches for pair production of gauginos and squarks in e+e- collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 189 GeV have been performed on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 158 pb-1 collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP. The data were analyzed under the assumption of non-conservation of R-parity through a single dominant Ū D̄ D̄ coupling between squarks and quarks. Typical final states contain between 4 and 10 jets with or without additional leptons. No excess of data above Standard Model expectations was observed. The results were used to constrain domains of the MSSM parameter space and derive limits on the masses of supersymmetric particles. The following mass limits at 95% CL were obtained from these searches: neutralino mass: mx̃1/0 ≥ 32 GeV; chargino mass: mx̃1/+ ≥ 94 GeV; stop and sbottom mass (indirect decay) with δAM > 5 GeV: mt̃1 ≥ 74 GeV for φmix = 0 rad, mt̃1 ≥ 59 GeV for φmix = 0.98 rad, mb̃1 ≥ 72 GeV for φmix = 0 rad. The angle φmix is the mixing angle between left and right handed quarks. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Published
2001

47. Measurement of the semileptonic b branching fractions and average b mixing parameter in Z decays

Author

Abreu, P. Adam, W. Adye, T. Adzic, P. Ajinenko, I. Albrecht, Z. Alderweireld, T. Alekseev, G.D. Alemany, R. Allmendinger, T. Allport, P.P. Almehed, S. Amaldi, U. Amapane, N. Amato, S. Anassontzis, E.G. Andersson, P. Andreazza, A. Andringa, S. Antilogus, P. Apel, W.-D. Arnoud, Y. Asman, B. Augustin, J.-E. Augustinus, A. Baillon, P. Ballestrero, A. Bambade, P. Barao, F. Barbiellini, G. Barbier, R. Bardin, D.Y. Barker, G. Baroncelli, A. Battaglia, M. Baubillier, M. Becks, K.-H. Begalli, M. Behrmann, A. Beilliere, P. Belokopytov, Y. Benekos, N.C. Benvenuti, A.C. Berat, C. Berggren, M. Berntzon, L. Bertrand, D. Besancon, M. Bilenky, M.S. Bizouard, M.-A. Bloch, D. Blom, H.M. Bonesini, M. Boonekamp, M. Booth, P.S.L. Borisov, G. Bosio, C. Botner, O. Boudinov, E. Bouquet, B. Bourdarios, C. Bowcock, T.J.V. Boyko, I. Bozovic, I. Bozzo, M. Bracko, M. Branchini, P. Brenner, R.A. Bruckman, P. Brunet, J.-M. Bugge, L. Buran, T. Buschbeck, B. Buschmann, P. Cabrera, S. Caccia, M. Calvi, M. Camporesi, T. Canale, V. Carena, F. Carroll, L. Caso, C. Castillo Gimenez, M.V. Cattai, A. Cavallo, F.R. Charpentier, Ph. Checchia, P. Chelkov, G.A. Chierici, R. Chliapnikov, P. Chochula, P. Chorowicz, V. Chudoba, J. Cieslik, K. Collins, P. Contri, R. Cortina, E. Cosme, G. Cossutti, F. Costa, M. Crawley, H.B. Crennell, D. Crosetti, G. Cuevas Maestro, J. Czellar, S. D'Hondt, J. Dalmau, J. Davenport, M. Da Silva, W. Della Ricca, G. Delpierre, P. Demaria, N. De Angelis, A. De Boer, W. De Clercq, C. De Lotto, B. De Min, A. De Paula, L. Dijkstra, H. Di Ciaccio, L. Dolbeau, J. Doroba, K. Dracos, M. Drees, J. Dris, M. Eigen, G. Ekelof, T. Ellert, M. Elsing, M. Engel, J.-P. Espirito Santo, M. Fanourakis, G. Fassouliotis, D. Feindt, M. Fernandez, J. Ferrer, A. Ferrer-Ribas, E. Ferro, F. Firestone, A. Flagmeyer, U. Foeth, H. Fokitis, E. Fontanelli, F. Franek, B. Frodesen, A.G. Fruhwirth, R. Fulda-Quenzer, F. Fuster, J. Galloni, A. Gamba, D. Gamblin, S. Gandelman, M. Garcia, C. Gaspar, C. Gaspar, M. Gasparini, U. Gavillet, Ph. Gazis, E.N. Gele, D. Geralis, T. Gerdyukov, L. Ghodbane, N. Gil, I. Glege, F. Gokieli, R. Golob, B. Gomez-Ceballos, G. Goncalves, P. Gonzalez Caballero, I. Gopal, G. Gorn, L. Gouz, Y. Gracco, V. Grahl, J. Graziani, E. Gris, P. Grosdidier, G. Grzelak, K. Guy, J. Haag, C. Hahn, F. Hahn, S. Haider, S. Hallgren, A. Hamacher, K. Hansen, J. Harris, F.J. Hauler, F. Hedberg, V. Heising, S. Hernandez, J.J. Herquet, P. Herr, H. Higon, E. Holmgren, S.-O. Holt, P.J. Hoorelbeke, S. Houlden, M. Hrubec, J. Huber, M. Hughes, G.J. Hultqvist, K. Jackson, J.N. Jacobsson, R. Jalocha, P. Janik, R. Jarlskog, Ch. Jarlskog, G. Jarry, P. Jean-Marie, B. Jeans, D. Johansson, E.K. Jonsson, P. Joram, C. Juillot, P. Jungermann, L. Kapusta, F. Karafasoulis, K. Katsanevas, S. Katsoufis, E.C. Keranen, R. Kernel, G. Kersevan, B.P. Khokhlov, Yu. Khomenko, B.A. Khovanski, N.N. Kiiskinen, A. King, B. Kinvig, A. Kjaer, N.J. Klapp, O. Kluit, P. Kokkinias, P. Kostioukhine, V. Kourkoumelis, C. Kouznetsov, O. Krammer, M. Kriznic, E. Krumstein, Z. Kubinec, P. Kurowska, J. Kurvinen, K. Lamsa, J.W. Lane, D.W. Laugier, J.-P. Lauhakangas, R. Leder, G. Ledroit, F. Leinonen, L. Leisos, A. Leitner, R. Lenzen, G. Lepeltier, V. Lesiak, T. Lethuillier, M. Libby, J. Liebig, W. Liko, D. Lipniacka, A. Lippi, I. Loerstad, B. Loken, J.G. Lopes, J.H. Lopez, J.M. Lopez-Fernandez, R. Loukas, D. Lutz, P. Lyons, L. MacNaughton, J. Mahon, J.R. Maio, A. Malek, A. Maltezos, S. Malychev, V. Mandl, F. Marco, J. Marco, R. Marechal, B. Margoni, M. Marin, J.-C. Mariotti, C. Markou, A. Martinez-Rivero, C. Marti i Garcia, S. Masik, J. Mastroyiannopoulos, N. Matorras, F. Matteuzzi, C. Matthiae, G. Mazzucato, F. Mazzucato, M. Mc Cubbin, M. Mc Kay, R. Mc Nulty, R. Mc Pherson, G. Merle, E. Meroni, C. Meyer, W.T. Migliore, E. Mirabito, L. Mitaroff, W.A. Mjoernmark, U. Moa, T. Moch, M. Moeller, R. Moenig, K. Monge, M.R. Moraes, D. Morettini, P. Morton, G. Mueller, U. Muenich, K. Mulders, M. Mulet-Marquis, C. Mundim, L.M. Muresan, R. Murray, W.J. Muryn, B. Myatt, G. Myklebust, T. Naraghi, F. Nassiakou, M. Navarria, F.L. Nawrocki, K. Negri, P. Neufeld, N. Nicolaidou, R. Nielsen, B.S. Niezurawski, P. Nikolenko, M. Nomokonov, V. Nygren, A. Obraztsov, V. Olshevski, A.G. Onofre, A. Orava, R. Orazi, G. Osterberg, K. Ouraou, A. Oyanguren, A. Paganoni, M. Paiano, S. Pain, R. Paiva, R. Palacios, J. Palka, H. Papadopoulou, T.D. Pape, L. Parkes, C. Parodi, F. Parzefall, U. Passeri, A. Passon, O. Pavel, T. Pegoraro, M. Peralta, L. Pernicka, M. Perrotta, A. Petridou, C. Petrolini, A. Phillips, H.T. Pierre, F. Pimenta, M. Piotto, E. Podobnik, T. Poireau, V. Pol, M.E. Polok, G. Poropat, P. Pozdniakov, V. Privitera, P. Pukhaeva, N. Pullia, A. Radojicic, D. Ragazzi, S. Rahmani, H. Rames, J. Read, A.L. Rebecchi, P. Redaelli, N.G. Regler, M. Rehn, J. Reid, D. Reinertsen, P. Reinhardt, R. Renton, P.B. Resvanis, L.K. Richard, F. Ridky, J. Rinaudo, G. Ripp-Baudot, I. Romero, A. Ronchese, P. Rosenberg, E.I. Rosinsky, P. Roudeau, P. Rovelli, T. Ruhlmann-Kleider, V. Ruiz, A. Saarikko, H. Sacquin, Y. Sadovsky, A. Sajot, G. Salt, J. Sampsonidis, D. Sannino, M. Savoy-Navarro, A. Schwemling, P. Schwering, B. Schwickerath, U. Scuri, F. Sedykh, Y. Segar, A.M. Seibert, N. Sekulin, R. Sette, G. Shellard, R.C. Siebel, M. Simard, L. Simonetto, F. Sisakian, A.N. Smadja, G. Smirnov, N. Smirnova, O. Smith, G.R. Sokolov, A. Sopczak, A. Sosnowski, R. Spassov, T. Spiriti, E. Squarcia, S. Stanescu, C. Stanitzki, M. Stevenson, K. Stocchi, A. Strauss, J. Strub, R. Stugu, B. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, M. Tabarelli, T. Taffard, A. Tchikilev, O. Tegenfeldt, F. Terranova, F. Timmermans, J. Tinti, N. Tkatchev, L.G. Tobin, M. Todorova, S. Tome, B. Tonazzo, A. Tortora, L. Tortosa, P. Transtromer, G. Treille, D. Tristram, G. Trochimczuk, M. Troncon, C. Turluer, M.-L. Tyapkin, I.A. Tyapkin, P. Tzamarias, S. Ullaland, O. Uvarov, V. Valenti, G. Vallazza, E. Van Dam, P. Van den Boeck, W. Van Doninck, W.K. Van Eldik, J. Van Lysebetten, A. van Remortel, N. Van Vulpen, I. Vegni, G. Ventura, L. Venus, W. Verbeure, F. Verdier, P. Verlato, M. Vertogradov, L.S. Verzi, V. Vilanova, D. Vitale, L. Vlasov, E. Vodopyanov, A.S. Voulgaris, G. Vrba, V. Wahlen, H. Washbrook, A.J. Weiser, C. Wicke, D. Wickens, J.H. Wilkinson, G.R. Winter, M. Witek, M. Wolf, G. Yi, J. Yushchenko, O. Zalewska, A. Zalewski, P. Zavrtanik, D. Zevgolatakos, E. Zimin, N.I. Zintchenko, A. Zoller, Ph. Zumerle, G. Zupan, M.

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

The semileptonic branching fractions for primary and cascade b decays BR(b → l-), BR(b → c → l+) and BR(b → c̄ → l- were measured in hadronic Z decays collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP. The sample was enriched in b decays using the lifetime information and various techniques were used to separate leptons from direct or cascade b decays. By fitting the momentum spectra of di-leptons in opposite jets, the average b mixing parameter x̄ was also extracted. The following results have been obtained: (equation presented).

Published
2001

48. Search for sleptons in e+e- collisions at √s = 183 to 189 GeV

Author

Abreu, P. Adam, W. Adye, T. Adzic, P. Ajinenko, I. Albrecht, Z. Alderweireld, T. Alekseev, G.D. Alemany, R. Allmendinger, T. Allport, P.P. Almehed, S. Amaldi, U. Amapane, N. Amato, S. Anassontzis, E.G. Andersson, P. Andreazza, A. Andringa, S. Anjos, N. Antilogus, P. Apel, W.-D. Arnoud, Y. Åsman, B. Augustin, J.-E. Augustinus, A. Baillon, P. Ballestrero, A. Bambade, P. Barao, F. Barbiellini, G. Barbier, R. Bardin, D.Y. Barker, G. Baroncelli, A. Battaglia, M. Baubillier, M. Becks, K.-H. Begalli, M. Behrmann, A. Belokopytov, Y. Benekos, N.C. Benvenuti, A.C. Berat, C. Berggren, M. Berntzon, L. Bertrand, D. Besancon, M. Besson, N. Bilenky, M.S. Bizouard, M.-A. Bloch, D. Blom, H.M. Bol, L. Bonesini, M. Boonekamp, M. Booth, P.S.L. Borisov, G. Bosio, C. Botner, O. Boudinov, E. Bouquet, B. Bourdarios, C. Bowcock, T.J.V. Boyko, I. Bozovic, I. Bozzo, M. Bracko, M. Branchini, P. Brenner, R.A. Bruckman, P. Brunet, J.-M. Bugge, L. Buschmann, P. Caccia, M. Calvi, M. Camporesi, T. Canale, V. Carena, F. Carroll, L. Caso, C. Castillo Gimenez, M.V. Cattai, A. Cavallo, F.R. Charpentier, P. Checchia, P. Chelkov, G.A. Chierici, R. Chliapnikov, P. Chochula, P. Chorowicz, V. Chudoba, J. Cieslik, K. Collins, P. Contri, R. Cortina, E. Cosme, G. Cossutti, F. Costa, M. Crawley, H.B. Crennell, D. Croix, J. Crosetti, G. Cuevas Maestro, J. Czellar, S. D'Hondt, J. Dalmau, J. Davenport, M. Da Silva, W. Della Ricca, G. Delpierre, P. Demaria, N. de Angelis, A. de Boer, W. de Clercq, C. de Lotto, B. de Min, A. de Paula, L. Dijkstra, H. Di Ciaccio, L. Doroba, K. Dracos, M. Drees, J. Dris, M. Eigen, G. Ekelof, T. Ellert, M. Elsing, M. Engel, J.-P. Espirito Santo, M. Fanourakis, G. Fassouliotis, D. Feindt, M. Fernandez, J. Ferrer, A. Ferrer-Ribas, E. Ferro, F. Firestone, A. Flagmeyer, U. Foeth, H. Fokitis, E. Fontanelli, F. Franek, B. Frodesen, A.G. Fruhwirth, R. Fulda-Quenzer, F. Fuster, J. Galloni, A. Gamba, D. Gamblin, S. Gandelman, M. Garcia, C. Gaspar, C. Gaspar, M. Gasparini, U. Gavillet, P. Gazis, E.N. Gele, D. Geralis, T. Gerdyukov, L. Ghodbane, N. Gil, I. Glege, F. Gokieli, R. Golob, B. Gomez-Ceballos, G. Goncalves, P. Gonzalez Caballero, I. Gopal, G. Gorn, L. Gouz, Y. Gracco, V. Grahl, J. Graziani, E. Grosdidier, G. Grzelak, K. Guy, J. Haag, C. Hahn, F. Hahn, S. Haider, S. Hallgren, A. Hamacher, K. Hansen, J. Harris, F.J. Haug, S. Hauler, F. Hedberg, V. Heising, S. Hernandez, J.J. Herquet, P. Herr, H. Hertz, O. Higon, E. Holmgren, S.-O. Holt, P.J. Hoorelbeke, S. Houlden, M. Hrubec, J. Hughes, G.J. Hultqvist, K. Jackson, J.N. Jacobsson, R. Jalocha, P. Jarlskog, C. Jarlskog, G. Jarry, P. Jean-Marie, B. Jeans, D. Johansson, E.K. Jonsson, P. Joram, C. Juillot, P. Jungermann, L. Kapusta, F. Karafasoulis, K. Katsanevas, S. Katsoufis, E.C. Keranen, R. Kernel, G. Kersevan, B.P. Khokhlov, Y. Khomenko, B.A. Khovanski, N.N. Kiiskinen, A. King, B. Kinvig, A. Kjaer, N.J. Klapp, O. Kluit, P. Kokkinias, P. Kostioukhine, V. Kourkoumelis, C. Kouznetsov, O. Krammer, M. Kriznic, E. Krumstein, Z. Kubinec, P. Kucharczyk, M. Kurowska, J. Lamsa, J.W. Laugier, J.-P. Leder, G. Ledroit, F. Leinonen, L. Leisos, A. Leitner, R. Lenzen, G. Lepeltier, V. Lesiak, T. Lethuillier, M. Libby, J. Liebig, W. Liko, D. Lipniacka, A. Lippi, I. Loken, J.G. Lopes, J.H. Lopez, J.M. Lopez-Fernandez, R. Loukas, D. Lutz, P. Lyons, L. MacNaughton, J. Mahon, J.R. Maio, A. Malek, A. Maltezos, S. Malychev, V. Mandl, F. Marco, J. Marco, R. Marechal, B. Margoni, M. Marin, J.-C. Mariotti, C. Markou, A. Martinez-Rivero, C. Marti i Garcia, S. Masik, J. Mastroyiannopoulos, N. Matorras, F. Matteuzzi, C. Matthiae, G. Mazzucato, F. Mazzucato, M. Mc Cubbin, M. Mc Kay, R. Mc Nulty, R. Mc Pherson, G. Merle, E. Meroni, C. Meyer, W.T. Migliore, E. Mirabito, L. Mitaroff, W.A. Mjoernmark, U. Moa, T. Moch, M. Moenig, K. Monge, M.R. Montenegro, J. Moraes, D. Morettini, P. Morton, G. Mueller, U. Muenich, K. Mulders, M. Mundim, L.M. Murray, W.J. Muryn, B. Myatt, G. Myklebust, T. Nassiakou, M. Navarria, F.L. Nawrocki, K. Negri, P. Nemecek, S. Neufeld, N. Nicolaidou, R. Niezurawski, P. Nikolenko, M. Nomokonov, V. Nygren, A. Obraztsov, V. Olshevski, A.G. Onofre, A. Orava, R. Osterberg, K. Ouraou, A. Oyanguren, A. Paganoni, M. Paiano, S. Pain, R. Paiva, R. Palacios, J. Palka, H. Papadopoulou, T.D. Pape, L. Parkes, C. Parodi, F. Parzefall, U. Passeri, A. Passon, O. Pavel, T. Pegoraro, M. Peralta, L. Perepelitsa, V. Pernicka, M. Perrotta, A. Petridou, C. Petrolini, A. Phillips, H.T. Pierre, F. Pimenta, M. Piotto, E. Podobnik, T. Poireau, V. Pol, M.E. Polok, G. Poropat, P. Pozdniakov, V. Privitera, P. Pukhaeva, N. Pullia, A. Radojicic, D. Ragazzi, S. Rahmani, H. Ratoff, P.N. Read, A.L. Rebecchi, P. Redaelli, N.G. Regler, M. Rehn, J. Reid, D. Reinhardt, R. Renton, P.B. Resvanis, L.K. Richard, F. Ridky, J. Rinaudo, G. Ripp-Baudot, I. Romero, A. Ronchese, P. Rosenberg, E.I. Rosinsky, P. Rovelli, T. Ruhlmann-Kleider, V. Ruiz, A. Saarikko, H. Sacquin, Y. Sadovsky, A. Sajot, G. Salmi, L. Salt, J. Sampsonidis, D. Sannino, M. Savoy-Navarro, A. Schwanda, C. Schwemling, P. Schwering, B. Schwickerath, U. Scuri, F. Seager, P. Sedykh, Y. Segar, A.M. Sekulin, R. Sette, G. Shellard, R.C. Siebel, M. Simard, L. Simonetto, F. Sisakian, A.N. Smadja, G. Smirnov, N. Smirnova, O. Smith, G.R. Sokolov, A. Solovianov, O. Sopczak, A. Sosnowski, R. Spassov, T. Spiriti, E. Squarcia, S. Stanescu, C. Stanitzki, M. Stevenson, K. Stocchi, A. Strauss, J. Strub, R. Stugu, B. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, M. Tabarelli, T. Taffard, A. Tegenfeldt, F. Terranova, F. Timmermans, J. Tinti, N. Tkatchev, L.G. Tobin, M. Todorova, S. Tome, B. Tonazzo, A. Tortora, L. Tortosa, P. Treille, D. Tristram, G. Trochimczuk, M. Troncon, C. Turluer, M.-L. Tyapkin, I.A. Tyapkin, P. Tzamarias, S. Ullaland, O. Uvarov, V. Valenti, G. Vallazza, E. Vander Velde, C. van Dam, P. van den Boeck, W. van Eldik, J. van Lysebetten, A. van Remortel, N. van Vulpen, I. Vegni, G. Ventura, L. Venus, W. Verbeure, F. Verdier, P. Verlato, M. Vertogradov, L.S. Verzi, V. Vilanova, D. Vitale, L. Vlasov, E. Vodopyanov, A.S. Voulgaris, G. Vrba, V. Wahlen, H. Washbrook, A.J. Weiser, C. Wicke, D. Wickens, J.H. Wilkinson, G.R. Winter, M. Witek, M. Wolf, G. Yi, J. Yushchenko, O. Zalewska, A. Zalewski, P. Zavrtanik, D. Zevgolatakos, E. Zimin, N.I. Zintchenko, A. Zoller, P. Zumerle, G. Zupan, M.

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

Data taken by the DELPHI experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 183 GeV and 189 GeV with a total integrated luminosity of 212 pb-1 have been used to search for the supersymmetric partners of the electrons, muons, and taus in the context of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). The decay topologies searched for were the direct decay (ℓ̃ → ℓx̃), producing acoplanar lepton pairs plus missing energy, and the cascade decay (ℓ → ℓx̃02 → ℓγx̃01), producing acoplanar lepton and photon pairs plus missing energy. The observed number of events is in agreement with Standard Model predictions. The 95% CL excluded mass limits for selectrons, smuons and staus are mẽ ≤ 87 GeV/c2, mμ̃ ≤ 80 GeV/c2 and mτ̃ 75 GeV/c2, respectively, for values of μ=-200 GeV/c2 and tanβ=1.5.

Published
2001

49. Single intermediate vector boson production in e+e- collisions at √s = 183 and 189 gev

Author

Abreu, P. Adam, W. Adye, T. Adzic, P. Ajinenko, I. Albrecht, Z. Alderweireld, T. Alekseev, G.D. Alemany, R. Allmendinger, T. Allport, P.P. Almehed, S. Amaldi, U. Amapane, N. Amato, S. Anashkin, E. Anassontzis, E.G. Andersson, P. Andreazza, A. Andringa, S. Anjos, N. Antilogus, P. Apel, W.-D. Arnoud, Y. Åsman, B. Augustin, J.-E. Augustinus, A. Baillon, P. Ballestrero, A. Bambade, P. Barao, F. Barbiellini, G. Barbier, R. Bardin, D.Y. Barker, G. Baroncelli, A. Battaglia, M. Baubillier, M. Becks, K.-H. Begalli, M. Behrmann, A. Bellunato, T.F. Benvenuti, A.C. Berat, C. Berggren, M. Berntzon, L. Bertrand, D. Besancon, M. Besson, N. Bilenky, M.S. Bloch, D. Blom, H.M. Bol, L. Bonesini, M. Boonekamp, M. Booth, P.S.L. Borisov, G. Bosio, C. Botner, O. Boudinov, E. Bouquet, B. Bowcock, T.J.V. Boyko, I. Bozovic, I. Bozzo, M. Bracko, M. Branchini, P. Brenner, R.A. Bruckman, P. Brunet, J.-M. Bugge, L. Buschmann, P. Caccia, M. Calvi, M. Camporesi, T. Canale, V. Carena, F. Carroll, L. Caso, C. Castillo Gimenez, M.V. Cattai, A. Cavallo, F.R. Chapkin, M. Charpentier, P. Checchia, P. Chelkov, G.A. Chierici, R. Chliapnikov, P. Chochula, P. Chorowicz, V. Chudoba, J. Cieslik, K. Collin, P. Contri, R. Cortina, E. Cosme, G. Cossutti, F. Costa, M. Crawley, H.B. Crennell, D. Croix, J. Crosetti, G. Cuevas Maestro, J. Czellar, S. D'Hondt, J. Dalmau, J. Davenport, M. da Silva, W. della Ricca, G. Delpierre, P. Demaria, N. de Angelis, A. de Boer, W. de Clercq, C. de Lotto, B. de Min, A. de Paula, L. Dijkstra, H. di Ciaccio, L. Doroba, K. Dracos, M. Drees, J. Dris, M. Eigen, G. Ekelof, T. Ellert, M. Elsing, M. Engel, J.-P. Espirito Santo, M. Fanourakis, G. Fassouliotis, D. Feindt, M. Fernandez, J. Ferrer, A. Ferrer-Ribas, E. Ferro, F. Firestone, A. Flagmeyer, U. Foeth, H. Fokitis, E. Fontanelli, F. Franek, B. Frodesen, A.G. Fruhwirth, R. Fulda-Quenzer, F. Fuster, J. Galloni, A. Gamba, D. Gamblin, S. Gandelman, M. Garcia, C. Gaspar, C. Gaspar, M. Gasparini, U. Gaviller, P. Gazis, E.N. Gele, D. Geralis, T. Ghodbane, N. Gil, I. Glege, F. Gokieli, R. Golob, B. Gomez-Ceballos, G. Goncalves, P. Gonzalez Caballero, I. Gopal, G. Gorn, L. Gouz, Y. Gracco, V. Grahl, J. Graziani, E. Grosdidier, G. Grzelak, K. Guy, J. Haag, C. Hahn, F. Hahn, S. Haider, S. Hallgren, A. Hamacher, K. Hansen, J. Harris, F.J. Haug, S. Hauler, F. Hedberg, V. Heising, S. Hernandez, J.J. Herquet, P. Herr, H. Hertz, O. Higon, E. Holmgren, S.-O. Holt, P.J. Hoorelbeke, S. Houlden, M. Hrubec, J. Hughes, G.J. Hultqvist, K. Jackson, J.N. Jacobsson, R. Jalocha, P. Jarlskog, C. Jarlskog, G. Jarry, P. Jean-Marie, B. Jeans, D. Johansson, E.K. Jonsson, P. Joram, C. Juillot, P. Jungermann, L. Kapusta, F. Karafasoulis, K. Katsanevas, S. Katsoufis, E.C. Keranen, R. Kernel, G. Kersevan, B.P. Khokhlov, Y. Khomenko, B.A. Khovanski, N.N. Kiiskinen, A. King, B. Kinvig, A. Kjaer, N.J. Klapp, O. Kluit, P. Kokkinias, P. Kostioukhine, V. Kourkoumelis, C. Kouznetsov, O. Krammer, M. Kriznic, E. Krumstein, Z. Kubinec, P. Kucharczyk, M. Kurowska, J. Lamsa, J.W. Laugier, J.-P. Leder, G. Ledroit, F. Leinonen, L. Leisos, A. Leitner, R. Lenzen, G. Lepeltier, V. Lesiak, T. Lethuillier, M. Libby, J. Liebig, W. Liko, D. Lipniacka, A. Lippi, I. Loken, J.G. Lopes, J.H. Lopez, J.M. Lopez-Fernandez, R. Loukas, D. Lutz, P. Lyons, L. MacNaughton, J. Mahon, J.R. Maio, A. Malek, A. Maltezos, S. Malychev, V. Mandl, F. Marco, J. Marco, R. Marechal, B. Margoni, M. Marin, J.-C. Mariotti, C. Markou, A. Masik, J. Mastroyiannopoulos, N. Matorras, F. Matteuzzi, C. Matthiae, G. Mazzucato, F. Mazzucato, M. Mc Cubbin, M. Mc Kay, R. Mc Nulty, R. Mc Pherson, G. Merle, E. Meroni, C. Meyer, W.T. Miagkov, A. Migliore, E. Mirabito, L. Mitaroff, W.A. Mjoernmark, U. Moa, T. Moch, M. Moenig, K. Monge, M.R. Montenegro, J. Moraes, D. Morettini, P. Morton, G. Mueller, U. Muenich, K. Mulders, M. Mundim, L.M. Murray, W.J. Muryn, B. Myatt, G. Myklebust, T. Nassiakou, M. Navarria, F.L. Nawrocki, K. Negri, P. Nemecek, S. Neufeld, N. Nicolaidou, R. Niezurawski, P. Nikolenko, M. Nomokono, V. Nygren, A. Obraztsov, V. Olshevski, A.G. Onofre, A. Orava, R. Osterberg, K. Ouraou, A. Oyanguren, A. Paganoni, M. Paiano, S. Pain, R. Paiva, R. Palacios, J. Palka, H. Papadopoulou, T.D. Pape, L. Parzefall, U. Passeri, A. Passon, O. Pavel, T. Pegoraro, M. Peralta, L. Perepelitsa, V. Pernicka, M. Perrotta, A. Petridou, C. Petrolini, A. Phillips, H.T. Pierre, F. Pimenta, M. Piotto, E. Podobnik, T. Poireau, V. Pol, M.E. Polok, G. Poropat, P. Pozdniakov, V. Privitera, P. Pukhaeva, N. Pullia, A. Radojicic, D. Ragazzi, S. Rahmani, H. Ratoff, P.N. Read, A.L. Rebecchi, P. Redaelli, N.G. Regler, M. Rehn, J. Reid, D. Reinhardt, R. Renton, P.B. Resvanis, L.K. Richard, F. Ridky, J. Rinaudo, G. Ripp-Baudot, I. Romero, A. Ronchese, P. Rosenberg, E.I. Rosinsky, P. Roudeau, P. Rovelli, T. Ruhlmann-Kleider, V. Ruiz, A. Saarikko, H. Sacquin, Y. Sadovsky, A. Sajot, G. Salmi, L. Salt, J. Sampsonidis, D. Sannino, M. Savoy-Navarro, A. Schwanda, C. Schwemling, P. Schwering, B. Schwickerath, U. Scuri, F. Seager, P. Sedykh, Y. Segar, A.M. Sekulin, R. Sette, G. Shellard, R.C. Siebel, M. Simard, L. Simonetto, F. Sisakian, A.N. Smadja, G. Smirnov, N. Smirnova, O. Smith, G.R. Sokolov, A. Sopczak, A. Sosnowski, R. Spassov, T. Spiriti, E. Stanescu, C. Stanitzki, M. Stevenson, K. Stocchi, A. Strauss, J. Strub, R. Stugu, B. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, M. Tabarelli, T. Taffard, A. Tegenfeldt, F. Terranova, F. Timmermans, J. Tinti, N. Tkatchev, L.G. Tobin, M. Todorova, S. Tome, B. Tonazzo, A. Tortora, L. Tortosa, P. Treille, D. Tristram, G. Trochimczuk, M. Troncon, C. Turluer, M.-L. Tyapkin, I.A. Tyapkin, P. Tzamarias, S. Ullaland, O. Uvarov, V. Valenti, G. Vallazza, E. van Dam, P. van den Boeck, W. van Eldik, J. van Lysebetten, A. van Remortel, N. van Vulpen, I. Vegni, G. Ventura, L. Venus, W. Verbeure, F. Verdier, P. Verlato, M. Vertogradov, L.S. Verzi, V. Vilanova, D. Vitale, L. Vlasov, E. Vodopyanov, A.S. Voulgaris, G. Vrba, V. Wahlen, H. Washbrook, A.J. Weiser, C. Wicke, D. Wickens, J.H. Wilkinson, G.R. Winter, M. Witek, M. Wolf, G. Yi, J. Yushchenko, O. Zalewska, A. Zalewski, P. Zavrtanik, D. Zevgolatakos, E. Zimin, N.I. Zintchenko, A. Zoller, P. Zumerle, G. Zupan, M.

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

The cross sections for the production of single charged and neutral intermediate vector bosons were measured using integrated luminosities of 52 pb-1 and 154 pb-1 collected by the experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 182.6 GeV and 188.6 GeV, respectively. The cross sections for the reactions were determined in limited kinematic regions. The results found are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions for these channels. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Published
2001

50. Study of dimuon production in photon-photon collisions and measurement of QED photon structure functions at LEP

Author

Abreu, P. Adam, W. Adye, T. Adzic, P. Ajinenko, I. Albrecht, Z. Alderweireld, T. Alekseev, G.D. Alemany, R. Allmendinger, T. Allport, P.P. Almehed, S. Amaldi, U. Amapane, N. Amato, S. Anassontzis, E.G. Andersson, P. Andreazza, A. Andringa, S. Antilogus, P. Apel, W.-D. Arnoud, Y. Åsman, B. Augustin, J.-E. Augustinus, A. Baillon, P. Bambade, P. Barao, F. Barbiellini, G. Barbier, R. Bardin, D.Y. Barker, G. Baroncelli, A. Battaglia, M. Baubillier, M. Becks, K.-H. Begalli, M. Behrmann, A. Beilliere, P. Belokopytov, Y. Benekos, N.C. Benvenuti, A.C. Berat, C. Berggren, M. Bertrand, D. Besancon, M. Bigi, M. Bilenky, M.S. Bizouard, M.-A. Bloch, D. Blom, H.M. Bonesini, M. Boonekamp, M. Booth, P.S.L. Borgland, A.W. Borisov, G. Bosio, C. Botner, O. Boudinov, E. Bouquet, B. Bourdarios, C. Bowcock, T.J.V. Boyko, I. Bozovic, I. Bozzo, M. Bracko, M. Branchini, P. Brenner, R.A. Bruckman, P. Brunet, J.-M. Bugge, L. Buran, T. Buschbeck, B. Buschmann, P. Cabrera, S. Caccia, M. Calvi, M. Camporesi, T. Canale, V. Carena, F. Carroll, L. Caso, C. Castillo Gimenez, M.V. Cattai, A. Cavallo, F.R. Chabaud, V. Charpentier, P. Checchia, P. Chelkov, G.A. Chierici, R. Chliapnikov, P. Chochula, P. Chorowicz, V. Chudoba, J. Cieslik, K. Collins, P. Contri, R. Cortina, E. Cosme, G. Cossutti, F. Crawley, H.B. Crennell, D. Crepe, S. Crosetti, G. Cuevas Maestro, J. Czellar, S. Davenport, M. Da Silva, W. Della Ricca, G. Delpierre, P. Demaria, N. de Angelis, A. de Boer, W. de Clercq, C. de Lotto, B. de Min, A. de Paula, L. Dijkstra, H. Di Ciaccio, L. Dolbeau, J. Doroba, K. Dracos, M. Drees, J. Dris, M. Duperrin, A. Durand, J.-D. Eigen, G. Ekelof, T. Ekspong, G. Ellert, M. Elsing, M. Engel, J.-P. Espirito Santo, M. Fanourakis, G. Fassouliotis, D. Fayot, J. Feindt, M. Fenyuk, A. Ferrer, A. Ferrer-Ribas, E. Ferro, F. Fichet, S. Firestone, A. Flagmeyer, U. Foeth, H. Fokitis, E. Fontanelli, F. Franek, B. Frodesen, A.G. Fruhwirth, R. Fulda-Quenzer, F. Fuster, J. Galloni, A. Gamba, D. Gamblin, S. Gandelman, M. Garcia, C. Gaspar, C. Gaspar, M. Gasparini, U. Gavillet, P. Gazis, E.N. Gele, D. Ghodbane, N. Gil, I. Glege, F. Gokieli, R. Golob, B. Gomez-Ceballos, G. Goncalves, P. Gonzalez Caballero, I. Gopal, G. Gorn, L. Gouz, Y. Gracco, V. Grahl, J. Graziani, E. Gris, P. Grosdidier, G. Grzelak, K. Guy, J. Haag, C. Hahn, F. Hahn, S. Haider, S. Hallgren, A. Hamacher, K. Hansen, J. Harris, F.J. Hedberg, V. Heising, S. Hernandez, J.J. Herquet, P. Herr, H. Hessing, T.L. Heuser, J.-M. Higon, E. Holmgren, S.-O. Holt, P.J. Hoorelbeke, S. Houlden, M. Hrubec, J. Huber, M. Huet, K. Hughes, G.J. Hultqvist, K. Jackson, J.N. Jacobsson, R. Jalocha, P. Janik, R. Jarlskog, C. Jarlskog, G. Jarry, P. Jean-Marie, B. Jeans, D. Johansson, E.K. Jonsson, P. Joram, C. Juillot, P. Jungermann, L. Kapusta, F. Karafasoulis, K. Katsanevas, S. Katsoufis, E.C. Keranen, R. Kernel, G. Kersevan, B.P. Khomenko, B.A. Khovanski, N.N. Kiiskinen, A. King, B. Kinvig, A. Kjaer, N.J. Klapp, O. Klein, H. Kluit, P. Kokkinias, P. Kostioukhine, V. Kourkoumelis, C. Kouznetsov, O. Krammer, M. Kriznic, E. Krumstein, Z. Kubinec, P. Kurowska, J. Kurvinen, K. Lamsa, J.W. Lane, D.W. Lapin, V. Laugier, J.-P. Lauhakangas, R. Leder, G. Ledroit, F. Lefebure, V. Leinonen, L. Leisos, A. Leitner, R. Lemonne, J. Lenzen, G. Lepeltier, V. Lesiak, T. Lethuillier, M. Libby, J. Liebig, W. Liko, D. Lipniacka, A. Lippi, I. Loerstad, B. Loken, J.G. Lopes, J.H. Lopez, J.M. Lopez-Fernandez, R. Loukas, D. Lutz, P. Lyons, L. MacNaughton, J. Mahon, J.R. Maio, A. Malek, A. Malmgren, T.G.M. Maltezos, S. Malychev, V. Mandl, F. Marco, J. Marco, R. Marechal, B. Margoni, M. Marin, J.-C. Mariotti, C. Markou, A. Martinez-Rivero, C. Martinez-Vidal, F. Marti i Garcia, S. Masik, J. Mastroyiannopoulos, N. Matorras, F. Matteuzzi, C. Matthiae, G. Mazzucato, F. Mazzucato, M. Mc Cubbin, M. Mc Kay, R. Mc Nulty, R. Mc Pherson, G. Meroni, C. Meyer, W.T. Miagkov, A. Migliore, E. Mirabito, L. Mitaroff, W.A. Mjoernmark, U. Moa, T. Moch, M. Moeller, R. Moenig, K. Monge, M.R. Moraes, D. Moreau, X. Morettini, P. Morton, G. Mueller, U. Muenich, K. Mulders, M. Mulet-Marquis, C. Muresan, R. Murray, W.J. Muryn, B. Myatt, G. Myklebust, T. Naraghi, F. Nassiakou, M. Navarria, F.L. Navas, S. Nawrocki, K. Negri, P. Neufeld, N. Nicolaidou, R. Nielsen, B.S. Niezurawski, P. Nikolenko, M. Nomokonov, V. Nygren, A. Obraztsov, V. Olshevski, A.G. Onofre, A. Orava, R. Orazi, G. Osterberg, K. Ouraou, A. Paganoni, M. Paiano, S. Pain, R. Paiva, R. Palacios, J. Palka, H. Papadopoulou, T.D. Papageorgiou, K. Pape, L. Parkes, C. Parodi, F. Parzefall, U. Passeri, A. Passon, O. Pavel, T. Pegoraro, M. Peralta, L. Pernicka, M. Perrotta, A. Petridou, C. Petrolini, A. Phillips, H.T. Pierre, F. Pimenta, M. Piotto, E. Podobnik, T. Pol, M.E. Polok, G. Poropat, P. Pozdniakov, V. Privitera, P. Pukhaeva, N. Pullia, A. Radojicic, D. Ragazzi, S. Rahmani, H. Rames, J. Ratoff, P.N. Read, A.L. Rebecchi, P. Redaelli, N.G. Regler, M. Rehn, J. Reid, D. Reinhardt, R. Renton, P.B. Resvanis, L.K. Richard, F. Ridky, J. Rinaudo, G. Ripp-Baudot, I. Rohne, O. Romero, A. Ronchese, P. Rosenberg, E.I. Rosinsky, P. Roudeau, P. Rovelli, T. Royon, C. Ruhlmann-Kleider, V. Ruiz, A. Saarikko, H. Sacquin, Y. Sadovsky, A. Sajot, G. Salt, J. Sampsonidis, D. Sannino, M. Schwemling, P. Schwering, B. Schwickerath, U. Scuri, F. Seager, P. Sedykh, Y. Segar, A.M. Seibert, N. Sekulin, R. Shellard, R.C. Siebel, M. Simard, L. Simonetto, F. Sisakian, A.N. Smadja, G. Smirnov, N. Smirnova, O. Smith, G.R. Sopczak, A. Sosnowski, R. Spassov, T. Spiriti, E. Squarcia, S. Stanescu, C. Stanic, S. Stanitzki, M. Stevenson, K. Stocchi, A. Strauss, J. Strub, R. Stugu, B. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka, M. Tabarelli, T. Taffard, A. Tchikilev, O. Tegenfeldt, F. Terranova, F. Thomas, J. Timmermans, J. Tinti, N. Tkatchev, L.G. Tobin, M. Todorova, S. Tomaradze, A. Tome, B. Tonazzo, A. Tortora, L. Tortosa, P. Transtromer, G. Treille, D. Tristram, G. Trochimczuk, M. Troncon, C. Turluer, M.-L. Tyapkin, I.A. Tzamarias, S. Ullaland, O. Uvarov, V. Valenti, G. Vallazza, E. Vander Velde, C. van Dam, P. van den Boeck, W. van Doninck, W.K. van Eldik, J. van Lysebetten, A. van Remortel, N. van Vulpen, I. Vegni, G. Ventura, L. Venus, W. Verbeure, F. Verdier, P. Verlato, M. Vertogradov, L.S. Verzi, V. Vilanova, D. Vitale, L. Vlasov, E. Vodopyanov, A.S. Voulgaris, G. Vrba, V. Wahlen, H. Walck, C. Washbrook, A.J. Weiser, C. Wicke, D. Wickens, J.H. Wilkinson, G.R. Winter, M. Witek, M. Wolf, G. Yi, J. Yushchenko, O. Zalewska, A. Zalewski, P. Zavrtanik, D. Zevgolatakos, E. Zimin, N.I. Zintchenko, A. Zoller, Ph. Zucchelli, G.C. Zumerle, G.

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

Muon pair production in the process e+e- → e+e- μ+μ- is studied using the data taken at LEP1 (√s ≃ mz) with the DELPHI detector during the years 1992-1995. The corresponding integrated luminosity is 138.5 pb-1. The QED predictions have been tested over the whole Q2 range accessible at LEP1 (from several GeV2/c4 to several hundred GeV2/c4) by comparing experimental distributions with distributions resulting from Monte Carlo simulations using various generators. Selected events are used to extract the leptonic photon structure function Fγ2. Azimuthal correlations are used to obtain information on additional structure functions, FγA and FγB, which originate from interference terms of the scattering amplitudes. The measured ratios FγA/Fγ2 and FγB/Fγ2 are significantly different from zero and consistent with QED predictions.

Published
2001

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